Ppchem 05 2011 3

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11 21:02 Seite 262
PPCHEM
An Alternative Chemistry for Both Operational and Layup Protection of High-Pressure Steam-Water Cycles
An Alternative Chemistry for Both Operational and Layup

Protection of High-Pressure Steam-Water Cycles Using an
Organic Filming Amine
George J. Verib
ABSTRACT
Current economic conditions have caused many fossil-fired units to cycle load where previous operation had been a
constant-load operation. At best, this operation has become a low-load, or minimum-load, operation during off electric
demand periods and full-load operation during peak-load periods. At the most demanding times, the operation of
these units has been a daily startupshutdown situation. Current cycle chemistry guidelines have not minimized
corrosion and have not provided protection of unit equipment during economic reserve off periods. Current unit
protection strategies are limited since the units must be operationally ready if called upon to generate. The FirstEnergy
Corp. has been using an alternative proprietary, organic filming amine to protect units during operation and short-term
non-operational periods. This proprietary chemistry has shown the ability to successfully and significantly reduce
corrosion throughout the steam-water cycle during transient load situations and during non-operational periods.
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate chemistry, of one type or another, and caustic
treatments have been used extensively in fossil-fired utility
boilers with varying degrees of success. These types of
chemistry programs have been refined by utilities as unit
pressures have increased in drum type boilers. EPRI has
also refined phosphate limits in publications [13] dating
back to 1986. In all publications where drum boilers with a
mixed metallurgy feedwater heater system are employed,
feedwater control has consisted of using a reducing
chemical (oxygen scavenger) and minimizing dissolved
oxygen. Little has been altered in feedwater chemistry
treatment with the exception of lowering [3] the allowable
dissolved oxygen concentration (from 20 g L1 to
10 g L1) and allowing a more precise measurement of
the reducing chemistry by way of oxidation-reduction
potential (ORP) [3]. This type of feedwater treatment has
proved to minimize both iron and copper corrosion when
applied properly. Unfortunately during transient conditions, such as increasing the feedwater flow during unit
load ramp-up or startup operations, dissolved oxygen and
reducing chemistry guidelines are rarely met, causing corrosion throughout the cycle. There have been methods
published [4] that attempt to eliminate oxygenated water
or prevent it from entering the unit, but these prove to be
practically cumbersome and expensive to operate. In
addition, flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) has been an
issue in power plants if proper dissolved oxygen, pH, and

ORP control is not maintained [5,6]. This paper outlines
several case histories of coal-fired utility drum boilers that
have been operated successfully using a filming amine
chemistry to protect the steam and water cycle during
normal operating conditions and during transient loading
conditions when FAC occurs and when chemistry control
is not optimized.
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

The FirstEnergy Corporation Fossil Generation Department currently (as of February 28, 2011) comprises 16
plants (combustion turbines and hydro capacity excluded)
that are home to 45 coal-fired units. The service area covers Ohio (corporate headquarters), Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey.
Previous to 2008, the coal-fired fleet (the original system
was comprised of seven plants with 23 coal-fired units)
operated on near continuous upper loading levels with
several of the smaller units used for system regulation.
The drum boiler units, ranging in pressure from 124 to
166 bar, operated with a caustic treatment (CT) program
[7] and reducing all-volatile treatment (AVT(R)) feedwater
2011 by Waesseri GmbH. All rights reserved.
262
PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)
Heft2011-05:Innenseiten 18.05.11 21:02 Seite 263
chemistry. All drum units in the system have a mixed metallurgy feedwater heater system and no condensate polishing. The cycle
guidelines are listed in Table 1.
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Boiler Parameters
pH
Specific conductivity
Cation conductivity
9.1 to 9.6
1
5 to 20
< 10
[S cm ]
[S cm ]
1
These operating parameters have

