474

ffi

Chapter 6

Applications of the Definite lntegral in Geometry, Science, and Engineering

puvpffiK&#*-Htr wruruflT*sru$ &Nffi H-fl&ruffifiNffi fi&ffiilffis

r,t,ill ,ttutly t:err*.in to*tbitzr;tfiotos r:f <rr *rrJ e-r,, calleil ,'lt1:perboli<:
fu.w*io*,s."
fietu:rions, *:lticit, uris<: is,t v*ricrvs engine:ering *ppfi*:ati<stts, rzrtt,e zrusx),
prolsertie,s itt c*stz*ttsn u,itl.t tlt*. irigoxornerric .iuttrtitxts. F/tis sjrxiLrri4t is ,s**teu,ie*f

In fhis se{tis*tr,,<:

T?tase

st*pt,i,tiag. s!*ce rhere is litrle on rke .surf{r{:e to .eusgst rh*.t r.here sh$uld be {sn.rt
ref*tiottsitip be*t'<:en e.xponettfi*l *xtf rrig*tztx*e*k: fi.r.ttt.tiotzs. Fr'*.s is bet*;ss<: rhe
re!<$iortsitip occurs withist lhe
x: ady utzt ed t.]#rsrs.

t**tett

<sf

* trspit

c*t*pfe.x m*ebers,

u:lci<:!e u-e

v,ill

ieave

.i<sy

m<t

% *xr,ut*&Y|#. s ss'${ypHffi&#$"$(

FiJ**CH#$S$
intr*rJur:e the hype:{:olic fufir:tiE:ns, E}beele fre}e1 tlxerr-i:e 55 in Seeiioa l}.2 that t}re
funr-ticn e" ea* be expressed ir: ihe f.olic:-,r,ing wa,v as the sum *f a* *r-** f.uncti+* a*d ar:
ocld fi.a*ction:

-Ib

iii;e*

Thes* l'unctir:ns are suf{icientiv'irqx}d&nt thai ther* iire &nmcs and:rotalicn associals*l rvitir
th*ra: thr: odd l*lrctir:n is callecl the lnperbclit saizs cl -:; a*rl thc even function il call*<J the

htperbolic c*sine cl-r. Thev ;rre d*:iotcri b;r

si*.lrx

{''

- --'

{'' +rj

c*shx:

ancl

sinh is prcncuncetl "cin*,!r" iurc! cosh ih,vmes rvith "g*sh." F?*m th*sc tw* buiiili*g
lrlocks x'e cilr! cretltr: lour m*re fu:tctions tc pr*duc* tlre lollor.ving set of *i: feyperb*lie
r.vhere

pcrc*ri*ras.
,l

6.$"I

$$:s-xpilr.x$rd

Elyperls*lie si*e
T:he:,terrns

EfyperFz*lic easirue
Etyp erfu *!ic tdlsgs

.f,f3per&*

Jde

0 t&

EE

*i"s &Y

sEf; sT'ffi

ffi

x:

:
sinh;i

tanh.v

g e ie d

c*trh.v

cosh,r

Ej:perb*li* c$secant
N

t' + (-'

lrt

Eyperbo{ie se{&?rt

t'tr

t-*sh

'

'tanh," "s6firr: and lc;ih"

are pronounced "tanch," 'seech,' and

"coseech,' respectively.

T{

e- -{

sinh,r

ser-:lt

csch .r

c$sh

it

{x 1 g-t

sinh;;

"*th
I

"

-ir,tl-"

e):

-.-0

1-1

e-'\

Com'puter afgebqa systems have,,builtin capabilities for evaluating hypeibolic

functions directly. but some calculators
do not. However, ifyou need to evaluate a hyperbolic function on a calculator, you can do so by eipressing it
in terms of exponential tunctions, as in
Example l.

r.

$Newp$*

i
si*h0:
t-ash $

sirrh 2

-,u
n
L

2
!+!

l
a'

-f

--

a!

:}

,* 3.6269 <

6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables t7s

W

ffiffiAp$"$$ s$3 T$SS $.$YpS${$SLE{ FA}rueT}*ruS

The gr*ph: r:ithe hyper$olic func: ions, rnhich are ehc,:a'* in F:igirre 6.9.1, ean be ge*erated
rvith a graphirig uiility, but it is rv*rthlvhile t* Ei-asen-* that the g*neral shape of tl"ie g*rph +f

-r,': ccs} ,{canbeohtai*edbyskefchirrgti:eg:-aphsof y - 1e''an{i: : }r-' leparatelvand

*ddingthecon'espondiri5y-r-oordi*;rie:l:e*pa$(a)of thefigurel. Si*riiarlv,the gener"al
-, : -,1"-'

be atr-',ilined bv sk*tching the gr*phs s1 _y : + e' a*d

separately and acl<Iing c*rresp+nding -u-csor{ii**tes !see part (tr-l1 of the ligure!.

shape ol the graph

cf y

;:;;;:
:..-"--1

sinh

s"-an

ll:::"):

{r')

@\

i:',, =

"**,'

