Temperature Rise Tests

Centre for Power Transformer Monitoring, Diagnostics

and Life Management (transformerLIFE)
Monash University, Australia
Oleg Roizman
IntellPower, Australia

Valery Davydov
Monash University

Spring 2009 IEEE Transformers Committee Meeting

Miami FL, 21 April 2009

Special Test Transformer Nameplate Data

Year of Manufacture

2006

Rated Power HV/MV for ONAN,

kVA
Rated Voltage HV/MV/LV, kV
Rated Current HV/MV

468/468

22/4.5/0.415
Amp

Cooling Types

12.3/60.0
ONAN, ONAF,
OFAF

Number of Phases

Vector Symbol

YNyn0yn0

Mass Untanking, kg

2420

Mass Each Cooler (excluding oil), kg

115

Mass Total (including oil), kg

6850

Insulating Oil Each Cooler, l

43

Insulating Oil Total,

Oil Circulation, l/min

litre

2650
1200

Temperature Sensors and DAQ System

16 Fiber Optic sensors
24 Thermocouples, including magnetic and thermal
ribbon types
9 RTDs, including those of moisture/temperature
transmitters
More than 60 channels of information stored at 1 min
interval

Location of Thermocouples and RTDs

in Test Transformer
Top Oil Temperatures

Top Core Yoke Temperatures

Top Rings Temp

Top Radiator

Bottom Radiator

Location of Fibre Optic Probes and Core

Thermocouples

Fibre Optic Probe Installation

in MV Winding, Phase B

Fibre Optic Probe Installation in HV Winding

Effect of Measuring Instrumentation

In the following 4 slides, comparisons are made for
the two windings of Phase B (OFAF)
MV (layer type)
HV (disc type)

The comparisons are made for results obtained during

the Temperature Rise Tests conducted at Monash
using two different instrumentation sets for winding
resistance measurement

Comparison of Tavr and FO for MV OFAF

Phase B, 100A
1st set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
65

Top wnd. temp

60

Mid wnd. temp

T, deg C

55

50

Avr wnd. T
45

40

35

Bot wnd. T
30
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

t, min
FO12 MV top

FO13 MV middle

FO14 MV bottom

wm(i) as measured

w(i) as calculated

16

Comparison of Tavr and FO for HV OFAF

Phase B, 100A
1st set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
51
49

Tawr

47

T, deg C

45
43
41
39
37
35
0

10

12

t, min
FO7 HV top

FO9 HV middle

Measured average winding temperature

Calculated average winding temperature

FO11 HV bottom

14

16

OFAF (100A) HV Phase B

2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
90

85

80

75

70

65

60
0:00:00

0:02:53

0:05:46

0:08:38

0:11:31

0:14:24

0:17:17

0:20:10

Twarm

Twarm fitted IEC 20mins

Twarm fitted IEC 15mins

Twarm fitted IEC 5mins

Twarm fitted exp 5mins

FO7

FO1

FO9

0:23:02

OFAF(100 A) MV Phase B
2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
120
110

T, deg C

100
90
80
70
60
0:00:00

0:02:53

0:05:46

0:08:38

0:11:31

0:14:24

0:17:17

0:20:10

0:23:02

Time since shut down (mins)

Twarm

Twarm fitted IEC 20mins

Twarm fitted IEC 15mins

Twarm fitted IEC 5mins

Twarm fitted exp 5mins

FO13

FO12

FO14

It could be seen that depending on duration of test variations in Twnd (R) is ~10 C

Blocked Coolers: 60A

90
Blocked Coolers 60 A
88

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C

86

84

T, degC

82

80

78

76

74

~4 hours!

72

70
7:12

8:24

9:36

10:48

12:00

13:12
FO6

FO15

14:24
FO16

15:36

16:48

18:00

19:12

Blocked Coolers: 60 A
2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
84

Blocked Cooling

82
Ph A

Tw = 5.521 * exp(-time/ 4.331) - 0.1618 * time + 76.59

80
Ph C
78
T, degC

Ph B
76

74

72

70

68
0:00

2:24

4:48
Twarm A

7:12
Twarm fitted IEC (A)

9:36
Twarm C

12:00
Twarm fitted IEC

14:24
Twarm B

16:48

19:12

Twarm fitted IEC (B)

21:36

Blocked Coolers HV Phase B 60A

hottest measured temp

mid measured temp

90
85
80

T, deg C

75
70
65

bottom measured temp

Winding temp by
resistance

60
55
50
45
0:00

2:24

4:48

7:12

9:36

12:00

14:24

Time since shutdown (mins)