Silica
[mg L ]
< 0.2 (pressure dependent)
served the system well. The periFeedwater Parameters
ods between chemical cleanings of
pH
the boilers have averaged ten

years or better over the last 20
1.6 4.0
Specific conductivity [S cm1]
years. The cleaning solvents used
1
< 0.2
Cation conductivity
[S cm ]
are either diammonium or tetraammonium ethylenediaminetetraSodium
[g L1]
<3
acetic acid (EDTA) depending on
< 20 at the condensate pump discharge
whether the boiler is natural or
Dissolved oxygen
[g L1]
< 5 at the economizer inlet
forced circulation. No extensive
ORP
[mV]
200 350
layup techniques were used on the
units during scheduled or forced
Hot Reheat Steam
maintenance outages because
<3
Sodium
[g L1]
outage and down time was kept to
1
a minimum. Because of chronic
Cation conductivity
[S cm ]
< 0.2
reheater tube failures due to outTable 1:
of-service corrosion suffered by all
Cycle chemistry guidelines.
the units, dry air blower systems
were installed on the reheater sections on all units. Unit unavailability
ers' fire prevention triangle. When any one of the confrom boiler tube leaks averaged approximately 5 %, and a
tributing elements is removed from the situation, corrosion
majority of these failures were from corrosion fatigue.
cannot occur. There are two basic ways this may be
accomplished in an electric utility boiler. The first is to dry
out all components. Once water, or moisture, is removed
CHANGING OPERATING CONDITIONS
from the system, corrosion is stopped, hence the reasonWith the slowdown in the economy, electric generation
ing for the installation of dry air blowers on the reheat secneeds reduced. In 2009 a majority of the drum units in the
tions of the boiler. The second option is to remove all the
FirstEnergy system were placed on an economic reserve
air, or oxygen, in the system. This is accomplished by
condition. That is, the units were shut down but needed to
evacuating all the air from an area and replacing it with
be available within a 72 h timeframe for operational disnitrogen.
patch. 72 h were needed because many of the plant staff
were assigned elsewhere in the company (normally to the
Transmission and Distribution Departments) while the
units were not operating. To assure that the units were
ready for operation, boiler or feedwater systems were not
drained. In addition, boiler pressure checks were performed to assure that during the shutdown and subsequent cool-down of the unit corrosion fatigue cracks didn't occur or could be immediately repaired. After the first
Water
Oxygen
week of unit shutdown and subsequent leak checks, a
nitrogen blanket was applied to the drum.
The requirements of economic reserve along with the
boiler leak checks made cycle protection very difficult to
obtain. Corrosion in a unit cycle is most easily shown by
the 'corrosion triangle' (Figure 1).
Corrosion occurs when all three elements are allowed to
come together, much in the same way as in the firefight-
Exposed metal
Figure 1:
Corrosion triangle.
263
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Although these methods certainly work, they are difficult

to apply, they may not be applicable if the units need to be
readily available, there are safety concerns with the use of
nitrogen, and there are costs associated with applying
these methods. Consider the following hierarchy of boiler
layup options and ranking of effectiveness:
1. Maintain > 14 bar on the boiler, hot
2. Maintain steam pressure, warm
3. Leave boiler full with deoxygenated water & pH
adjusted
4. Hot drain of boiler with nitrogen
5. Ambient drain of boiler with nitrogen
6. Hot drain of boiler followed with circulated dry air
7. Hot drain of boiler without dry air
8. Cold drain of boiler followed with circulated dry air
Figure 2:
9. Cold drain of boiler without dry air
Internal surface of a waterwall tube showing typical cracking