; = ;;;,;,;l
.,,,,,,,,,)

'.*)

i
i

r; ;::l:.i
i.e)

{.d)

:
'l i
I 1' = CS(.11.i
i:,
:
(.l i

& Figure 6.9.1

()leo l\liisoniStcn.ii,reti]

'|'ltt tlesign

lniiig.s

ll'tt {iatewc:t; .+,rch iti

Sl. Lpnis is has,:ct t;st ttst itt;eriei k;;lter
r,,lr':,'<tA:' t:Ut". i i;L:I-tSL 7-1 ).
Of

Observe that sinh x has a domain of (-oo, 1oo) and a range of (-oo, f oo), whereas cosh x
hasadomainof (-oo, foo) andarangeof [1, +oo). Observealsothaty : le* andy : le-'
are cumilinear asymptotes for y : cosh x in the sense that the graph of y : cosh x gets
closer and closer to the graph of y : )d as , -+ 1oo and gets closer and closer to the graph
of y - |e-* as x--> -.$. (See Section 4.3.) Similady, y : +r! is a curvilinear asymptote
for y: sinhx as x-++oo and y: -)e-' is a curvilinear asymptote asx-+-oo. Other
properties ofthe hypertolic functions are explored in the exercises.
W H&ru6aEluln

{ &ffi& F\

&ru!}

&BAm&M APNB ${ frn&&UIUh

Ily'per'L'olic: furrciians arise in vibrirto$ m*{ion* insid* cl;r*{ic solids anii m*rc gelerall-v in
mariy pr*b'lems rvhere mechanical energy is gr*dLralll; abs*r$cri l":y * suno**ding meriiu:r:,
They ols* *ccur when * hom*geee*us, llexitrle cablc is suspr:*<ied betw'een tw'.c points. as
u,ith a telcphoae line hanging betw'ecn tr-r,r: p<;le*. Such * czrble {*rrlls a e $r?o, calleri ;r
c{rfe*{rzy {ficrx ihe l,att* ccte*c, r::etrning'thain"). lf, as in iigure 6.Q.J. a *oordinate
$ystrn: il ir:tradcce{t so that the }*rx' poirri of the c*ble li*s on the v-aris. then it can he
shcia,r: *si*g princ,iples r:f phvsir-s that the cable has an etluation of the fbr*:

J':{icorih{-l+,,
\u/

476

Chapter 6

Applications of the Definite lntegral in Geometry, Science, and Engineering

where the parameters a arrd c are determined by the distance between the poles and the
composition of the cable.

zz $-tYpsRffi&ilx(

{ffillINY$Y$#S

1'h* h,r'perholic ft*ctions sirtjsfu r,arjous jdentities that are sin:ilar to

*retric funrtions. Ti:* lx*st &rndai:rerrtai *l thes* is
& Flgure *.*.3

c*shzx

-sirrlr:.r:

sinhx)(coshx

ic{e

ntities l'or trig$na-

(1)

which can be proved by writing

cosh2x

sinh2y

(coshx

sinhx)

:({#:.,+)(!#:
:e'.e-x:l

=)

Other hypertrolic identities can be derived in a similar manner or, alternatively, by performing algebraic operations on known identities. For example, if we divide (1) by cosh2 x,
we obtain

|-

tanhz

x:

sech2x

and if we divide (1) by sinh2 x, we obtain

coth2.r
LaryArr+p)./'1,'tjrJ

c.r!l

.{47 sss

csch2x

The following theorem summarizes some of the more useful hypertolic identities. The
proofs of those not already obtained are lell as exercises.

)i!!i1!l Rdir!,.rd In..

.4 jl,cxi!-.ie cabla t uspenied behteen txt>

1:tt.:,i et

e1 x111s y11yt-,.

6"9.f

'c'st.hr$$e.F:$,s

t }l) : sinhx cosh y + eoshx sinh y

cosh(x * /)
y
-- csih x cosh * sinh x sinh y
sinhG * I) ,: sinh r cosh y r cosh x sinh y
eoat{x - y) : coshr coshy - sinhx sinh y
sinh 2x : 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x : cosh2 x * sinh2 x
cosh2, : 2sinhzx 1 1 = Zeosh2 x - |

r ;F sinh * =j ex
coshx-sinhx:e-'

sinh(*

cosh

cos-h2x *siqfi2,,76
..:.

:::::::::::::]

-.1

dnh:,t..=..sech2 x

coth?x*1icseh2x
cosh

-.r) :

cosh .r

sinh(-x): -sinhx
w

w{F+Y T{qffiY &RH *&f;-H-Sffi *$vpsffiffiS$_6c

F$Ner$*N$

Rer-*l] tit;rt the pararxetric e<gu*tiolrs

siiili;)
r"epresent the

u*it circle

,r

co$f

.r2

,r,2

],

: sin,

il)

<..

