MAT2384 Assignment #5

Due Tuesday November 18 at the beginning of class.

Late assignments will not be accepted, nor will unstapled assignments.

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1. In each case, find the solution to the linear homogeneous system of differential equations ~y 0 = A~y satisfying
the given initial condition. Classify each equilibrium and determine its stability.
(a)
"

1 2
A=
,
2 1

" #

~y (0) =

1
1

First we find the eigenvalues:

"

1
2
det(A I) = det
= (1 )2 4 = 2 2 3 = ( 3)( + 1) = 0
2
1
= 3, 1
Hence this equilibrium is a saddle and therefore unstable.
For = 3, we have
"

2 2 0
2 2 0

Thus the equation is u1 + u2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

" #

1
t, t R, t 6= 0
1

For = 1, we have
"

2 2 0
2 2 0

Thus the equation is v1 + v2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

"

1
s, s R, s 6= 0
1

The general solution is thus

" #

~y = c1 e

3x

"

1
1
+ c2 ex
1
1

Using the initial conditions, we have

c1 + c2 = 1
c1 c2 = 1
c1 = 1 + c2
1 + 2c2 = 1
2c2 = 0
c2 = 0
c1 = 0
"

~y = ex

1
1

(b)
"

" #

3 5
A=
,
1 1

~y (0) =

1
0

We have

[3]
"

det(A I) = det
=

3
5
= (3 )(1 ) + 5 = 2 2 + 2 = 0
1
1

4 4(2)
=1i
2

Hence this is a spiral source and hence unstable.

For = 1 + i, we have
"

0
2i
5
1
2 i 0

(Note that both these equations are the same.)

Thus the equation is u1 (2 + i)u2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form
"

2+i
t, t R, t 6= 0
1

"

2+i
5
0
1
2 + i 0

For = 1 i, we have
#

(Note that both these equations are the same.)

Thus the equation is u1 (2 i)u2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form
"

2i
s, s R, s 6= 0
1

Hence the general solution is

"

~y = c1 e

(1+i)x

"

2+i
2i
+ c2 e(1i)x
1
1

Using the initial conditions, we have

c1 (2 + i) + c2 (2 i) = 1
c1 + c2 = 0
c2 = c1
c1 (2 + i) c1 (2 i) = 1
2ic1 = 1
c1 =
c2 =

i
2

i
2
"

"

i
i
2+i
2i
+ e(1i)x
~y = e(1+i)x
1
1
2
2
1
= ex
2
ex
=
2

("

"

2i + 1
2i + 1
(cos x + i sin x) +
(cos x i sin x)
i
i

("

"

2i cos x + 2 sin x + cos x + i sin x

2i cos x + 2 sin x + cos x i sin x
+
i cos x + sin x
i cos x + sin x

"

ex 4 sin x + 2 cos x
=
2 sin x
2
"

2ex sin x + ex cos x

=
ex sin x

so the solution is real.

(c)
#

"

" #

7 1
,
A=
9 1
"

~y (0) =

1
1

7 1
det(A I) = det
= (7 )(1 ) + 9 = 2 8 + 16 = ( 4)2 = 0
9
1
= 4, 4
Hence this equilibrium is a source and therefore unstable.
Since we have repeated roots, we look for solutions of the form
~y = e4x ~u + xe4x~v
~y 0 = 4e4x ~u + e4x~v + 4xe4x~v
= e4x (4~u + ~v ) + 4xe4x~v
"

#"

7 1
A~y =
9 1
"

"

u1 4x
7 1
e +
u2
9 1

"

#"

v1
xe4x
v2

"

"

7u1 u2 4x
7v1 v2
4u1 + v1 4x
4v1
=
e +
xe4x = ~y 0 =
e +
xe4x
9u1 + u2
9v1 + v2
4u2 + v2
4v2
Collecting like terms, we have
7u1 u2 = 4u1 + v1
7v1 v2 = 4v1
9u1 + u2 = 4u2 + v2
9v1 + v2 = 4v2

#)

