3.

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Geometry: Counter flow, parallel flow, cross flow, shell and tube, mixed, unmixed
Basic equations:
q C h (Th ,i Th ,o ) C c (Tc ,o Tc ,i )
q max C min Tmax C min (Th ,i Tc ,i )

UA U c A c U h A h

R tot

1
R tot

R f ,i "
R f ,o "
1
1

Rw

hAo i Ao i
Ao o hAo o

o 1

N Af
1 f
At

N = number of fins; Af = area of each fin; At = total area (fins + base); At = Ai or Ao

LMTD method

q UA Tlm
T2 T1
(parallel and counter flow exchangers)
Tlm
ln(T2 / T1 )
Tlm FTlm ,CF (other exchangers: cross flow, shell and tube)

F from Figures 11S.1 to 11S.4

-NTU method

q q max
f ( NTU , Cr ) - Tables 11.3 11.4 and Figures 11.10 11.15, p. 724-727
C
UA
NTU
Cr min (typically)
C min
C max

Heat transfer from extended surfaces

Temperature distribution, T(x), and qf for uniform fins from Table 3.4, p. 161
Fin efficiency from Figures 3.19 and 3.20 and Table 3.5, p. 166-169

R b ,no fin
Tb

qt

1
hA b ,no fin

q t q f q b,no fin

q t o hA t Tb T

Rf

q t hf NA f hA b,no fin Tb T

o 1

1
hA f f

N Af
1 f
At

4. CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

Laminar and turbulent boundary layers (velocity, thermal and concentration)
q hA Ts T
A h m A A , s A ,
m
For water:
A, s

1
,

v g @ Ts

A,

xc

,
v g @ T

Laminar

Transition

Turbulent

= relative humidity, and

vg = specific volume from Table A.6, p.1006.
Internal flow: Re D U m D / and Re D,c 2300
External flow: Re x U x / and Re x ,c 5x105
Dimensionless variable defined in Table 6.2, p.408-409

Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy

hL
C Re m Pr n ; Pr /
k
h L
Sh m C Re m Sc n ; Sc / D AB
D AB
Nu

A = gas being transferred; B = carrier gas

h
h
(Lewis Relation)
C p Le1 n ; Le / D AB for air-water mixtures Le~1 and h m
C p
hm
properties of air

j=

External convection flows (Chapter 7)

s
= 0.134 Re d -0.319
1/3
e
Re d Pr
Nu

0.2

s

t

0.11

Equation valid for the following conditions:

Methodology:

1,100 Red 18,000

1. Geometry

0.13 s/e 0.63

i. flat plate (7.30, 7.38)

1.0 s/t 6.6

ii. cylinders(s) (7.53, 7.58, 759)

0.09 e/d 0.69

iii. sphere (7.57)

0.01 t/d 0.15

1.5 ST/d 8.2

iv. compact HE
tubes circular finned tubes (Webb and Nae-Hyun, 2005 or Figure 11S.5)
tubes with plate fins (Gray and Webb, 1988 or Figure 11S.6)
0.0312
2. Properties at reference temp. (Tref)
1
0.328 S t s t
T T
jN 4 0.14 Re
S d
Typical: Tref Tf s
l

Some use: Tref=T and /s or Pr/Prs

Some use: Tref = (Ti + To)/2

3. Determine Reynolds number

4. Select appropriate correlation (Table 7.7, p.484-485)
What if we dont know correct Tref?
Note this in the solution, use some other T (e.g., T), solve problem, calculate new Tref and compare to
original, iterate in practice if important (mention procedure in this class, but dont iterate)

Ts=constant vs qs=constant

Correlations for constant surface temperature can be applied with constant heat flux when the flow is turbulent

Internal convection flows (Chapter 8)

t

T(x,r)
=T(0,r)
=constant

Ts = constant

xfd,t
Thermal entrance region

qs = constant

ReD,c2300
ro
r

Laminar:

Turbulent:

Fully developed region

Methodology B (determine L to get a certain To)

Methodology A (determine To for a given L)
1. Geometry: D h 4A c / P , Re D h u m D h / 4m
/(P)
2. Boundary Conditions: Ts=constant or qs=constant (if laminar flow)
3. Properties at appropriate reference temperature (typical: Tref = (Ti+To)/2 Nu )
4. Calculate Re and entry lengths (xfd,h and xfd,t) 4. Calculate Re and assume fully developed flow
5. Select appropriate correlation (Summary in Table 8.4 p. 567 and Table 8.1, p. 553)
6. Calculate outlet temperature (To)
6. Calculate required length (L)

T Tm ,o
q PL
PL (ii) q =constant:
(i) Ts=constant: To s
s
Tm ,o Tm,i s
exp
h
Cp
Cp
m
Ti
Ts Tm ,i
m
CpT
7. Total heat transfer: q hATlm and q m
8. Evaluate assumption of Tref for properties
8. Evaluate assumption of fully developed flow
In this class, note difference and how you would solve
but dont iterate. In practice, iterate if important.

In this class, note difference and how you would solve

but dont iterate. In practice, iterate if important

B / B
Mass transfer relations for step 6: T , h h m , m
Cp m
A , o
A , i

A,s A, m, o
A,s A, m,i

A h mA A, lm
m

PL h m

exp
B / B
m
A, lm

A
m

A, o A, i

ln A, o A, i

B
m
A,m,o A,m,i
B

Natural (free) convection and combined natural and forced convection

Grashof number

g(Ts T )L3
where 1 / T [1 / K ] for gases (from property tables for liquids)
GrL
2
Rayleigh number

g(Ts T )L3
Ra L GrL Pr

natural and forced convection

GrL

Re L

1 (0.2 5)

Nu n Nu F n Nu N n

Re c 109

natural

forced

GrL
1
Re L 2
Nu=f(Ra, Pr)

GrL
1
Re L 2
Nu=f(Re, Pr)

general: n=3
traverse flow: plate (n=7/2) or
sphere, cylinder (n=4)
Methodology
1. Geometry (plate, cylinder or sphere)
2. Properties at reference temp: Tref = (Ts +T)/2
3. Determine GrL / Re L 2
4. Select appropriate correlation(s) - Table 9.2 (p. 617-618)

5. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Engineering properties
for materials at different T [Table A.11]
, for solar radiation [Table A.12]

Radiation exchange between bodies

View Factor F12 fraction of the radiation leaving surface 1, which is intercepted by surface 2
reciprocity relation F12 A1 F21A 2
N

summation rule

F
j1

ij

Fij is given for common geometries in Tables 13.1 - 13.2 and Figures
13.4 13.6, p. 865-869

Two surface enclosures (diffuse, gray and opaque surfaces)

Diffuse: independent of angle
Some special enclosures given in Table 13.3, p. 885
Gray surface: =
Kirchoffs Law: = for all surfaces in an enclosure
E E b 2 T14 T2 4
q b1

q
12

12

Rrad

R rad

R rad

R rad

1 1
1 2
1

1A1 F12 A1 2 A 2

Combined radiation, conduction and convection heat transfer

qconv,1 = h1A1(T-T1)
U, T

A1,T1, 1

T3

T T
q cond 3 1
R cond

qconv,2 = h2A2(T-T2)

Rrad
q rad

E b1 E b 2
R rad