--: 3rr-'t

- I {Figur"e 6.9"-1*). *3 111ay he seen bv u,riting

);1 + .v2 : coslr + sin2 / : I

If t] < , < 2:r,

then tle parameter / can he interpeterl as the angle in raq"iiar:g fi'cm the
to the p*i*t {r-.*s r. sin /} e.:r', atrternatir.'e}1,, an tr-ir-:e t}re sha<letl area of the
Figure 6.9.3n (veri8). Analcgously.^ the p:rar:reidc equations

pe.:sitive .y-axis

eector
& Figere 6,9,-t

i*

,l;'

c$sh

l.

sinh

(-w .: r .: -i*)

6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables

represent a portion of the curve *2

y2

*' - y' :

1, as may be seen by

cosh2r

sinh2r

47i7

writing

andobservingthaix: cosh, > 0. Thiscurve,whichisshowninFigure6.9.3b,istheright

half of

a larger curve called the unit hyperbola; this is the reason why the functions in this
section are called hyperbolic functions. It can be shown that if / > 0, then the parameter /
can be interpreted as twice the shaded area in Figure 6.9.3b. (We omit the details.)

ffi

sffi$e$vATtiifr &$ss $Nyfi&$e&L $sKi\{{J$"&s

lleriv*t:ir'* ibrntulas I'or si*h ,r

t*rrns of rr- **d e-':

anel

cosh.r ca* be *btained b.v expresring thes* funcdons in

d -.
t-'+r-' : ((]:h.y
_lsinhxl
_
______
: _I [."'-e-'I
dr"
Jul| 2 jI = :
d
J [i'+e-*l
.'*r-' :
, [co;h.ni= -,l"ill- 2 Ii:
'i*irr
^:
r/.r
I)+rivatil'es of i.he rcmai*ing h3;pe$otic lunctions can h* obtained b"v expre ssing thern in
terms of sinh *n*i cosh and appl-ving *ppropriaie i*lenrities. For exiample,

..',,tr.r{!*i,,hr!-sinhr$l.o*L*i
tt
- I.i*h,..!
4x
I 'lll]' l:
4a
"r:
rf.r'---.'."' d.r Icosl,r]
coshi.r

J
altr-rrh

x
.-:.-:Sei:h'.Y
oosh'x
cosht -r

r.-e::h2x-sir:h2
-l'!:e

1.

foll*in'ing theorer:: pr*lieles ir conrplete list rlf th* generalieed elerivative fomurlas
cr:neap*ncling :integratie.:n for:nulas f'or ihe i:;,perbsrlic functi*ns,

{i.S"S

yg{Er}fic$.r

d...
du
, liinha]:coshu,
axdxJ
dduf
;[coshul:sinhuA;
d-) du
f [t*tl u]: sech2 u;

:
:
frfr*nul

firc*nu)

fcoshadu:5Y;14a6
::

lsmhudu:coshu:_C

f sech2 u du : tanh z C
*
;l
r"rt',' udu :-cothz *c

uff

l
-sech uann uff
/
-csch2

dduf
r.rl: -csch ucothu
*[csch
dx

;[

r*.r', utanh u ttu

csch ucothu

du:

-ssgt1, a
-csch u

s" NNer*pE* ?

,1".j
l1,joshi.i'll
: sirh{r3) . *lrtl = l.i r si*ht.r.tj
dr'
ds'
d
'
d.r
-I.{*{tanhxil:_-.

1
t:tnh

. J ltilnl.r.vl- sechf;:
__ - {
'
lanh r
-r d.r '

*C

an<!

478

Chapter 6

Applications of the Definite lntegral in Geometry Science, and Engineering

#xermp$* 5

d sinh'.y cosh .r J.u

i"
f tanh i,/r:
.J

I
;

sinh;:

e\.,:h ,t

:ln(cesh.r)+C
lfu'e r.vere

sD hx

;1t;**:i*'

d^

_l
]* lcr.,sh xi +

r:

: I6"'""..'siuir"-r *' C

,l ] TJlr,
r"-.''..".'i

ji:stified in dr+pping the *b:oiute value signs sinc* rrosh.r :. * f*r ail ^r. d

$:xesmple

positioned

1)0

4 A ] 00 ft wire is attar-!:ed
ft apart.

at its e r:cls to the tops of trvc 5* ft peles that are

Ho:a' high ;rl;ove the grouncl is th* midel]* of the r.r,ire'l

,$$dle$i$$g. Fr*nt abar,*, i!:* rvire f.brms a cat*a+.- cur:'e ix,ith *<luatio*
r,
rl&er"* the

6.4

# c()sh

{l} *,

arigin i:, e.:n the ground nTidrvay betx'*e* the poi*s. Usir:g l'ormula (4) of Secticn

forth* le*gth of the

100:

i-ratsr!&ry,

lv* har-*

1,Jr,\)

"f '*l*J dt
i---------------

!,)

n.15

,1

I aIV \

By

- "J .il+{-i}d.r
!t'.
\d.1:l
o

,r
^,x''
ll-i-sinh-l-ldx
\al

tiI

J,,

{4',

:, *Jolt' r,.,ra
I1\ ,1,,
*'-"""\A.l
:

:J5

\{?.r

10{)

givcs

r.

