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ManualTestingVideos

BasicsoftheSELECTStatement

UFTVideos

Inarelationaldatabase,dataisstoredintables.Anexampletablewould

2K

relateSocialSecurityNumber,Name,andAddress:
EmployeeAddressTable
SSN

FirstName LastName Address

City

State

512687458 Joe

Smith

83FirstStreet Howard

758420012 Mary

Scott

842VineAve. Losantiville Ohio

Ohio

102254896 Sam

Jones

33ElmSt.

876512563 Sarah

Ackerman 440U.S.110

Paris

NewYork

Upton

Michigan

Now,let'ssayyouwanttoseetheaddressofeachemployee.UsetheSELECT
statement,likeso:
SELECTFirstName,LastName,Address,City,State
FROMEmployeeAddressTable

Thefollowingistheresultsofyourqueryofthedatabase:
FirstName LastName Address

City

State

Joe

Smith

83FirstStreet Howard

Ohio

Mary

Scott

842VineAve. Losantiville Ohio

Sam

Jones

33ElmSt.

Paris

NewYork

Sarah

Ackerman

440U.S.110

Upton

Michigan

Togetallcolumnsofatablewithouttypingallcolumnnames,use:
SELECT*FROMTableName

Note:Eachdatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)hasdifferentmethodsfor
loggingintothedatabaseandenteringSQLcommands.

SQLQueries

ConditionalSelection

SQLDatabaseTutorial TofurtherdiscusstheSELECTstatement,let'slookatanewexampletable:
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EmployeeStatisticsTable

WindowsSQLServer
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ToolforSQL
BLOGARCHIVE
2015(44)
2014(292)

EmployeeIDNo

Salary

Benefits

Position

010

75000

15000

Manager

105

65000

15000

Manager

November(5)

152

60000

15000

Manager

October(4)

215

60000

12500

Manager

244

50000

12000

Staff

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manualtestinginterview
questions
SQLInterviewQuestions
QTPBasicFeatures
ManualTestingInterview
Questions2

a)RelationalOperators
TherearesixRelationalOperatorsinSQL,andafterintroducingthem,we'll
seehowthey'reused:

OracleInterviewQuestions
andAnswers
AnoverviewonTest
Automation

..
ANALYTICS

Equal

<or!=

NotEqual

<

LessThan

>

GreaterThan

<=

LessThanorEqualTo

>=

GreaterThanorEqual
To

TheWHEREclauseisusedtospecifythatonlycertainrowsofthetableare
displayed,basedonthecriteriadescribedinthatWHEREclause.
IfyouwantedtoseetheEMPLOYEEIDNO'softhosemakingatorover

August(9)
July(35)
Aadharcardcenters
inChattisgarh
AadharCardCenters
inBihar
AadharCardCenters
inUttarPradesh
AadharCardCenters
inNelloreDistrict
AadharCardCenters
inNalgonda
AadharCardCenters
inKrishnaDistrict
AadharCardCenters
inKhammam
AadharCardCenters
inKarimnagar
AadharCardCenters
inGuntur

$50,000,usethefollowing:

AadharCardCenters
inEastGodavari

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNOFROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLEWHERESALARY

AadharCardCenters
inCuddapah

>=50000

Noticethatthe>=(greaterthanorequalto)signisused,aswewantedto
seethosewhomadegreaterthan$50,000,orequalto$50,000,listed
together.Thisdisplays:
EMPLOYEEIDNO

010

AadharCardCenters
inChittoor
AadharCardCenters
inAnantapur
UseCaseTemplate
StaticTesting

105
152
215
244

Softwaretesting
Guide
SeleniumTraining

TheWHEREdescription,SALARY>=50000,isknownasacondition(an
operationwhichevaluatestoTrueorFalse).Thesamecanbedonefortext

SoftwareTestPlan
Template

columns:

BRSDocument

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO

SeleniumWebDriver

FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHEREPOSITION='Manager'

ThisdisplaystheIDNumbersofallManagers.