We thus have
3u1 = v1 + u2
3v1 = v2
9u1 = 3u2 + v2
9v1 = 3v2
The second and fourth equations are the same, so we have a free variable, v1 = t. Then v2 = 3t. We
thus have
3u1 = u2 + t
9u1 = 3u2 + 3t
These are the same equation, so we have a second free variable, u1 = s. Then u2 = 3s t. Hence
solutions are in the form
"

~y = e

4x

=e

4x

" #

s
t
+ xe4x
3s t
3t

" #

" #

" #

0
1
1
s e4x
t + xe4x
t
1
3
3

Using the initial conditions, we have

" #

" #

" #

0
1
1
s
t=
~y (0) =
1
1
3
s=1
3t=1
t=2
" #
4x

~y = e

" #
4x

=e

" #

" #

1
0
1
2e4x
+ 2xe4x
3
1
3
" #

1
1
+ 2xe4x
3
1

2. Solve the following nonhomogeneous systems:

(a)

dx
= x + 3y + et
dt
dy
= 3x y + e3t
dt
We have
"

1
A=
3

#
3
1

#
1

3
det(A I) = det
= (1 )(1 ) 3 = 2 4 = 0
3 1
"

= 2

For = 2, we have
"

The equation is u1 +

3
0
1

3 3 0

3u2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

" #
3
t, t R, t 6= 0
1

For = 2, we have
"

The equation is 3v1 +

3
3

3 0
1 0

3v2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

"

s, s R, s 6= 0
3

Thus the homogeneous solution is

" #

~yh = c1 e

2t

"

1
3

+ c2 e2t
1
3

To find a particular solution, we can use the method of undetermined coefficients:

~yp = ~uet + ~v e3t
~yp0 = ~uet + 3~v e3t
If we write
x = u1 et + v1 e3t
y = u2 et + v2 e3t ,
then, substituting into the first differential equation, we have

u1 et + 3v1 e3t = u1 et + v1 e3t + 3u2 et + 3v2 e3t + et


u1
et + 3v1 e3t = (
u1 + 3u2 + 1)et + (v1 + 3v2 )e3t


3u2 + 1 = 0
1
u2 =
3

3v1 = v1 + 3v2

2v1 = 3v2

Substituting into the second differential equation, we have

u2 et + 3v2 e3t = 3u2 et + 3v2 e3t u2 et v2 e3t

u2 et + 3v2 e3t = ( 3u1 u2 )et + ( 3v1 v2 + 1)e3t

3u1 u2 = u2
2
3u1 = 2u2 =
3
2
u1 =
3 3

3v1 v2 + 1 = 3v2
!

3
v2 v2 + 1 = 3v2
3
2
5
1 = v2
2
2
v2 =
5
3
v1 =
5
Thus the particular solution is
"

~yp = e

13

3
2

" #

#
3t

+e

2
5

3
5

Hence the solution is

" #
2t

~y = c1 e

" #

3
13
1
3
3t 5

+ c2 e2t
+ et
+
e
2
1
3
23
5

"

"

(b)
dx
= 4x 2y 2t 5
dt
dy
= 3x y 2t 3
dt
We have

[3]
"

A=

4 1
3 1
"

4
1
det(A I) = det
= (4 )(1 ) + 6 = 2 3 + 2 = ( 2)( 1) = 0
3
1
= 1, 2
For = 1, we have
"

3 2 0
3 2 0

The equation is 3u1 2u2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

" #

2
t, t R, t 6= 0
3

For = 2, we have
"

2 2 0
3 3 0

The equation is v1 v2 = 0, so eigenvectors are of the form

" #

1
s, s R, s 6= 0
1

Thus the homogeneous solution is

" #

yh = c1 e

" #

2
1
+ c2 e2x
3
1

To find a particular solution, we use the method of undetermined coefficients and look for a solution
of the form
~yp = ~ut + ~v
"

u t + v1
= 1
u2 t + v2
"