from corrosion fatigue.
10. Boiler full of cold aerated water

The first five options are effective in inhibiting corrosive
conditions within the boiler, but the requirement of keeping the boiler full and checking the pressure for leaks is
certainly the biggest challenge. Air is used; normally nitrogen systems cannot provide the necessary pressure to
pressurize the boiler to 2135 bar to adequately check for
any tube leaks. Although nitrogen is applied to the boiler
drum after the required boiler pressure checks, the boiler
remains full of aerated water. This is the worst possible
situation for preventing corrosion. In addition, the feedwater system also remains full. Treating the feedwater with
high doses of hydrazine shortly before unit shutdown is
the only protection available short of implementing a drain
and nitrogen purge system, and this may lead to FAC
damage because of the high reducing chemistries used,
magnetite formation, and subsequent destabilization of
the pre-boiler feedwater oxides experienced during
startup.
An analysis of boiler water for iron during a unit startup
after a one week shutdown showed 200 g L1 iron. In
this particular boiler, this calculated to 26 grams of iron, a
very insignificant amount considering the number of tubes
and surface area in the boiler. Unfortunately it is not general corrosion in the boiler that is a concern. It is the pitting
corrosion that starts corrosion fatigue [8] followed by
stresses that begin the cracking at the stress point.
Figures 24 illustrate typical pitting and corrosion fatigue
in a boiler tube. Improper layup with the subsequent pitting ultimately leads to cracking that occurs from stresses
during startup, shutdown and transient operational periods. The resulting failures cause unit availability losses
and high maintenance dollars in repairs. Present industry
practices require installation of nitrogen feed systems
along with the elimination or limitation of unit availability
after a unit shutdown.
264
Figure 3:
Corrosion fatigue cracks
in tube.
Figure 4:
Pit and start of a crack.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES
The idea of protecting the tube surface with a filming
amine has been in the utility industry for 20 years.
However, experience reports using filming amines are limited. The use of octadecylamine (ODA) was researched
but not pursued. Anodamine, a proprietary formulation
void of ODA, was found to advertise all the protection
properties required. Instead of eliminating oxygen or water
from the cycle, the metal surfaces would be protected by
isolation of the anode (Figure 5).
PPCHEM
Cathode
(O2 being the most common)
2H2O + 2e
H2 O
2OH + H 2
Total Iron [g kg 1]
140
120
100
80
60
Unit off line
40
20
0
1
Anode (Fe)
Fe2+ + 2e
Fe
Fe2O3
4
Time [d]
4
Time [d]
Figure 7:
Fe3O4, (FeO Fe2O3)
Hematite, Fe3+
Boiler iron analyses.
Magnetite, Fe2+
80
Figure 5:
Total Iron [g kg 1]
Protection triangle.
Case History I
The Eastlake #2 unit is a 124 bar, 130 MW forced circulation Combustion Engineering boiler with a GE turbo-generator located in Eastlake, Ohio, on the shore of Lake Erie.
This unit had spent various amounts of time throughout
2009 in an economic reserve condition ranging from one
week to two months. During the off-line periods the unit
was available at all times to restart. Analyses for iron were
conducted by grab sampling in an effort to understand
when the greatest amount of corrosion was occurring and
if our current efforts in unit layup were satisfactory. This
grab sampling and iron analysis was also conducted on
the other units with similar results. Sampling was conducted at the condensate pump discharge, low-pressure
(LP) heater outlet (deaerator inlet), economizer inlet, boiler,
and hot reheat. Figures 68 show the typical iron results
that were observed.
60
40
Unit off line
20
0
Figure 8:
Hot reheat iron analyses.
EPRI best practice for iron corrosion transport [3] is

2 g L1 maximum at the economizer inlet. At steady
state loads, the Eastlake units were able to maintain below
5 g L1 maintaining the guideline limits given in Table 1.
Iron corrosion throughout the cycle was at its maximum
during transient load and startup conditions. More troubling were the iron concentrations at the hot reheat point.
Dry air had been used on this section for the last several
years when the unit came off line. Although
there were no large spikes in iron as seen on
the feedwater section, it was obvious there
Condensate pump discharge
was corrosion in the hot reheat.
LP heater outlet
350
Total Iron [g kg 1]
300
Economizer inlet
250
200
Sampled during
load increase
150
100
50
Unit off line
0
1
3
Startup
4
Time [d]
Figure 6:
Feedwater iron analyses.
6
Sampled during
load increase
Anodamine was injected into the condensate pump discharge of the Eastlake #2 unit
on March 30, 2010. The injection rate was set
for approximately 350 g L1 and as predicted cycle cation conductivity increased.
Within 24 hours the amine formulation was
throughout the cycle and all chemistry control
parameters were being met and maintained
with the exception of the cycle cation conductivity. The cycle cation conductivity had
increased by 0.17 S cm1 from the background normal 0.18 S cm1 to approximately
265
PPCHEM
200
LP heater discharge
Hotwell pump discharge
Economizer inlet
Boiler
Hot reheat
180
160
Total Iron [g kg 1]
0.35 S cm1. The unit was scheduled for a

