Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Process Intensification
The chemical process industry is sometimes seen as
a mature industry, grown evolutionary to an essentially
ideal constitution. In this view, to ensure good profits
and stable business, it is sufficient to extend it with
some novel branches, such as life sciences or performance materials sectors. Is this picture based on reality?
We do not believe that this is the case. When we
consider the world with its increasing need for space,
safety, healthy environment, and economic growth, it
is evident that all sectors of production have to critically
assess their impact in these respects. A parallel might
be drawn between the chemical industry and other
production sectors, such as agriculture, tanneries, or
automotive industry. Had the space they use grown
proportional with their production, the impact would be
dramatic. In all of these sectors, intensification has
occurred to a large extent. One might say that, in the
society new technological sectors always arise, while the
total capacity of the world is constant. As a result,
traditional production sectors have to constantly decrease their share in the natural resources, including
land utilization. For the chemical process industry, this
implies that a decrease in size and an increase in
efficiency are a must. Of course, the scale-up in chemicals manufacturing has been impressive. Although the
production volumes have increased dramatically, the
space used only modestly increased. Imagine, however,
that we could give back to the society 90% of the space
we currently use for production. Because many petrochemical complexes lie in areas of high natural value,
we could really mean a lot to the society. Think of the
industrial complexes built in harbor areas by estuaries.
Should these complexes shrink, both sea life and tourism would benefit enormously!
The above is, of course, a too simple picture. Space is
not the only criterion. The direction in which we want
to move leads toward a sustainable society. The question
is how to move. Chemical engineers are inclined to be
realistic and to define achievable goals. We believe that
a transformation of the chemical industrial sector into
one with much less impact on the environment is
possible. A logical aim is to replace big is the best by
small is beautiful (Figure 1).
Problems with Definition: One Target, Many
Ways. An often used definition of the term process
intensification is the strategy for achieving dramatic
reductions in the size of the plant at a given production
volume. Other researchers active in the field define
process intensification in different ways. Two words,
however, are common to practically all process intensification definitions. One of these words is innovative:
Process intensification is characterized by the novelty,
and in this sense presents a contradistinction to the
conventionalism in chemical engineering and process
design. The other common word, substantial, clearly
defines the target of process intensification. That target
is not to squeeze another few percent from an existing
plant; the target is to make a quantum leap in process
and plant efficiency (with respect to space/time/energy/
* Corresponding author. Phone: +31 46 4760820. Fax: +31
46 4760809. E-mail: andrzej.stankiewicz@dsm.com.
research and carrying it out in the academic environment, but so far the universities do not sense an
increased demand for such research projects from the
industry.)
Barrier 2. The R&D effort in chemical companies is
primarily focused on the new products (chemistry) and
much less on the new manufacturing methods (chemical
engineering). Chemical manufacturers are not interested in developing the novel types of equipment or
processing techniques. It is simply not their key business. On the other hand, equipment manufacturers and
engineering companies are not sufficiently active in the
field of process intensification.
Barrier 3. Many novel apparatuses and processing
methods are not yet proven on the industrial scale. It
is well-known that an average plant manager in the
chemical industry wants his plant to be second best
only, not the best. He/she typically tries to avoid the
risks involved in the application of the equipment or
processing method that has not yet been tested on the
full scale elsewhere.
Barrier 4. Chemical engineers in industry are not
familiar with process intensification and are often not
aware of the emerging novel types of equipment and
processing methods. Process intensification is not taught
within regular chemical engineering curricula, which
are still based on the unit-operation, onionskin methodology of process development (first the reactor, then
separation/purification, then heat integration, then
process control, safety, etc.). This methodology, standard
for petrochemical and bulk chemical processes, has
obvious limitations when it comes to modern product
engineering and technology.
Barrier 5. Standard tools and methodology for modern process development from the laboratory to the
commercial scale are often missing. A chemist developing a new fine chemical process will surely stick to the
traditional, batch stirred-tank-based, cooking recipe
route, simply because this is the only standard development tool available. We still do not have any highly
efficient continuous reactors as standard laboratory
equipment, which could be easily and quickly set up and
scaled up, nor do we have reliable methodology for doing
it. (Of course, additional factors play here a role, such
as the chemists lack of interest in fluid dynamics and
especially kinetics which are so vital for rational reactor
design.)
Barrier 6. Many of the novel equipment and processing methods are of radically different nature, and there
is lack of simulation and scale-up capability (experience
and lack of models). Also, there is a lack of early
screening methods to qualify these novel technologies
(lack of tools for early economic and process evaluation).
The good news is that many of the above-mentioned
obstacles can be removed or at least minimized, and
universities, along with nonacademic research centers,
can play an important role in this process.
Universities. The mission of the university can be
described in a variety of ways. The minimum is the
contribution to the development of novel methods in
production and novel products. Keywords are creativity,
innovation, long-term R&D, science push, and market
pull. For the university, a wealth of subjects can be
considered for research programs. For several reasons,
often evolutionary (small-step and low-risk) subjects are
chosen. We would like to challenge the university groups
to select high-risk and high-reward subjects. Process
1922
Figure 2. Potential of process intensification. The conventional system can be replaced by the almost 100 times smaller in-line monolithic
reactor.4 The reactor is so small that it could even fit under the operators desk!
Figure 3. Methyl acetate plant of Eastman Chemical: a wonderful example of process intensification via process synthesis!
1924
Andrzej Stankiewicz*
DSM Research, P.O. Box 18,
6160 MD Geleen,
The Netherlands
Jacob A. Moulijn
Delft University of Technology,
Julianalaan 136,
2628BL Delft,
The Netherlands
IE011025P