~yp0

u
= 1
u2

Using the first equation, we have

u1 = 4u1 t + 4v1 2u2 t 2v2 2t 5
= (4u1 2u2 2)t + 4v1 2v2 5
4u1 2u2 2 = 0
u2 = 2u1 1
= 8v1 4v2 11
Using the second equation, we have
u2 = 3u1 t + 3v1 u2 t v2 2t 3
= (3u1 u2 2)t + 3v1 v2 3
Thus
12v1 6v2 15 8v1 + 4v2 + 11 2 = 0
4v1 2v2 = 6
v2 = 2v1 3
8v1 4v2 11 = 3v1 v2 3
5v1 = 3v2 + 8
5v1 = 6v1 9 + 8
v1 = 1
v2 = 1
u2 = 8 4(1) 11 = 1
u1 = 4 2(1) 5 = 1
Hence the particular solution is
"

t+1
~yp =
t1

Thus the solution is

" #
x

~v = c1 e

" #

"

2
1
t+1
+ c2 e2x
+
3
1
t1

3. Consider

Z 1

J=

ex dx.

(a) Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 10 to approximate J and estimate the error.
We have h = 10
10 = 0.1. The table of values is

j
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

xj
e^(xj^2)
0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 2.71828183
Sums:

3.71828183

e^(xj^2)
1.01005017
1.04081077
1.09417428
1.17351087
1.28402542
1.43332941
1.63231622
1.89648088
2.24790799

12.812606

Thus J = 0.1( 12 (3.718281828) + 12.81260601) = 1.467174693.

The error satisfies
KM2  KM2
where
K=

(b 1)3
13
=

= 0.000833333
12n2
12(100)

and M2 and M2 are the largest and smallest values of f 00 (x) in the interval [0, 1]. We have
f 0 (x) = 2xex

f 00 (x) = 2ex + 2x2 ex

2

2
2

f 000 (x) = 4xex + 8xex + 8x3 ex

2

= 12xex + 8x3 ex

(We need the third derivative, because we have to check whether f 00 has a max or min in the interval
[0, 1].)
We have
2

f 000 (x) = 4xex (3 + 2x2 ) = 0

3
x = 0, x2 =
2

[2]

Thus there are no interior maxima or minima inside (0, 1), so we only need to check the endpoints.
f 00 (0) = 2
f 00 (1) = 16.30969097
Hence the error is
0.013591409  0.00166667
Thus the value of the integral satisfies
1.453583284 J 1.465508023

(1)

(b) Use Simpsons rule to approximate the value of J to within 0.001 of the true value.
To approximate to within 0.001, we need to estimate the error. We have
CM4 S CM4
where
C=

15
(b a)5
=

180(2m)4
180(24 )(m4 )

and M4 and M4 are the largest and smallest values of the fourth derivative, respectively.
From before, we have
2

f 000 (x) = 12xex + 8x3 ex

f (iv) (x) = 12ex + 24x2 ex + 24x2 ex + 16x4 ex

= 12ex + 48x2 ex + 16x4 ex
2

f (v) = 24xex + 96xex + 96x3 ex + 64x3 ex + 32x5 ex

2

= 120xex + 160x3 ex + 32x5 ex

= 8xex (15 + 20x2 + 4x4 ) = 0

2

400 4(4)(15)
8
= 0.918801, 4.081139

x = 0, x =

20

Thus f (iv) has no interior max or min in the interval (0, 1) and so we only have to check the endpoints.
f (iv) (0) = 12
f (iv) (1) = 206.58942
Since |M4 | = 206.58942 > 12 = |M4 |, we have
|CM4 | =

1
180(24 )(m4 )

206.58942 = 0.001
206.58942
m=
180(24 )(0.001)
= 2.91


Hence n = 2m = 6.
Thus h = 10
6 . The table of values is

1/4

[2]

j
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

xj
e^(xj^2)
e^(xj^2)
e^(xj^2)
0
1
0.16666667
1.02816718
0.33333333
1.11751907
0.5
1.28402542
0.66666667
1.5596235
0.83333333
2.00259621
1 2.71828183
Sums:

3.71828183 4.31478881 2.67714257

1.462873455

Thus J = 1/6
3 (3.718281828 + 4(4.314788806) + 2(2.677142566)) = 1.462873455.
(Notice that this value falls within the range given by (??).)

1 206.589419

71.73243714

8.469500407