shutdown over the weekend two days later,
which gave an excellent chance to determine if
corrosion rates had been reduced during this
short injection period. Sampling commenced
immediately after the unit was placed back in
service with amine injection. The unit was
again taken off line because of a tube failure.
Amine injection continued at a rate of approximately 350 g L1. The results of the grab
sampling are shown in Figure 9.
140
120
100
80
Morning ramp-up
Ramp-up in load
(startup)
60
40
Off-FO
Off-reserve
20
04/26/2010
04/24/2010
04/22/2010
04/20/2010
04/18/2010
04/16/2010
04/14/2010
04/12/2010
04/10/2010
04/08/2010
04/06/2010
04/04/2010
04/02/2010
Figure 9:
Subsequent startups and transient load sampling after addition of proprietary
amine formulation.
FO forced outage
350
Condensate pump discharge

LP heater outlet
Economizer inlet
Normal
chemistry
parameters
300
250
200
Anodamine injection
150
100
50
06/30/2010
06/23/2010
06/09/2010
06/16/2010
06/02/2010
05/26/2010
05/19/2010
05/12/2010
04/28/2010
05/05/2010
04/21/2010
04/14/2010
04/07/2010
03/31/2010
03/24/2010
03/10/2010
03/17/2010
03/03/2010
02/17/2010
0
02/24/2010
Iron results given in the graphs and tables are

total iron concentrations, that is, the combination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ analyzed by way of the
ferrozine method. While reductions in total
iron are seen in the data, it is very interesting
to note these reductions include significantly
lower Fe2+ ( 2 g L1) and copper oxides
(highest 1 g L1). A direct reaction occurs
between iron and reducing water to form soluble species and hydroxides. When iron corrodes in an aqueous solution, both oxidation
and reduction occur at the anode and cathode
respectively. At the anode, an oxidation
process occurs [6]:
Date [mm/dd/yyyy]
Total Iron [g kg 1]
All iron data was averaged to determine the

numerical reduction in iron transport and is
shown in Table 3. These averages are derived
from grab sampling; the majority of the samples were taken during transient loading conditions.
03/31/2010
The addition of the proprietary amine formulation to Eastlake #2 continued until November
30, 2010. Transient and startup iron corrosion
analyses continued; long-term results are
shown in Figure 10. Analyses of organics were
also made during this period with the results
given in Table 2. As expected, the organic acid
levels throughout the cycle had increased,
accounting for the increase in the cycle cation
conductivities.
Date [mm/dd/yyyy]
Figure 10:
Results of iron sampling before and after addition of proprietary amine
formulation.
(2)
dosage following the interruption in feed, during base load

and during transient load situations both copper and iron
were measured as equal to and/or lower than control limits (iron) or below detectable limits (copper).
Reduction of Fe2+ concentrations is seen as the metal surface (anode) is protected by the filming amine. Validation
of this protection was also demonstrated on Eastlake #2
when the amine feed was interrupted for a one-week
period several months into the testing period, resulting in
both corrosion product oxides once again increasing out
of specification (iron increased to 15 g L1 and copper to
11 g L1). Note that during the Anodamine chemical
injection period and once again after reinstallation of
With any proposed change in operation, management

needs to understand immediate pay back. Listing numbers and showing graphs may not generate interest if real
dollar savings are not shown. Unfortunately, reductions in
corrosion transport may not correlate directly to reductions in corrosion fatigue failures for quite some time.
Pitting damage from past corrosive conditions remains
within the tubes and residual stresses will continue to
cause cracking [7]. Savings can be found elsewhere.
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
(1)
2H2O + 2e 2OH + H2
266
PPCHEM
500 g L1 and applied until the