= 5o rlt

A Figurc 6.93

.ntui=*i
-Ii.ns
\]b.l; J
I

t*

solve

:2uri*
"",,, ft]* \
\ l

ry 56.01. Then

50

iif-J,r'. r*l !
'thalcoshr>0 l
'-nv

la sinli {1)
l- : 2,,0;n* { i-1}
..rrl}o

Using a calculating utilit,v's numeric solver

lora

l'(45)

56.0!

}
'u,r, {-f\.56.0t,,

u ., * 75.S8 +

so c,y -25.*8. Thrrr, the nriddle of the in'ir* is -v(lli Ar 56.01

the grou*d iligur'* 6.9,.{i, <
{N\dfr RSSS

ahoutthe v-axis

.1,,

:,^ l'*'

symetry

*F

}iYpHe$S#$-$

fl

$*U $WT'X

"

25.1)8

-1*.93

iI

above

gid$

li.el'erring to Frigure 6.9. t, it is evielent that the graphs of si*It,r, ta*h x, coth .r, a*d e.-sch s
pass thc horizontal liee tcst, hut thc graphs ol cosh.r and sech -.r* {ir'} &t!t, ln the lottcr ease,
r*stricting .r to be nonnegative makes the tuncticns invcrtible {Figur* 6.9"5}. The grap}rs cF

sir inverse hyperb*iio functions in Figure 5.9.5 werc obtiii*c<.i E:v rellecti*g th* grrphs
olthe ?ryperholic functions {rvith the appr*priatc restriclions; al:out ihc lin* r; : .1.
r&c

6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables 479

Tirble 6.9.1 summarizes the basic properties of the inverse hyperbolic functions. You
should conflmr that the domains and ranges listed in this table agree with the graphs in
Figure 6.9.6.

t = ct>sh:t:

With th-

r: 0l
nnd

r..tri.ti.ilhrt

] the c*rres..; =

c()sh.r
= sech,\: pass the horizonirl

line

test,

i
I

& Figure 6.9.5

-.".

i._*-117"1,

_;.":

r =:llll---l

li:l*11-l

i-*-.:;-l
'r
=
\' sttf:ft
l-:--^--.

& Figure 6.9.6

l;:*",

,.

lr=:::*]

I
.s

Table 6.9.1
PR{IPERTIF.SOFINVEREF-}r{FFRR{}T.L]FTIN=-r]TION*S

(-*, **)

Slni! '1

ci)sl't ' J

lal1n

sech*I x

,'l

cscll

'

.x;

+*l

(-1,

-Y

-r

fillll

f 1.

i--,

({i,

1**, {i)

[(i,

+*)

[0,

+*)

i-*,

coslticosh-i.r) =

({i,

:; il
.t il

tanlr-i{ianh r} = x
tanir(tanh-ix) =x
c+th-1 (coth.t) =

cr-lhiccih-i.Y) =
sech-1(sechx)

+*i

i}i U

.r if -*

ixi =,r il
-*

cosh-i(cosh e'i =

+*)

1**, 0) U (ti. +*i

tl

LJ (i}.

sinhisirh

(-*, +*)

1)

-1) U il,

sinh-iisinh xi =

(**, +*)

< ,r < +%
<.Y

,i;

> il

-:;

>

il -e (.r { *e
if -l <x< i

tif
r<0or;r;>iJ
r if .r<-lorx>i

=x if x>{r
il 0<x<

sec!r{sech*1x}=x

f*)

.r il'
csch(csch*i.t) =x il
csch-i(csch

"x)

{ *m

"r

<

-t

i:r :r > 0

x<{ii-:i

-r > {i

480

Chapter 6

Appllcations of the Definite lntegral in Geometry Science, and Engineering

W *#*&W&YY{.ft49( $S${MS SS *f\$Wffi${$fr ${YpS&mSL[{ SE$NflT$Sf\$$

Becaus* the htpe:*olir: f'unctions are expre ssihle i* te*::s of e'", it s!:oukl noi !:e suq:risi::g
tl:et tfte i*verse it_vperholir- furrctions are expressible i* terms of naiural lo5arithnrs: ilxe **xt
theorern shot,- rhlt this is so"

'**-.^*"*.\
6.S,d TE{E{}KH},$

Tkc .fbltawing rtl*tiarcsltigzs !*t<l .fbr

slated int,e rse hype rbolic J'uttctiorts:

,slfi-r,* =.ud'.tfl.=P..'..
, h'xx 1r,

/1!\

2 \l-x/
::

ir
i

seh'x

\
!1.e

::'::' '

wiil

':

: :

::

::

iCoih,==1.x,:

ull

ist

tke rksmai*s aJ'the

i
i

u{t,+,

corh-rx: l* (" *'\

2 \x-l/
)+

-,,/ri
\xl

csch-tx:rn(l+/l', + x'?\I
lxl I
\x

show how to clerive the fir"st l'ol:lurla ili this iheorem arrd }eave tite rst as exereis*s.
-,r,rite h* eqlratisri x : sinh i* ter:x: *i exponential iunctirins ar:d
,r;

lhe basic idea is io

solvethisequaiianlbryasafunctionof;. ll'!:isrvillpre:riur.*iheequaiie.:ny::inh-l ,t
with si*h-l x expr'*sserl is: ter"rx: ol *atural logarithnts. Irlxpresli*g -r
exponenti;ris ,vieids