Twarm

FO7

FO9

FO11

(TV4+TV5)/2

16:48

19:12

21:36

ONAN(60A) HV phase B
2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
70

T, deg C

65

60

55

50

45
0:00:00

0:02:53

0:05:46

0:08:38

0:11:31

0:14:24

0:17:17

Time since shutdown (mins)

Twarm

Twarm fitted IEC 15mins

Twarm fitted IEC 5mins

Twarm fitted exp 5mins

FO9

FO3

FO11

ONAN(60A) MV phase B
2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
75
70

T, deg C

65
60
55
50
45
40
0:00:00

0:02:53

0:05:46

0:08:38

0:11:31

0:14:24

0:17:17

Time since shutdown (mins)

Twarm

Twarm fitted IEC 15mins

Twarm fitted IEC 5mins

Twarm fitted exp 5mins

FO12

FO13

FO14

Comparison of FO Data for Phases A, B & C

In the following slide a comparison is made for Phases A, B
and C for the HV (disc type) winding for the OFAF cooling
mode
The comparison is made for the measurements obtained
during the Temperature Rise Tests conducted at Monash for
the FO probes installed in the 2nd top disc of Phases A, B & C
The differences in the FO measurement results were
observed due to the following reasons:
Phase A is the most remote phase from the oil inlet pipe; the velocity
of oil flow through the winding ducts of Phase A is the lowest
Phase C is the closest phase to the oil inlet pipe; the velocity of oil flow
through the winding ducts of Phase C is the highest
Phase B is in the middle between the inlet pipe and Phase A

FO Sensors Data for Phases A, B and C

OFAF (100A)
95
Phase A
90

85

Temperature, deg C

Phase B
80

75

Phase C

70

65

60

Cooling curves
55
8:24

9:36

10:48

12:00

FO6
13:12
Time, h:mm

14:24

15:36

FO15
16:48

FO16
18:00

Cooling Curves for A, B and C Phases,

OFAF (100A), HV
2nd set of winding resistance measurement instrumentation was used
90
Phase B

Phase C

Phase A

Winding temperautre by R, deg C

85

80

75

70

65

60
0:00

2:24

4:48

7:12

9:36

12:00

Time since shutdown, min

14:24

16:48

19:12

21:36

Effect of first valid time point for MV in OFAF

90

1:45 min
85

T, deg C

80

4:00 min
75
70

65
60
0:00:00

0:02:53

0:05:46

0:08:38

0:11:31

0:14:24

0:17:17

0:20:10

Time since shutdown (mins)

Twarm

Twarm fitted IEC 20mins (from 1m45s)

Twarm fitted IEC 20mins (from 4m)

0:23:02

Factors Affecting Winding Temperature Rise

Winding resistance measuring equipment
Ambient temperature determination
Inadequate calculation of the average oil
temperature (leads to wrong g factor)
Accuracy of Load Loss measurement
Assumed total loss as sum of NL + LL
Effect of the Core temperature dynamics
Cold resistance measurement errors
Not reaching steady state before shutdown

Factors Affecting Winding Temperature Rise

(contd)
Connection circuit (two windings at a time)
Time interval first and last data point resistance
measurement
Fitting curve method
Ambient oil temperature consideration

Conclusions
Depending on winding time constant taking first
resistance measurement at 4 min may be too long wait
and could lead to significant error in determination of
winding temperature at shutdown
10 min cooling curve period could be well justified for
small and medium distribution transformers, but does not
seem to be adequate for large power transformers,
where 20 min should be considered as more appropriate
15 sec acquisition rate was found to be easily
achievable with the modern acquisition systems and is
recommended, especially for a winding with a short time
constant

Conclusions (Contd)

Considerations should be given to the following

recommendations when FO sensors are used:
a.
b.

c.

Number and locations of FO temperature probes should be determined

on the basis of analysis of heat and mass transfer with assistance of
numerical methods such as FEM and CFD;
Hot-spot temperature should be continuously measured by FO sensors
installed in each winding of each phase and verified by calculations in
accordance with the latest relevant standards and/or more detailed inhouse thermo-hydraulic models;
Average winding temperature rise by resistance should be measured
only in the winding of the phase with the highest hot-spot temperature
found in b) unless the difference between that temperature and the
average of all phases exceeds agreed value (e.g. 3 C).