unit is removed from service. As
Feedwater and steam
BDL
40 60 g L1 acetate
with the Eastlake #2 experience, all
1
unit cycle cation conductivities
Boiler
BDL
0.2 0.3 mg L acetate
increased from approximately 0.2
Table 2:
to 0.4 S cm1. Initial injections
1
Average boiler and cycle acetate concentrations. Detection limit = 0.03 mg L .
varied in success however. Several
BDL below the detection limit
of the units' cycle cation conductivity values increased dramatically
to nearly 1.0 S cm1 even though
Condensate LP Heater
Econ
Boiler
Hot
amine injection rates were kept at
Pump
Out
Inlet
Reheat
300 g L1. Unfortunately no samples were obtained during these
Previous chemistry
21.8
47.9
34.4
23.8
17.5
high cation conductivity periods. In
8.5
7.9
6.7
9.9
7.4
Anodamine use
subsequent injections of the
Table 3:
amine, however, the cation conductivity values did not increase to
Total average iron corrosion levels before and after amine use. All data is stated in g L1 Fe.
the originally seen high values
(~ 1.0 S cm1). This phenomenon
Assuming that corrosion product oxide release and transseems to depend upon the boiler cleanliness and last
port from the economizer inlet are responsible for all the
chemical cleaning. 'Clean' unit boilers do not see unusudeposit buildup within the boiler, the approximate
ally high cation conductivities (an approximately
34 g L1 iron calculates to 95 kg of iron being trans0.2 S cm1 increase over ambient values due to organic
ported to the boiler. A chemical cleaning on this particular
acid production). 'Dirty' boilers, or those with higher magunit occurs approximately every ten years with 950 kg of
netite deposition loading, seem to experience a higher
iron (Fe3O4) removed. Hence, the iron corrosion product
cycle cation conductivity increase (an approximately 0.4
oxide transport rate measured at the economizer is very
to 1.0 S cm1 increase) for several days. After the initial
amine injection and several days of operation with the
closely verified by previous chemical cleaning history on
chemical, the cycle cation conductivity values decrease to
the boiler. Using the averaged iron maximum corrosion
the approximate 0.2 S cm1increase over ambient valproduct rate of 6.7 g L1 now measured, this equates to
18 kg iron transported. Using the same cleaning criteria of
ues. Acetate levels in all units are comparable to those
approximately 950 kg removed, a chemical cleaning
listed in Table 2. Figures 11 and 12 show visual inspections of the condenser and a superheater tube during a
would be required every 50 years for this particular boiler.
unit outage. Similar results were found after the unit was
I leave it to the reader to calculate the money and
idle for two months. Notice the hydrophobic characterisimproved availability/generation saved from reducing outtics and that the water droplets do not touch the metal
age, in addition to the time, costs and environmental limisurfaces.
tations required to complete necessary boiler cleanings.
Before Anodamine Use
Anodamine Injection
Case History II
Case History III
Anodamine has been used on four other drum units as a

preservation method when the unit is taken off line.
Approximately 72 hours before a known unit shutdown,
the amine is injected at a rate of approximately 300
FirstEnergy management was concerned about the

increased cycle cation conductivities and acetate concentration levels. These measurements were clearly outside
recommended turbine manufacturers guidelines [3,9,10].
Figure 11:
Figure 12:
Condenser
door.
Superheater
tube.
267
The supplier R & D proposed a

newly developed formulation,
Anodamine HPFG, a fully watersoluble, non-toxic, cyclohexylamine-free thermally stable amine
formulation designed to continue
existing levels of metal protection
throughout the entire steam-water
cycle but to effectively eliminate
cation conductivity increases.
0.50
0.45
Conductivity [S cm 1]
PPCHEM
0.40
Unit off line
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
Injection of Anodamine HPFG
0.10
268
12/01/2010, 21:00
12/01/2010, 18:00
12/01/2010, 15:00
12/01/2010, 12:00
12/01/2010, 09:00
12/01/2010, 06:00
12/01/2010, 03:00
12/01/2010, 00:00
11/30/2010, 21:00
11/30/2010, 18:00
11/30/2010, 15:00
11/30/2010, 12:00
02/20/2011
02/13/2011
02/06/2011
02/04/2011
02/02/2011
01/30/2011
01/23/2011
01/16/2011
01/09/2011
01/02/2011
12/26/2010
12/19/2010
12/12/2010
12/05/2010
12/02/2010
11/30/2010
Conductivity [S cm 1]
11/30/2010, 09:00
On November 30, 2010 the