.r

eJ'

sinh -y in {erms r:f

* e-!

sinit.r,

e"

-].x -r-):0

rvhicit can be rewritten as

fululiiply'ing this equatio* thrr:ugh bv g} r.ve trbtain

E3r_Z.vo,)_l:ti
anil applying the ciuari*rtic formul;r yiel*ls

2x
Si*ce

<rr'

> *, tht: s*lu{ir:n i*v*lviirg

Thus,

iQ a$
t}re

mi*us sigir is *.,itrirnecus and rnust br: discanJeel.

{:Y:aao{:11

'l-aking *atcrai ie:garilhr::s

_vi*Ids

I:l*tx*r,'x2*l)

or

sinh*l x

ln(.r

+.r'?'+

ilxmrmp{e S

- ]*il + 4P + t ) : Inil + yr2) ^, 0.8814

1 /!++\ : tn-r Ai 0."549.1 'd
g11\
*t;
\z t - t" { ;* I ;L

sinh*l [

tanh-1

\'--l

6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables 481

flHRnr&fi vg$

$ # at

e dedvfih;-.,r#:the firrnc.
tion sinh-I i cdn also be obtained by
lqtlng y = riipb;I x and tlien dlfferen,

fi'ating

x=
"66'y

&Bd

N#

m * MrE& {e&!-s ! ru$sll{*

NVEffi $H F*YpHE{m #$.

fr

F{J ru fl TI0S$$

l'ormulas for the derivalives of the inverse h.r,perholic tunctions r.:*n he *btained tior*

;milicitly.

'I"heoren: 6.9.4. Fbr example,

dd--1/t\
a;tinh-l.r;:|11*{-i-r,1rl-!
' d.r,
d.r'

*, ri::{l
."+v.r:*l \ ,/r:+lf

,&, + I +,
{'v

* 1I''I;TT; (v/xz + r )

[]ris conrputati*n leads t+ fiA'o integra] formu]as,

equiv:rle*t ti:rnrula that involr,** logarithtns:
f-t

t *:
L.-

s!:t!t-rx

.l ,irz1.1

-F

/.a

r,';-

f'ortr:uia thal invoives sinh-l .r and a*

C: ln(, + r,''r7t + I J *

'l'he fbllowing tr,r* theorcmr }ist the ge**raiized derivative t'*r::;*las and r.-**espa*ding
f*r the i*verse h.vpertr-'*Iic tuncti*r:s. Sorne *f the prr:of-s appear ils

integrai+n formulas
exercises.

f6.$.s '*;"r-"*

d..,._,- *):
--(Srnn

,
-p--1-

du

d .-. :
|icoth-'
dx
dTdu
-;-(sech-' u) :
dx
t:
dldu U\:
dx
-(Csch-r
111

d.ldu
u>
-. (coah-' u): --p
' {uz_14 *,
dx
dldu
-:lunh-t ut :
], lul o
t-u"Qx

ax

I du'
7--;-;-.
L-u'ax

{#=cosh-r

{},

--;:-.

lult/t I

(,r;1*'

t ,,

-+:
*_**
uJa2

uz dx

U<

r{

<

u +U

lul

t!*n

d* ],"*-' (i) * ,,
rJ a-;:
l;;;,n=, (i) *r.
Jt

>

-----a',,
utfl-azax

6,9"e ?srfl{}tr{E&{ lf a >

lul

-1"..h-'l1l.,
d....
lu2
,"_-_, .,,,_ ***

ntu+uG3tii. u-o
lul<a

,,,lul>a_

o, !hl1:\,
'2a ld-ul

,,,

i:i,

,--r---ar
or,-=L1 (o+t/-o'.-" )*a, o<far <a
a\tull
+::e;,'il:+a
:t
I

4a2

Chapter 6

Applications of the Definite lntegral in Geometry, Science, and Engineering

*.

*xssxrp$* $

{1"\

.1

llvalr:4l* ti:-.tr>
r /. , _y

-.
2

\/+x,_

* = 2.r. Thur. ,l * = 2J.v irnij

{dxlfZdtl{,}Lt_ I _
I _- ,
-*:- :,1
Ji r'l.i:-9
,,4r2-q

S*Jss$xrip. Lct

2J
'i,i-;l

: l..,rh-'
{il}
{I} *o
\3/ + c : l.nrh-,
:
2
\3,1
--

Alte*rativel.v.

1ve <;a* ase

th* l+garithmi<-. eqxil'aleni af r:osh-l \zxl .2i,

."'n-' {'+ } :
\'/

}r:r2v

- o,"'I"r 91 - 1,,

-1

(verif.v), anci express the ansiner as

($4ffi*${ Hxf;fficrsfs s"s

dquecuu

:
tanhx:

L. coshx

2.

sinh

4.

