Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
General Considerations
A = 0 j
Abstract
2.1
Fresnel Approximation
Chemistry, Biology and Meteorology. This project at- and d. Such that
tempts to give a brief introduction to some fundamental
U (x, y, 0) = f (x, y) = exp [i (kx x + ky y)]
Introduction
f (kx , ky ) =
with each other, and diffraction when we are dealing with Obbey the following relation:
many waves.
g (kx , ky ) = H (kx , ky ) f (kx , ky )
Then
way at this scale. In fact diffraction is one of the few phenomena that cannot be explained under the assumption
kx + ky + kz = k =
r
kz =
4 2
kx2 ky2
2
4 d
1
4
4 2
kx2 ky2
2
2.2
Huygens-Fresnel Principle
q
2
2
2
H (kx , ky ) = exp id
1 (2kx ) (2ky )
Then if we denote :=
(2kx ) + (2ky )
H (kx , ky ) = exp id
We can do a Taylor series for
2 p
1 2
and z = d is proportional to
p
exp ik x2 + y 2 + d2
p
h (x, y)
x2 + y 2 + d2
1 2
p
1/2
4
2
+
+ ...
1 2 = 1 2
=1
2
8
if is small enough
p
x2 + y 2
h (x, y) exp ik
2d
2
1 2 1
2
h
i
2
2
H (kx , ky ) = H0 exp id (2kx ) + (2ky )
2
2
H (kx , ky ) exp id
1
2
2
2
2
H (kx , ky ) exp id 2
(2k
)
(2k
)
x
y
2
2
2
2
H (kx , ky ) exp id
(2k
)
(2k
)
y
x
2
"
h
i
2
2
H (kx , ky ) H0 exp id (2kx ) + (2ky )
Where H0 = exp id 2
. The condition of validity of
Diffraction of light
the Fresnel Aproximation can be derived from the Taylor Diffraction is defined as the deviation of light when it
series of
approaches a material medium. When setting an opaque
screen to which light will be exposed, it should not be
2 p
2
2
4
1 2 = id
+
+ ...
id
1
expected that light, because of its wave behavior, moves
2
8
2
eik(r+r1 ) da
3.1
Binary aperture
amplitude U (x, y), its transmitted complex amplitude is where r is the distance from the aperture to the screen,
and r is the distance from the source to the aperture.
given by:
When dealing with plane waves, by Huygens principle
1
p (x, y) =
0
(x, y)
(x, y)
/
eik(r1 ) da
Another aperture, , is
r1 =
p
(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + R2
k=
Fraunhofer diffraction, which is used for far field patterns When the width in y is zero the equation for r1 equals a
hyperbola with an intercept on R. Now we can arrive at
[2].
different approximations in the two different scenarios.
3.2
R x x0
The function is approximated by a parabola, and from
In Fresnels and Fraunhofers diffraction light goes there we obtain the Fresnel approximation as we did in
through an aperture to be observed in a screen. De- a previous section. In Fraunhofer diffraction we have
pending on the magnitude of the distance R between the
proximated by lines:
u2
cos
Cu1 ,u2 =
2
u2
sin
u1
2
u2 du
u1
r12 = x20 + y02 + R2 2 (xx0 + yy0 ) + x2 + y 2
r12 x20 + y02 + R2 2 (xx0 + yy0 )
Lets call R02 = x20 + y02 + R2 , then
r1 =
s
R02 2 (xx0 + yy0 ) = R0
12
(xx0 + yy0 )
R02
(xx0 + yy0 )
+ ...
R0
3.3
e
Suppose that the aperture is a slit with an extension
i(xx0 )2 /R
r
dx =
R
[Cu1 ,u2 iSu1 ,u2 ]
2
a/2
[a/2, a/2] in the x axis and [b/2, b/2] in the y axis where
a is small compared with b (a b), our integral can be In analogy our integral for y is
written as
r
b/2
R
i(yy0 )2 /R
2
2
0
[Cv1 ,v2 iSv1 ,v2 ]
e
dy =
eikr da = ei[(xx0 ) +(yy0 ) ]/R da
2
b/2
y0 b/2
y0 +b/2
Where v1 =
and v2 =
. The our integral
b/2
eikr da =
ei(yy0 )
R/2
a/2
/R
ei(xx0 )
dy
b/2
/R
R/2
is expressed as
dx
eikr da =
a/2
R
[Cu1 ,u2 iSu1 ,u2 ] [Cv1 ,v2 iSv1 ,v2 ]
2
3.4
i(xx0 )2 /R
Recalling the approximation r0 (lx + my), the integral for Fraunhofer diffraction is converted to:
u2
dx =
2
i(
2u )
du
eikR0
u1
e2i(lx+my)/ da
x0 a/2
x0 +a/2
Where u1 =
and u2 =
. Using the Euler The accompanying term, eikR0 is just an accompanying
R/2
R/2
e2i(lx+my)/ da
As in Fresnel integration, the area of integration is a
square aperture with extrema a2 , a2 2b , 2b , which
4.1
independently:
Astrophysics
a/2
e2i(lx+my)/ da =
e2ilx/ dx
a/2
e2imy/ dy
b/2
(l/)
(m/)
sin(u)
u
is called
sinc (u) and coincides with the zeroth type Bessel function, J0 (u). Then
I(x, y) = a2 b2 J02 (la/) J02 (mb/)
A function of this type has a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern like the one shown in the figure
Applications
Figure 4: The first image was taken with the UKs MERLIN array and the second one is the procesed image using
a particular case of diffraction when we are dealing with several arrays of a VLBI.
As we mentioned in the introduction, interference is just
References
niques [5].
4.2
[3] G.
Biology
Chartier,
Introduction
to
Optics,
Springer, 2005.
X-ray diffraction techniques (which is explained by the
Dover, 1947.