Anodamine HPFG solution was
introduced into the Eastlake #2
and #3 condensate pump discharges. As discussed, unit #2 had
Date [mm/dd/yyyy, h:min]
been on a constant feed of the
original formulation while the #3
Figure 13:
unit had been subjected to injecEastlake #3 economizer inlet cation conductivity during injection of the new amine
tions only 72 hours before a
formulation.
scheduled unit shutdown. After an
initial increase in the cycle cation
conductivity on Eastlake #3, the
0.50
cycle cation conductivity de0.45
creased during steady amine injecInjection of Anodamine HPFG
0.40
tion until the unit was taken off line
Unit off
for a scheduled economic reserve
0.35
off (see Figure 13). Eastlake #2 has
Unit off line
Unit off
0.30
been injected continually with the
new amine formulation to date at a
0.25
rate of 300350 g L1. Econo0.20
mizer inlet cation conductivity data
for that unit is given in Figure 14.
0.15
Injection of Anodamine HPFG
Increases in the economizer inlet
0.10
cation conductivity are normally
seen during a drop in unit load
(feedwater flow) or during a unit
startup. Analysis of the cycle
Date [mm/dd/yyyy]
waters revealed organic acids,
acetate, etc. to be BDL (below
Figure 14:
detection limits). Inspections of the
Eastlake #2 economizer inlet cation conductivity during Anodamine HPFG injection.
condenser have given the same
positive visual evidence of metal
hydrophobic characteristics and water beading as with
gation strategies include dry layup of the system, which
the previous amine formulation as discussed and shown
requires the use of nitrogen. Capital investment of bulk
under case history II (see Figure 11).
storage and piping systems needs to be undertaken to
adequately protect the cycle if this path is chosen [11,12].
In addition, the safety aspects of using nitrogen should
never be minimized and include asphyxiation (> 18 % oxyCONCLUSION AND FURTHER STUDY
gen is fatal), compressed gas dangers, and freeze potenApart from the ever important cycle treatment requiretial. The other traditional option is wet layup. This option
ments of ongoing system protection, stability of oxides,
includes increasing the feedwater ORP with a reducing
lowering of iron transport, preventing or limiting of FAC,
chemical [11] (hydrazine) in mixed metallurgy feedwater
and protection of both ferrous and admiralty alloys in
heater systems, which can lead to FAC. Wet layup also
mixed metallurgy systems, there is also a simultaneous
requires capital investment of deoxygenation equipment
occurrence of moisture and oxygen during unit off condior, at the very least, techniques to deoxygenate makeup
tions causing corrosion within the cycle. Traditional mitiwater to the unit as the recommended guidance for dis-
solved oxygen in the boiler is < 100 g L1 before firing

[11]. In addition, the feedwater system piping and other
susceptible piping throughout the cycle is prone to FAC if
all chemistry conditions are not at optimal levels. These
non-optimal conditions also occur during normal unit
operation.
The use of filming amine technology to protect out-of-service metal surfaces would eliminate the use of nitrogen
and other traditional deoxygenation techniques for metal
protection along with the costs and safety concerns associated with it. Utility equipment would be ready for immediate operation while also being protected from corrosive
conditions. An excellent balance of unit protection and
unit availability would be achieved. A one-year monitoring
period that included continuous operation with a filmforming amine, Anodamine, along with use for layup
protection in multiple units has shown that this type of
chemical control program can protect both iron and copper systems even when exposed to oxidizing all-volatile
treatment and ammonia cycle conditions. Testing of this
program also indicates a significant reduction in Fe2+, an
indication of protection against FAC. Introduction of the
filming amine chemistry in all units did not cause corrosion
product increases or any other unwanted side affects.
Recent positive testing of the water-soluble Anodamine
HPFG product showed thermal stability throughout the
entire steam-water cycle. This grade was able to keep
cycle cation conductivity values equal to previous conditions, below and in compliance with turbine manufacturer
guidelines of 0.2 S cm1 (not degassed cation conductivity) and showed no appreciable levels of organic degradation products like carbon dioxide, acetate/formate, etc.
FirstEnergy has entered into a tailored collaboration (TC)
project with EPRI and several other U.S. utilities to further
test the use of this proprietary amine formulation and its
effectiveness for cycle preservation.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Interim Consensus Guidelines on Fossil Plant Cycle