;[sinhxJ

;fcosh.r1
d

Complete the table.

;[tanhx]:

s.
3.

lcoshxttx:u,nn*dx:l
:o.
ft"out-'xl

The parametric equations

x:cosh/, y:sinhr (-m</ <*o)

Elim-

represent the right half of the curve called a

inating the parameter, the equation of this curve is

!Ltuot'r-'
ax

/,mr,,

dx:-

ft*irr,-'xl

:-

*l:

-'
flHtr$t{*S$} %ffi

e"*

-.

rJr;rykirrgttil"tv

Approxirnatc the expression ta four dccir*al pl;rces.

1.

(a) sinh3

sinh-1(-2)
2. (a) csch(-l)
(d) sech-r I
(d)

3.

cosh(-2)
cosh-13
(b) sech(ln2)
(e) coth-13

(b)

(e)

o1

(c) cothl
(f

) csch-1(-J3)

Find the exact numerical value of each expression

(b) cosh(-ln2)
(d) sinh(-3In2)

(a) sinh(ln3)
(c) tanh(2ln 5)

4.

;,I

(c) tanh(ln 4)
(f) tanh-l

In eachpmt, rewrite the expression

aratio of polynomials

(b) sinh(lnx)
(d) cosh(-lnx)

(a) cosh(ln x)
(c) tanh(2lnx)
5. In each part, a value for

as

of the hyperbolic functions is

given at an unspecified positive number x6. Use approprione

ate identities to find the exact values of the remaining flve

hyperbolic functions at x6.

(a) sinhxo

:2

(b) coshxs

: |

(c) tanhx6

: I

csch x, sech x , and coth r

from the derivative f'ormulas for sinh -t, cosh x , and tanh x.

6. Obtain the derivative formulas for

7. Ffud the derivatives of cosh-l x

and tanh-1

x by differen-

tiating the formulas in Theorem 6.9.4.

8. Find the derivatives of sinh-1 x, cosh-1 x, and tanh-l x by

differentiating the equations x : sinh), x : cosh), and

x:tanhyimplicitly.
9*3# l'ri*d d!ldx.
9. Y: sinh(4x - 8)
i!,t'l

10. y

cosh(xa)

6.9 Hyperbolic Functions and Hanging Cables 485

ll. Y: coth(lnx)
13. y: csch(l/x)
15. y - V?, +..-t15r;
17. y-x3tanh21Ji1
19. y: sinh-1 (|x)
21. Y : ln(cosh-l x)
,t

tanh

25. y

'x

30. I

and

x :1r,2.

the arc length of the

catenary,

x:0andx:xr(xi>0).

):

coshx between

a cosh(x

/ a ) between

55. In parts (a)-(f) flnd the limits, and conflrm that they

are

consistent with the graphs in Figures 6.9.L and 6.9.6.

(b) lim sinhx

(d) lim tanhn
(f ) lim tanh-l x
r-1

(a) lim sinhx

(c) lim tanhx
(e) lim sinh-1 r

) : sinhx.

36.

x sech'x dx

fdx
t_

3s.

J urt**,
fdx
(x.0)
Il -

71t3

I
Jn

"x

"-t

er + e-r

dr
(x, il1
/ l+
-dx
VX-_Z

f sin9 d0
J ,fl + cos2 o

40. l:

Jt-su
f
dr
t_
4't.
I -t5*+-'
f t/2 dx
43. ,_
.ln l_ x2

1x

oo.

f;rlse. lixplai* ycw anslvor.

:. 5/3)

l, {t4

r
i.r:rr*

or

(c)

sinhx has no solutions.

a has a unique

48. The identities in Theorem 6.9.2 may be obtained from the

corresponding trigonomekic identities by replacing each
trigonomekic function with i* hyperbolic analogue.

49. Findtheareaenclosedby y

sinh2x,

y:

Q,a1fla

ln3.

50. Find the volume of the solid that is generated when the
region enclosedby y : sechx, y : 0, x : 0,andx : ln2
is revolved about the x-axis.
5I". Find the volume of the solid that is generated when the
region enclosed by y : cosh2x, y: sinh2x, x :0, and
x : 5 is revolved about the x-aris.

52. Approxirnate the positive value of the constant a such that

cosh.rx,

):

0,

coshx coshy
* sinhzx

sinhx sinhy

cosh2x

tanh2x

tanh2.r

60. Prove:

(a) cosh-1 x

0, and

x
tanhx

sech2

tanh y

| + tanh x tanh
2tanhx

tanh2

ln(x +

J?

|
l, -l < "t <

. t /1+x\-11,
(b) tanh-tx: lln (
I

solution x.