MoreComplexConditions:CompoundConditions/Logical
Operators

SeleniumTutorial
SoftwareTesting
Interview
Questions
InsuranceDomain
Knowledge

thatrow'sdatasatisfiesALLconditionslisted(i.e.allconditionsholdtrue).

SQLInterview
Questionsand
Answers

Forexample,todisplayallstaffmakingover$40,000,use:

SQLForTesters

TheANDoperatorjoinstwoormoreconditions,anddisplaysarowonlyif

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE

TestingCertification
Questions

WHERESALARY>40000ANDPOSITION='Staff'
TheORoperatorjoinstwoormoreconditions,butreturnsarowifANYofthe
conditionslistedholdtrue.

Configuration
Management
WebTestingTutorial

Toseeallthosewhomakelessthan$40,000orhavelessthan$10,000in
benefits,listedtogether,usethefollowingquery:
SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO

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AgileDevelopment

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Model

FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERESALARY<40000ORBENEFITS<10000

TestDesign
Techniques

ANDandORcanbecombined,forexample:

DatabaseTesting

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE

Software
DevelopmentLife
Cycle

WHEREPOSITION='Manager'ANDSALARY>60000ORBENEFITS>12000

First,SQLfindstherowswherethesalaryisgreaterthan$60,000andthe

SoftwareTesting
Standards

positioncolumnisequaltoManager,thentakingthisnewlistofrows,SQL
thenseesifanyoftheserowssatisfiesthepreviousANDconditionorthe

AnOverviewon
ComputerSoftware

conditionthattheBenefitscolumnisgreaterthan$12,000.Subsequently,SQL
onlydisplaysthissecondnewlistofrows,keepinginmindthatanyonewith
Benefitsover$12,000willbeincludedastheORoperatorincludesarowif

June(14)

eitherresultingconditionisTrue.AlsonotethattheANDoperationisdone
first.

May(7)

IN&BETWEEN

April(24)

AneasiermethodofusingcompoundconditionsusesINorBETWEEN.

March(18)

Forexample,ifyouwantedtolistallmanagersandstaff:

February(15)

January(51)

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHEREPOSITIONIN('Manager','Staff')

2013(730)

2012(143)

ortolistthosemakinggreaterthanorequalto$30,000,butlessthanor
equalto$50,000,use:

2011(54)
2010(138)

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERESALARYBETWEEN30000AND50000

...

Tolisteveryonenotinthisrange,try:

SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERESALARYNOTBETWEEN30000AND50000

Similarly,NOTINlistsallrowsexcludedfromtheINlist.
Additionally,NOT'scanbethrowninwithAND's&OR's,exceptthatNOTisa
unaryoperator(evaluatesonecondition,reversingitsvalue,whereas,AND's
&OR'sevaluatetwoconditions),andthatallNOT'sareperformedbeforeany
AND'sorOR's.

SQLOrderofLogicalOperations(eachoperatesfromlefttoright)

1. NOT
2. AND
3. OR

UsingLike
LookattheEmployeeStatisticsTable,andsayyouwantedtoseeallpeople
whoselastnamesstartedwith"S"try:
SELECTEMPLOYEEIDNO
FROMEMPLOYEEADDRESSTABLE
WHERELASTNAMELIKE'S%'

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Thepercentsign(%)isusedtorepresentanypossiblecharacter(number,
letter,orpunctuation)orsetofcharactersthatmightappearafterthe"S".
TofindthosepeoplewithLastName'sendingin"S",use'%S',orifyou
wantedthe"S"inthemiddleoftheword,try'%S%'.
The'%'canbeusedforanycharactersinthesamepositionrelativetothe
givencharacters.

Joins
Gooddatabasedesignsuggeststhateachtablelistsdataonlyaboutasingle
entity,anddetailedinformationcanbeobtainedinarelationaldatabase,by
usingadditionaltables,andbyusingajoin.
First,takealookattheseexampletables:
AntiqueOwners

OwnerID OwnerLastName OwnerFirstName

01

Jones

Bill

02

Smith

Bob

15

Lawson

Patricia

21

Akins

Jane

50

Fowler

Sam

Orders

OwnerID ItemDesired
02

Table

02

Desk

21

Chair

15

Mirror

Antiques

SellerID BuyerID Item

01

50

Bed

02

15

Table

15

02

Chair

21

50

Mirror

50

01

Desk

01

21

Cabinet

02

21

CoffeeTable

15

50

Chair

01

15

JewelryBox

02

21

Pottery

21

02

Bookcase

50

01

PlantStand

Keys

First,let'sdiscusstheconceptofkeys.
Aprimarykeyisacolumnorsetofcolumnsthatuniquelyidentifiestherest
ofthedatainanygivenrow.Forexample,intheAntiqueOwnerstable,the
OwnerIDcolumnuniquelyidentifiesthatrow.Thismeanstwothings:notwo
rowscanhavethesameOwnerID,and,eveniftwoownershavethesame

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firstandlastnames,theOwnerIDcolumnensuresthatthetwoownerswill
notbeconfusedwitheachother,becausetheuniqueOwnerIDcolumnwillbe
usedthroughoutthedatabasetotracktheowners,ratherthanthenames.
Aforeignkeyisacolumninatablewherethatcolumnisaprimarykeyof
anothertable,whichmeansthatanydatainaforeignkeycolumnmusthave
correspondingdataintheothertablewherethatcolumnistheprimarykey.
InDBMSspeak,thiscorrespondenceisknownasreferentialintegrity.For
example,intheAntiquestable,boththeBuyerIDandSellerIDareforeign
keystotheprimarykeyoftheAntiqueOwnerstable(OwnerIDforpurposes
ofargument,onehastobeanAntiqueOwnerbeforeonecanbuyorsellany
items),as,inbothtables,theIDrowsareusedtoidentifytheownersor
buyersandsellers,andthattheOwnerIDistheprimarykeyofthe
AntiqueOwnerstable.Inotherwords,allofthis"ID"dataisusedtoreferto
theowners,buyers,orsellersofantiques,themselves,withouthavingtouse
theactualnames.

PerformingaJoin
Thepurposeofthesekeysissothatdatacanberelatedacrosstables,
withouthavingtorepeatdataineverytablethisisthepowerofrelational
databases.
Forexample,youcanfindthenamesofthosewhoboughtachairwithout
havingtolistthefullnameofthebuyerintheAntiquestable...youcangetthe
namebyrelatingthosewhoboughtachairwiththenamesinthe
AntiqueOwnerstablethroughtheuseoftheOwnerID,whichrelatesthedata
inthetwotables.
Tofindthenamesofthosewhoboughtachair,usethefollowingquery:
SELECTOWNERLASTNAME,OWNERFIRSTNAME
FROMANTIQUEOWNERS,ANTIQUES
WHEREBUYERID=OWNERIDANDITEM='Chair'
Notethefollowingaboutthisquery...noticethatbothtablesinvolvedinthe
relationarelistedintheFROMclauseofthestatement.
IntheWHEREclause,firstnoticethattheITEM='Chair'partrestrictsthe
listingtothosewhohavebought(andinthisexample,therebyown)achair.
Secondly,noticehowtheIDcolumnsarerelatedfromonetabletothenext
byuseoftheBUYERID=OWNERIDclause.OnlywhereID'smatchacross
tablesandtheitempurchasedisachair(becauseoftheAND),willthenames
fromtheAntiqueOwnerstablebelisted.Becausethejoiningconditionusedan
equalsign,thisjoiniscalledanequijoin.Theresultofthisqueryistwo
names:Smith,Bob&Fowler,Sam.
Dotnotationreferstoprefixingthetablenamestocolumnnames,toavoid
ambiguity,asfollows:
SELECTANTIQUEOWNERS.OWNERLASTNAME,
ANTIQUEOWNERS.OWNERFIRSTNAME
FROMANTIQUEOWNERS,ANTIQUES
WHEREANTIQUES.BUYERID=ANTIQUEOWNERS.OWNERIDAND
ANTIQUES.ITEM='Chair'
Asthecolumnnamesaredifferentineachtable,however,thiswasn't
necessary.
DISTINCTandEliminatingDuplicates
Let'ssaythatyouwanttolisttheIDandnamesofonlythosepeoplewho
havesoldanantique.
Obviously,youwantalistwhereeachsellerisonlylistedonceyoudon't
wanttoknowhowmanyantiquesapersonsold,justthefactthatthisperson
soldone(forcounts,seetheAggregateFunctionsectionbelow).

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ThismeansthatyouwillneedtotellSQLtoeliminateduplicatesalesrows,
andjustlisteachpersononlyonce.
Todothis,usetheDISTINCTkeyword.
First,wewillneedanequijointotheAntiqueOwnerstabletogetthedetail
dataoftheperson'sLastNameandFirstName.However,keepinmindthat
sincetheSellerIDcolumnintheAntiquestableisaforeignkeytothe
AntiqueOwnerstable,asellerwillonlybelistedifthereisarowinthe
AntiqueOwnerstablelistingtheIDandnames.Wealsowanttoeliminate
multipleoccurrencesoftheSellerIDinourlisting,soweuseDISTINCTonthe
columnwheretherepeatsmayoccur(however,itisgenerallynotnecessary
tostrictlyputtheDistinctinfrontofthecolumnname).
Tothrowinonemoretwist,wewillalsowantthelistalphabetizedby
LastName,thenby
FirstName(onaLastNametie).Thus,wewillusetheORDERBYclause:
SELECTDISTINCTSELLERID,OWNERLASTNAME,OWNERFIRSTNAME
FROMANTIQUES,ANTIQUEOWNERS
WHERESELLERID=OWNERID
ORDERBYOWNERLASTNAME,OWNERFIRSTNAME

Inthisexample,sinceeveryonehassoldanitem,wewillgetalistingofallof
theowners,inalphabeticalorderbylastname.
Forfuturereference(andincaseanyoneasks),thistypeofjoinisconsidered
tobeinthecategoryofinnerjoins.

Aliases&In/Subqueries
Inthissection,wewilltalkaboutAliases,Inandtheuseofsubqueries,and
howthesecanbeusedina3tableexample.
First,lookatthisquerywhichprintsthelastnameofthoseownerswhohave
placedanorderandwhattheorderis,onlylistingthoseorderswhichcanbe
filled(thatis,thereisabuyerwhoownsthatordereditem):
SELECTOWN.OWNERLASTNAMELastName,ORD.ITEMDESIREDItemOrdered
FROMORDERSORD,ANTIQUEOWNERSOWN
WHEREORD.OWNERID=OWN.OWNERID
ANDORD.ITEMDESIREDIN
(SELECTITEM
FROMANTIQUES)
Thisgives:
LastNameItemOrdered

SmithTable
SmithDesk
AkinsChair
LawsonMirror

MiscellaneousSQLStatements
AggregateFunctions

Fiveimportantaggregatefunctions:SUM,AVG,MAX,MIN,andCOUNT.
Aggregatefunctionssummarizetheresultsofaquery,ratherthanlistingall
oftherows.
SUM()givesthetotalofalltherows,satisfyinganyconditions,ofthe
givencolumn,wherethegivencolumnisnumeric.
AVG()givestheaverageofthegivencolumn.
MAX()givesthelargestfigureinthegivencolumn.
MIN()givesthesmallestfigureinthegivencolumn.
COUNT(*)givesthenumberofrowssatisfyingtheconditions.
Lookingatthetablesatthetopofthedocument,let'slookatthree
examples:
SELECTSUM(SALARY),AVG(SALARY)

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FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
Thisqueryshowsthetotalofallsalariesinthetable,andtheaveragesalary
ofalloftheentriesinthetable.
SELECTMIN(BENEFITS)
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHEREPOSITION='Manager'
ThisquerygivesthesmallestfigureoftheBenefitscolumn,oftheemployees
whoareManagers,whichis12500.
SELECTCOUNT(*)
FROMEMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHEREPOSITION='Staff'
ThisquerytellsyouhowmanyemployeeshaveStaffstatus(3).

Views
InSQL,youmight(checkyourDBA)haveaccesstocreateviewsforyourself.
Whataviewdoesistoallowyoutoassigntheresultsofaquerytoanew,
personaltable,thatyoucanuseinotherqueries,wherethisnewtableis
giventheviewnameinyourFROMclause.
Whenyouaccessaview,thequerythatisdefinedinyourviewcreation
statementisperformed(generally),andtheresultsofthatquerylookjust
likeanothertableinthequerythatyouwroteinvokingtheview.
Forexample,tocreateaview:
CREATEVIEWANTVIEWASSELECTITEMDESIREDFROMORDERS
Now,writeaqueryusingthisviewasatable,wherethetableisjustalisting
ofallItemsDesiredfromtheOrderstable:
SELECTSELLERID
FROMANTIQUES,ANTVIEW
WHEREITEMDESIRED=ITEM
ThisqueryshowsallSellerID'sfromtheAntiquestablewheretheIteminthat
tablehappenstoappearintheAntviewview,whichisjustalloftheItems
DesiredintheOrderstable.
ThelistingisgeneratedbygoingthroughtheAntiqueItemsonebyoneuntil
there'samatchwiththeAntviewview.Viewscanbeusedtorestrictdatabase
access,aswellas,inthiscase,simplifyacomplexquery.

CreatingNewTables
Alltableswithinadatabasemustbecreatedatsomepointintime...let'ssee
howwewouldcreatetheOrderstable:
CREATETABLEORDERS
(OWNERIDINTEGERNOTNULL,
ITEMDESIREDCHAR(40)NOTNULL)
ThisstatementgivesthetablenameandtellstheDBMSabouteachcolumnin
thetable.
Pleasenotethatthisstatementusesgenericdatatypes,andthatthedata
typesmightbedifferent,dependingonwhatDBMSyouareusing.Asusual,
checklocallistings.Somecommongenericdatatypesare:
Char(x)Acolumnofcharacters,wherexisanumberdesignatingthe
maximumnumberofcharactersallowed(maximumlength)inthe
column.
IntegerAcolumnofwholenumbers,positiveornegative.
Decimal(x,y)Acolumnofdecimalnumbers,wherexisthemaximum
lengthindigitsofthedecimalnumbersinthiscolumn,andyisthe

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maximumnumberofdigitsallowedafterthedecimalpoint.The
maximum(4,2)numberwouldbe99.99.
DateAdatecolumninaDBMSspecificformat.
LogicalAcolumnthatcanholdonlytwovalues:TRUEorFALSE.
Oneothernote,theNOTNULLmeansthatthecolumnmusthaveavaluein
eachrow.IfNULLwasused,thatcolumnmaybeleftemptyinagivenrow.
AlteringTables
Let'saddacolumntotheAntiquestabletoallowtheentryofthepriceofa
givenItem(Parenthesesoptional):
ALTERTABLEANTIQUESADD(PRICEDECIMAL(8,2)NULL)
Thedataforthisnewcolumncanbeupdatedorinsertedasshownlater.
AddingData
Toinsertrowsintoatable,dothefollowing:
INSERTINTOANTIQUESVALUES(21,01,'Ottoman',200.00)
Thisinsertsthedataintothetable,asanewrow,columnbycolumn,inthe
predefinedorder.
Instead,let'schangetheorderandleavePriceblank:
INSERTINTOANTIQUES(BUYERID,SELLERID,ITEM)
VALUES(01,21,'Ottoman')
UpdatingData
Let'supdateaPriceintoarowthatdoesn'thaveapricelistedyet:
UPDATEANTIQUESSETPRICE=500.00WHEREITEM='Chair'
ThissetsallChair'sPricesto500.00.Asshownabove,moreWHERE
conditionals,usingAND,mustbeusedtolimittheupdatingtomorespecific
rows.Also,additionalcolumnsmaybesetbyseparatingequalstatements
withcommas.
DeletingData
Let'sdeletethisnewrowbackoutofthedatabase:
DELETEFROMANTIQUES
WHEREITEM='Ottoman'
Butifthereisanotherrowthatcontains'Ottoman',thatrowwillbedeleted
also.Let'sdeleteallrows(one,inthiscase)thatcontainthespecificdatawe
addedbefore:
DELETEFROMANTIQUES
WHEREITEM='Ottoman'ANDBUYERID=01ANDSELLERID=21

MiscellaneousTopics
Indexes

IndexesallowaDBMStoaccessdataquicker(pleasenote:thisfeatureis
nonstandard/notavailableonallsystems).Thesystemcreatesthisinternal
datastructure(theindex)whichcausesselectionofrows,whentheselection
isbasedonindexedcolumns,tooccurfaster.
ThisindextellstheDBMSwhereacertainrowisinthetablegivenan
indexedcolumnvalue,muchlikeabookindextellsyouwhatpageagiven
wordappears.
Let'screateanindexfortheOwnerIDintheAntiqueOwnerstable:
CREATEINDEXOID_IDXONANTIQUEOWNERS(OWNERID)

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Nowonthenames:
CREATEINDEXNAME_IDXONANTIQUEOWNERS(OWNERLASTNAME,
OWNERFIRSTNAME)
Togetridofanindex,dropit:
DROPINDEXOID_IDX
Bytheway,youcanalso"drop"atable,aswell(careful!thatmeansthat
yourtableisdeleted).Inthesecondexample,theindexiskeptonthetwo
columns,aggregatedtogetherstrangebehaviormightoccurinthis
situation...checkthemanualbeforeperformingsuchanoperation.
SomeDBMS'sdonotenforceprimarykeysinotherwords,theuniquenessof
acolumnisnotenforcedautomatically.Whatthatmeansis,if,forexample,I
triedtoinsertanotherrowintotheAntiqueOwnerstablewithanOwnerIDof
02,somesystemswillallowmetodothat,eventhoughwedonot,asthat
columnissupposedtobeuniquetothattable(everyrowvalueissupposedto
bedifferent).Onewaytogetaroundthatistocreateauniqueindexonthe
columnthatwewanttobeaprimarykey,toforcethesystemtoenforce
prohibitionofduplicates:
CREATEUNIQUEINDEXOID_IDXONANTIQUEOWNERS(OWNERID)

GROUPBY&HAVING
OnespecialuseofGROUPBYistoassociateanaggregatefunction(especially
COUNTcountingthenumberofrowsineachgroup)withgroupsofrows.
First,assumethattheAntiquestablehasthePricecolumn,andeachrowhas
avalueforthatcolumn.Wewanttoseethepriceofthemostexpensiveitem
boughtbyeachowner.WehavetotellSQLtogroupeachowner'spurchases,
andtellusthemaximumpurchaseprice:
SELECTBUYERID,MAX(PRICE)
FROMANTIQUES
GROUPBYBUYERID
Now,sayweonlywanttoseethemaximumpurchasepriceifthepurchaseis
over$1000,soweusetheHAVINGclause:
SELECTBUYERID,MAX(PRICE)
FROMANTIQUES
GROUPBYBUYERID
HAVINGPRICE>1000

MoreSubqueries
Anothercommonusageofsubqueriesinvolvestheuseofoperatorstoallowa
WhereconditiontoincludetheSelectoutputofasubquery.
First,listthebuyerswhopurchasedanexpensiveitem(thePriceoftheitem
is$100greaterthantheaveragepriceofallitemspurchased):
SELECTBUYERID
FROMANTIQUES
WHEREPRICE>
(SELECTAVG(PRICE)+100
FROMANTIQUES)
ThesubquerycalculatestheaveragePrice,plus$100,andusingthatfigure,
anOwnerIDisprintedforeveryitemcostingoverthatfigure.Onecoulduse
DISTINCTBUYERID,toeliminateduplicates.
ListtheLastNamesofthoseintheAntiqueOwnerstable,ONLYiftheyhave
boughtanitem:
SELECTOWNERLASTNAME
FROMANTIQUEOWNERS
WHEREOWNERIDIN
(SELECTDISTINCTBUYERID
FROMANTIQUES)

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Thesubqueryreturnsalistofbuyers,andtheLastNameisprintedforan
AntiqueOwnerifandonlyiftheOwner'sIDappearsinthesubquerylist
(sometimescalledacandidatelist).Note:onsomeDBMS's,equalscanbe
usedinsteadofIN,butforclarity'ssake,sinceasetisreturnedfromthe
subquery,INisthebetterchoice.
ForanUpdateexample,weknowthatthegentlemanwhoboughtthe
bookcasehasthewrongFirstNameinthedatabase...itshouldbeJohn:
UPDATEANTIQUEOWNERS
SETOWNERFIRSTNAME='John'
WHEREOWNERID=
(SELECTBUYERID
FROMANTIQUES
WHEREITEM='Bookcase')
First,thesubqueryfindstheBuyerIDfortheperson(s)whoboughtthe
Bookcase,thentheouterqueryupdateshisFirstName.
Rememberthisruleaboutsubqueries:
whenyouhaveasubqueryaspartofaWHEREcondition,theSelectclausein
thesubquerymusthavecolumnsthatmatchinnumberandtypetothosein
theWhereclauseoftheouterquery.Inotherwords,ifyouhave"WHERE
ColumnName=(SELECT...)",theSelectmusthaveonlyonecolumninit,to
matchtheColumnNameintheouterWhereclause,andtheymustmatchin
type(bothbeingintegers,bothbeingcharacterstrings,etc.).
EXISTS&ALL

EXISTSusesasubqueryasacondition,wheretheconditionisTrueifthesub
queryreturnsanyrows,andFalseifthesubquerydoesnotreturnanyrows
thisisanonintuitivefeaturewithfewuniqueuses.However,ifaprospective
customerwantedtoseethelistofOwnersonlyiftheshopdealtinChairs,
try:
SELECTOWNERFIRSTNAME,OWNERLASTNAME
FROMANTIQUEOWNERS
WHEREEXISTS
(SELECT*
FROMANTIQUES
WHEREITEM='Chair')
IfthereareanyChairsintheAntiquescolumn,thesubquerywouldreturna
roworrows,makingtheEXISTSclausetrue,causingSQLtolisttheAntique
Owners.IftherehadbeennoChairs,norowswouldhavebeenreturnedby
theoutsidequery.
ALLisanotherunusualfeature,asALLqueriescanusuallybedonewith
different,andpossiblysimplermethodslet'stakealookatanexample
query:
SELECTBUYERID,ITEM
FROMANTIQUES
WHEREPRICE>=ALL
(SELECTPRICE
FROMANTIQUES)
Thiswillreturnthelargestpriceditem(ormorethanoneitemifthereisa
tie),anditsbuyer.ThesubqueryreturnsalistofallPricesintheAntiques
table,andtheouterquerygoesthrougheachrowoftheAntiquestable,andif
itsPriceisgreaterthanorequaltoevery(orALL)Pricesinthelist,itis
listed,givingthehighestpricedItem.Thereason"="mustbeusedisthatthe
highestpriceditemwillbeequaltothehighestpriceonthelist,becausethis
ItemisinthePricelist.

RelatePosts:
SQLQueriesExamples
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SQLForTesters~SoftwareTesting

SQLInterviewQuestions
SQLGuide
DatabaseTestingInterviewQuestions
Postedin:SQLBasics,sqlcommands,SQLInterviewQuestions,SQLQueries,SQLQueriesandSub
Queries,SQLSelectstatement

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2comments:
Anonymous says:
July10,2014at2:39AM

Verynicefortesters
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Anonymous says:
July11,2014at4:52AM

GoodexplanationonSQL,youprovidesomeDatabaseTestingExamples.
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