Chemistry, 1986. Electric Power Research Institute,
Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A., CS-4629.
Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants: Phosphate Treatment for Drum Units, 1994. Electric
Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A., TR103665.
Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants: Phosphate Continuum & Caustic Treatment, 2004. Electric
Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.,
1004188.
Deoxygenation in Cycling Fossil Plants, 1992. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.,
TR-100181.
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[5]
Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Power Plants, 1998.

Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA,
U.S.A., TR-106611-R1.
[6] Guidelines for Controlling Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Fossil and Combined Cycle Plants, 2005.
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA,
U.S.A., 1008082.
[7] Verib, G. J., Conversion of a Drum Boiler from
Phosphate to Caustic Treatment. Eighth International
Conference on Cycle Chemistry, 2006, Calgary,
Canada.
[8] Dooley, B., McNaughton, W., Boiler Tube Failures:
Theory and Practice Volume 2: Water-Touched
Tubes, 2007. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo
Alto, CA, U.S.A., 1012757.
[9] Steam Purity Requirements for Turbine Operation,
Alstom Power, HTGD 90 486 V0001F.
[10] Steam Purity Recommendations for Utility Steam
Turbines, 2004. General Electric Company, GEK
72281c.
[11] Cycling, Startup, Shutdown, and Layup Fossil Plant
Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Operators and
Chemists, 2009. Electric Power Research Institute,
Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A., 1015657.
[12] Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Startup, Shutdown,
and Layup of Combined Cycle Units with Heat
Recovery Steam Generators, 2009. Electric Power
Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A., 1015657.
THE AUTHOR
George J. Verib (B.E., Chemical Engineering, Cleveland
State University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.) is the cycle chemistry consultant at the FirstEnergy Corp. He has held various positions in fossil-fired plant laboratories and corporate laboratories for over 32 years and now serves as the
company water quality consultant. George Verib has
authored 15 papers on various aspects of makeup water
production, condensate polishing, and boiler water treatment. He is a registered professional engineer in Ohio
(U.S.A.) and a recipient of the EPRI Innovators Award for
oxygenated water treatment in once-through boilers and
of the Technical Transfer Award for caustic treatment
chemistry in subcritical drum boilers.
CONTACT
George J. Verib
76 South Main Street
Akron, Ohio 44308
U.S.A.
E-mail: veribg@firstenergycorp.com
269

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Heft2011-05:Innenseiten 18.05.

11 21:02 Seite 262

An Alternative Chemistry for Both Operational and Layup

issue in power plants if proper dissolved oxygen, pH, and

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

2011 by Waesseri GmbH. All rights reserved.

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

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These operating parameters have

the boilers have averaged ten

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

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Although these methods certainly work, they are difficult

9. Cold drain of boiler without dry air

Internal surface of a waterwall tube showing typical cracking

10. Boiler full of cold aerated water

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

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Unit off line

Boiler iron analyses.

Unit off line

EPRI best practice for iron corrosion transport [3] is

Unit off line

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0.35 S cm1. The unit was scheduled for a

Condensate pump discharge

Iron results given in the graphs and tables are

All iron data was averaged to determine the

dosage following the interruption in feed, during base load

With any proposed change in operation, management

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

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500 g L1 and applied until the

Case History III

Anodamine has been used on four other drum units as a

FirstEnergy management was concerned about the

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

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The supplier R & D proposed a

Unit off line

Injection of Anodamine HPFG

On November 30, 2010 the

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solved oxygen in the boiler is < 100 g L1 before firing

Interim Consensus Guidelines on Fossil Plant Cycle

PowerPlant Chemistry 2011, 13(5)

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Power Plants, 1998.

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