:
.
thl tanh(-r -l r,) :

59. (a)

tlr* stalenrert is

f(x) :

(e) cosh(x + y)
cosh2x

sinh y

2 sinhx coshx

:ilftl

for all real numbers a, the equation

(g) cosh2x:2sinh2x*1
(h) cosh2x :2cosh2x - 1

46. Exactly two of the hyperbolic functions are bounded.

47. Thrre is exactly one hyperbolic function /(x) such that

the area enclosed by

(d) sinh2x

(f)

dt

",,8

&#*.4'41 TYup;*F*$ge lJeterl'niae rvhether

58*$$ Pr*v* the id**{ities. :;;l

58. (a) coshx * sinhx : e'
(b) coshx - sinhx : e-'
(c) sinh(x + y) : sinhx cosh y * coshx

\t-^/

x :-

l.

- the derivative formulas for

61. Use Exercise 60 to obtain
cosh-lx

and

57. Prove that sinh x is an odd function of x and that .o*h,

is an even function of x, and check that this is consistent
with the graphs in Figure 6.9.1.

45. The equation coshx

to obtain the asymptotes for y:1a6r,

from the curvilinem asymptotes fo,r y - coshx and

56. Explain how

sa. fcoth2 xcsch2xtlx

tanh

-3)dx

33. I anhxdx

35. /
Jln2

cosh(2x

sz. [ ,rrf3*\d*

3I. I

:0

54. Find

sinh-l(tanhx)

r-Vtanhx sech'xdx

39.

Eval*;rte the integrals. ffi

31.

53. Find the arc length of the catenary

v:(1+xcsch-1x)10

28.

29. I sinh6xcoshxdx

4ln

sech(e2x)

26. y

cosh-1(coshx)

27.Y:e'sech-118
***44

is 2 square units. Express your answer to at least flve decimal places.

)/:
16. ),: sinh3(2r)
18. y: sinh(cos3r)
20. y: sinh*l(Ux)
?2. y : cosh-l(sinh-l x)
24. y : (coth-l x)2

r,-

y:ln(tanh2x)

12.

14.

tanh-lx.

62. Prove:

sech-lx:cosh-1(l/x), 0 < x <

coth-1 x : tanh-1 (1/x), lrl = 1
csch-1x :sinh-l(1/x), x *a
63. Use Exercise 62 to express the integral

fdu

Jr-d
entirely in terms of tanh-1.

i
i
I
1

4O4

Ghapter 6

Applications of the Definite lntegral in Geometry, Science, and Engineering

(b) Find the length of the centerline to four decimal places.

(c) For what values of x is the height of the arch 100 ft?

64. Show that

c)
@)

ft.*n-'l*ll:

Round your answers to four decimal places.

(d) Approximate, to the nearest degree, the acute angle that

flcscrr-I1x11:

xt/L +

the tangentline to the centedine makes with the ground

at the ends of the arch.

x2

65. In eachpart, flnd the limit.

(a)

rtrT-

- tn x)

(cosb-r x

(b)

velocity of

66. Use the first and second derivatives to show that the graph
of y :1a4r-1 x is always increasing and has an inflection
point at the origin.

*, or ul" + nE - ,*l+ c

r:

#:

Show that

cosh-I

(sinhx

(_i)

coshx)'

sinhnx

a
dx

J_oe''

coshzx.

Show that the lenglh

sag S (the ,".ti"altirtunce between the

highest and lowest points on *re cable) is given by
b

S:acosh--a
-flnese

I:xetxisc'iA.

exercists reler lrl *ie iraxging c*ble desc*hed in

"lt"tt

71. Assuming that the poles are 400 ft apart and the sag in the

(c)

u:2A0/a.l

72. Assuming that the cable is 120 ft long and the poles me 100
ftapart, approximate the sag in the cable by approximating
a. Express your final answer to the nearest tenth of a foot.

lHint: Fkstlet u : 50/ a.l

Z:. tne design of the Gateway Arch in

St. Louis, Missouri, by

mchitect Eero Saarinan was implemented using equations
provided by Dr. Hannskarl Badel. The equation used for
the centerline of the arch was

y :693.8597

68;7672cosh(0.0100333x)

0 and rotating as shown in the figure, then

I
fillsinh(arr)

sin(ror)l

:/,

ft

for x between -299.2239 and 299.2239.

(a) Use a graphing utiliqr to graph the centedine of the arch.

*''Y-4": o\

,1./-w\*
,

_"4W*

_l

\,,

4 Figure Ex-74

75. The accompanying flgure (on the next page) shows a person pulling a boat by holding a rope of length a attached
to the bow and walking along the edge of a dock. ff we
assume that the rope is always tafigent to the curve traced
by the bow of the boat, then this curve, which is called a
tractrix, has the properb/ that the segment of the tangent
line between the curve and the y-axis has a constant length
a. lt can be proved that the equation of this tractrix is

cable is 30 ft, approximate the length of the cable by approximating a. Express your flnal answer to the nearest tenth of

afoot. fHinr: Firstlet

1 m, approximately how long does it take for the object to reach the
end of the tube?
Use the result of part (b) to approximate dr/dt atthe
instant that the object reaches the end of the tube.

\//

sinh2

(b) Show that the

"3|*VZ

izontal at time f

(a) Graph r versus r for0 < r < 1.

