PHYSICS PROJECT

REPORT ON
Automatic street light control using LDR
BY
NAME: Shivam Singh
ROLL NO: - _________

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. S.B. Agrawal
PGT (PHYSICS)

KV BHANDUP

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF
AISSC PRACTICAL EXAM (PHYSICS)
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BHANDUP (2014-15)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shivam Singh of class 12th A has satisfactorily

completed the project in Physics on the topic Automatic street light
control using LDR in the academic year 2014-15. I have examined
the project and hereby accord my approval of it as a study carried out
and presented in the manner required for its acceptance. This does not
necessarily endorse or accept every statement made or opinion
expressed or conclusion drawn, but only signifies the acceptance of
the project for the purpose it is submitted for.

Mr. S B Agarwal

Mrs. Pramila Pal

PGT Physics

Principal K.V. Bhandup

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in Physics on the
topic Automatic street light control using LDR. This project would
not have been feasible without the proper and rigorous guidance of

my Physics teacher Mr. S B Agarwal who guided me throughout this

project in every possible way. Rigorous hardwork has been put in
this project to ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope that this
project will prove to be a breeding ground for others and will guide
them in every possible way.

Index

Introduction
Working principle
Requirement
Brief description of components
Procedure
Working procedure
Conclusion:

Introduction

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful

concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system
manual works are 100% removed. By using this system energy
consumption is also reduced.

Working Principle
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.).The
automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC
supply. The automatic streetlight controller has a photoconductive
device whose resistance changes proportional to the extent of
illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED with the use of
transistor as a switch.

Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive device has been used as

the transducer to convert light energy into electrical energy. If LDR
places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light
falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor.
Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness changes its resistance
is depending on the different types of LDR.

Requirement

1 * BC547 transistor
1 * 220 k resistor
1 * 330 ohms resistor
1 * LED (any colour )
1 * 9v battery
1 * battery clip
1 * LDR
Connecting wires
Soldering rod and wire
Cutter

Brief description of components

1. TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched between
two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists of
emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
emitter np-n transistor (BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has generally four rings

or bands A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the value
of resistance. In project, we use carbon
resistance
of two 220 kilo-ohms and 330 ohms.
3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is used
complete the circuit.

to

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. In this project, we use led of
white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges

and a polarized snap connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt
battery.

6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or

rod of metal. These are used to connect components.

Procedure
Solder the transistor on the board and solder one wire of the LDR to
the emitter and other to the base, solder the negative wire of
the LED to the base of the transistor with a 330 ohms resistor and also
solder 220k resistor with the one side of the 330 ohms resistor and
rest of the components according to the circuit shown below.

Working procedure
Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR then the
resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate equal to 10 ohms.

9V DC comes from 330 ohms resistance and passes through an LED

to the collector end of the BC-547 transistor. Also 9V DC comes
though one end of LDR and the other end to 220 kilo-ohms and to the
base of the transistor. When DC voltage comes through the base of
transistor, current starts to flow through the emitter of transistor and
completes the circuit to the negative end of the DC voltage. Another
end of the LDR is connected to the emitter. When light falls on the
LDR, the resistance offered by the LDR is very high (nearly millions).
Therefore the circuit is not complete and the led will not glow. When
no light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very low resistance (nearly
10 ohms) and therefore the led glows. The 220 kilo-ohms is connected
to minimise the current flow to the battery.

CONCLUSION:
By employing this circuit, energy consumption can be reduced
considerably as the light switches ON or OFF automatically in
appropriate time.
Errors which occur due to manual operation can be eliminated
completely.
The construction of the circuit is also simple .

~~~~Thank
you