(b) Assuming that the tube has a length of

2 stnhat

of the cable is given by

:2a

0 when

at:2rad/s.

70. A cable is suspended between two poles as shown in Figwe 6.9.2. Assume that the equation of the curve formed by
the cable is y : a cosh(x/ a), where a is apositive constant.
Suppose that the r-coordinates of the points of support are
x : -b and x : b,where b >- A.

(a)

and r :

during the period that the object is in the hrbe. Assume that
r is in seconds and r is in meters, and use g : 9.8 m/s2 and

69. Showthat

/ > 0, and assume that the object is at rest

/ : 0. It can be shown that if the tube is hor-

pivot point at time

68.

ffi

ar

67. The integration formulas t* l/ nE17 in Theo,rem 6.9.6

are valid for u > a. Show that the following formula is
valid for u -< -a;

a hollow tube rotates with a constant angular

rad/s about a horizontal axis at one end ofthe
tube, as shown in the accompanying flgure. Assume that an
object is free to slide without friction in the tube while the
tube is rotating. Let r be the distance from the object to the

74. Suppose that

,I!- TP

):asech-l t-Jo'z-7
(a)

Show that to move rn" Ool, of the boat to

the person must walk a distance

point (x, y),

from the origin.

(b) If

the rope has a length of 15 m, how far must the person

walk from the origin to bring the boat 10 m from the
dock? Round your answer to two decimal places.
(c) Find the distance traveled by the bow along the tractrix
as it moves from its initial position to the point where
it is 5 m from the dock.

Chapter 6 Review

Exercises

485

(i) P(x, y) is on the right branch of the unit hyperbola

L-.2

(ii)
(iii)

-.2
V

--

1.
t.

same sign (or are both 0);

"
flre area of the region bounded by the x-axis, the right
branch of the unit hyperbola, and the segment from
the origin ts P is Vl/Z;'
Discuss what properties would first need to be verffied in
order for this to be a legitimate definition.

77. lffrBti*'ag l*r.'*stigate rrhat prop*rties of coshr a*d sinhl

c;r* be pr*vottr dilectl-v li'orn the g*ometric dcfraiticx in
ksrcise ?6. 1\ rit* a short descript!*x q:f ibe results of -yr-:r.:r
irlvestigation,

initiai

positio* dFigureEx-7S

76. Writ9xtg Suppr:sc that, b,v aflalog-y with thc trigo*omc,trie

1'unctions, we de.fix,t c+sFrl aiid si*hr ge*metricall,v using
Eiigure *.9.3b:
"For any real n*i:'lL'er f . sJe firle -r : eoslt, arrd r: : si*h r to
be the unique values of -r a*d v such that

Mq*is*s{ flr*ffi(K erus\trsffis

i.

ta

ffi.$

(^

-L
-::-:*-*:::

e^+e

:"

sinh -r

oo-qh.l-

1-*, ili u

ll +ei
h;.per!:*la: -rl

f,

t1:

citlh :r

tanh.r

(-*. +*i

:\" unit

r and y Uur" it

i-r,
J,2

(-*, -1)

(fi,

Lj i

osrir .r

-q*ch.r

1.

4, sinh-r; coshxl -**el",:,r $.

+*)
+*)
:ii.nl:rx

(0.

il

(--,

0)

iC.

+*)

(-*,

it) \r (0.

+*)

* C; casir-t f C; t*i**sl::;; {

,"-n------;'
I

---i'-

tr${&$}YKK

RHW$H\St HH*ffieXSfiS

1. Describe the method of slicing for flnding volumes, and

use that method to derive an integral formula for flnding
volumes by the method of disks.

2.

State an integral formula for flnding a volume by the method

of cylindrical shells, and use Riemann sums to derive the

formula.

3.

State an integral formula for flnding the arc length of a

smooth curve y : f(x) over an interval [4, b], and use Riemann sums to derive the formula.

4.

State an integral formula for the work W done by a variable

force F(x) applied in the direction of motion to an object
moving from x : a to x: b, and use Riemann sums to
derive the formula.

5.

State an integral formula for the fluid force F exerted on a

vertical flat surface immersed in a fluid of weight density p,
and use Riemann sums to derive the formula.

6. Let
y

enclosed by ! :

x2 ,
R be the region in the first quadrant
+ x, and x 0. In each part, set up, but do not eval-

:2

uate, at integral or a sum of integrals that will solve the

problem.
(a) Find the area of R by integrating withrespect to r.
(b) Find the area of R by integrating with respect to y.
(c) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the x-axis by integrating with respect to x.
(d) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving rR
about the x-axis by integrating with respect to y.
(e) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the y-axis by integrating with respect to x.
(f ) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the y-axis by integrating with respect to y.
(g) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the line y : -3 by integrating with respect to x.
(h) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the line x : 5 by integrating with respect to r.

7. (a)

Set up a sum of deflnite integrals that represents the

shaded area between the curves y
f (x) and y

in the accompanying

total

: g(x)
figure on the nextpage. koe)
: