PROJECT XV.

3
DURACON

el
a
ne
zu
Ve

le

ain
Sp

International Coordinator : Prof. Oladis T. de Rinc

Rincn
Director of Centro de Estudios de Corrosi
Corrosin,
Facultad de Ingenier
Ingeniera de la Universidad del Zulia.
MaracaiboMaracaibo-Venezuela

Ch
i

EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON

REINFORCED CONCRETE DURABILITY IN
IBEROAMERICAN COUNTRIES: DURACON PROJECT/CYTED

Bol
ivia

bia
om
Col

2001); Dra. Carmen Andrade/Espa

a (Since 2002)
Andrade/Espa

na

il

International Coordinator : Dr. Leonardo Uller/Brasil

Uller/Brasil (1988(1988-

ti
en
Arg

az
Br

SUBPROGRAM XV
CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ON MATERIALS

To unify criteria, knowledge, experiences. among

Iberoamerican Specialists

Uruguay

Jornadas de
DURABILIDAD

Po
rtu

ga
l

sta
Co
Mxico

ca
Ri

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

SPAIN
PORTUGAL

MEXICO

The aim of this project is to characterize the

durability of concrete exposed to prevailing
environmental conditions in IberoIbero-America,
America,
implementing natural test stations in each country
in at least two sites with different atmospheres one
in a marine environment,
environment, another in an urban
environment.
environment.

COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA

BRAZIL

BOLIVIA

CHILE

URUGUAY
ARGENTINA

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

Mechanical and physical characterization,

characterization, during
fabrication and 28 days thereafter,
thereafter, of concrete with the
same mixture as the ones that will be exposed in the
natural test stations.
stations.
Exposing concrete specimens,
specimens, with/
with/without reinforcement
in the natural test stations for a period of up to four years.
years.

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

Evaluating climatic and environmental parameters

in the exposure sites during the test period on the
basis of the methodology established in the ISO
Standards for the classification of atmospheric
aggressiveness.
aggressiveness.
Determining the potentiality and probability in
concrete to initiate reinforcement corrosion by
carbonation,
carbonation, depending on the specific environment
where the probes are exposed.
exposed.

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON

Mixture design in accordance with:

with:
9 w/c = 0,45 and 0.65. For w/c = 0.45 use a minimum of cement,
cement, 400
Kg/m3 of concrete and for w/c = 0.65 use minimum fc = 210
Kg/cm
Kg/cm2.
9 MNZ = 13 mm
9 Settling = 10
101 cm.

A. Type of Probe: Cylindrical 15 x 30 cm.

B. Type of Probe: In accordance with each particular test.

Type of Aggregate : Crushed 13 mm Siliceous.

Siliceous.
Type of Sand:
Sand: QuartzQuartz-like.
like.
Plastifier:
Plastifier: Sika VZ Plastiment,
Plastiment, MBT Pozzolite or similar,
for w/c = 0.45.
Mold:
Mold: Metallic.
Metallic.
Curing:
Curing: In wet chamber or immersi
immersin lime water.
water.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCRETES PREPARED (w/c =0.45)

CHARACTERISTICS
COUNTRY

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

Na2O

K2O

SO3

C3S

Cs S

C4AF

ARGENTINA

21.90

3.88

4.98

61.52

1.38

0.10

0.81

1.82

-.-

-.-

-.-

BOLIVIA

33.14

6.76

2.68

47.68

1.51

0.82

2.18

2.10

57.52

19.23

9.82

7.70

COUNTRY

BRAZIL

18.8

5.13

2.79

57.3

0.19

1.11

3.02
62.76

13.06

11.32

5.73

ARGENTINA

C3A

20.48

4.46

3.75

62.22

1.51

0.19

0.22

1.93

49.21

24.49

11.43

5.45

COSTA RICA

21.50

5.00

3.85

62.50

0.95

0.33

0.43

2.50

64.00

11.00

12.50

6.50

CHILE

21.50

4.60

3.30

62.0

2.7

0.20

0.40

2.2

66.0

16.0

11.4

6.6

SPAIN

20.20

2.37

4.10

65.84

1.85

0.11

0.65

3.80

12.48

0.40

MEXICO

21.38

4.22

4.54

63.37

1.51

0.16

0.53

2.32

54.0

20.50

13.80

3.50

PORTUGAL

20.26

5.35

3.42

62.17

1.88

0.11

0.98

2.68

50.61

19.87

10.41

8.39

VENEZUELA

20.27

4.48

2.95

64.39

0.85

0.41

2.10

54.99

18.26

7,.6

10.72

Total
Absorption
(%)

Total
Porosity
(%)

Capillary
Absorption
(k/m2s1/2)

Resistance
to water
penetration
m (s/m2)

Effective
Porosity

(%)

90 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

22,3

27,3

5,1

11,4

0,0603

13,9 107

7,1

8,5 10-5

COLOMBIA (1)

36,10

38,50

4,66

11,22

0,0122

7,28 107

12,0

1,17 10-4

COLOMBIA (2)

28,01

30,28

4,91

11,79

0,0085

4,50 107

12,1

1,49 10-4

CHILE

19,8

26,0

5,21

17,02

0,0341

2,25 107

16,13

2,11 10-4

SPAIN

27,00

34,36

3,90

13,39

0,0091

6,10 107

7,15

1,30 10-4

MEXICO

32,3

7.55

16.45

0.021

3.01 107

11.02

1.82 10-4

PORTUGAL

32,75

12,6

0,0077
15,41

-4

VENEZUELA

26.8

30.8

8,93

19,15

0,0253

3,74 10

Total
Porosity
(%)

Capillary
Absorption
(k/m2s1/2)

Resistance
to water
penetration
m (s/m2)

Effective
Porosity

(%)

Capillary
Sorption
S
(m/s1/2)

28 d

90 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

28 d

39.80

44.30

2.80

6.6

0.0021

61.80 107

5.10

4.00 10-5

COLOMBIA (1)

62.02

65.17

3.39

8.21

0.0060

15.26 10

7.40

8.10 10-5

COLOMBIA (2)

52.33

53.20

3.79

9.11

0.0066

10.70 107

7.40

9.70 10-5

CHILE

43.60

44.70

2.44

8.95

0.0048

3.55 107

2.59

1.42 10-4

SPAIN

43.24

59.32

4.70

9.99

0.0054

10.50 107

5.28

MEXICO

53.00

6.3

13.95

0.0142

3.64 107

8.52

PORTUGAL

48.75

53.75

13.11

0.0020

VENEZUELA

33.82

39.65

15.25

0.0082

3.71 107

7.60

6.71

9.80 10-5
1.67 10-5

1.64 10-4

12 specimens for each station,

station, 3/condition
3/condition..

28 d

ARGENTINA

37,0

Total
Absorption
(%)

Capillary
Sorption
S
(m/s1/2)

COUNTRY
Time

Compression
Resistance (MPa)

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCRETES PREPARED (w/c =0.65)

Compression
Resistance
(MPa)

CHARACTERISTICS

Time

COLOMBIA
(2)

CHARACTERISTICS

Resistivity (on saturated probe/ DURAR Manual)

Total Absorption and Total Porosity (ASTM Standard C 642)
Capillar Absorption (Fagerlund technique, express K, , ). Prepare
15x15x15 cm cubes and extract 10 cm x 5 cm-high cores.
Permeability to chlorides (ASTM C 1202).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND I CEMENT USED

COLOMBIA
(1)

Compressive strength (ASTM Standard C 39 ). At two ages (28 and

90 days).
Indirect tensile strength (ASTM Standard C 496)
Elasticity module (ASTM Standard C 469)

1,65 10

15x15x30 cm prismatic specimens with no reinforcement.

15x15x30 cm prismatic specimens with 6 reinforcements with
cover thicknesses of 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 cm.
Note: Meteorological and chemical parameters will be evaluated
monthly (ISO standards). Evaluation of the electrochemical
parameters (Ecorr, icorr, ) will be done in the same way. Chemical
analysis of the samples is being done annually, cutting a 5-cm thick
slice off the probes with no reinforcement. Carbonation will be
measured at the face of the cut. For Cl- analysis, a 5-cm core will
be taken out of the sample, at 3 cm from the lower border.

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

Maracaibo/Venezuela
Maracaibo/Venezuela

El Po
Pos/Costa Rica

FREE FACE
DIRECTION OF
PREVALING WIND

El Pardo/Uruguay
Pardo/Uruguay

DIRECTION OF CASTING

Santiago/Chile

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

1. Environmental Humidity.
Humidity.
2. Chloride Concentration.
Concentration.
3. Sulfate Concentration.
Concentration.
4. Wind Patterns.
Patterns.
5. Precipitation.
Precipitation.
6. Temperature.
Temperature.
7. Insolation.
Insolation.
8. CO2 Concentration.
Concentration.
9. Any others that may be considered.
considered.

w/c = 0.65

w/c = 0.45

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON

RED
PROJECT
DURACON
XV.3
DURACON

Test Stations

COUNTRY

NATIONAL COORDINATORS

Argentina

Mirta Barboza, Edgardo Irassar

Brazil

Maryangela Geimba De Lima, Paulo Helene

Bolivia

Juan Carlos Montenegro

Colombia

Ruby Mejas de Gutirrez, Silvio Del Vasto

Costa Rica

Ericka Saborio, Catalina Villalobos

Spain

Isabel Martnez, Marta Castellote

Mexico

Andrs Torres, Pedro Castro

Portugal

Manuela Salta, Ana P. De Melo

Uruguay

Gerardo Rodrguez, Marit Derrgibus

Venezuela

Miguel Snchez, Emilia de Partidas

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON
1.6

Mx.3, Chihuahua
(3,S0) C3

1.4

Category

Carbon Steel
<35 mg SO2/m2.d
C1
35-80
C1
80-200
C1-C2

C1
C1
C1-C2

Zinc y Cooper
2.d
<35 mg SO2/mCorrossivity
C1
35-80 Categories
C1
80-200
C1 C1

C3
C4
C5

C1
C1
C1-C2
C1
Very lowC2
C1-C2

C5
C5
C5

C4
C4
C5

C3
C3-C4
C4-C5

C4
C4
C5

C5
C5
C5

C3
C3-C4
C4-C5

C3-C4
C4
C5

C5
C5
C5

Low

C3 C1
C4

C1-C2
C1-C2
C2

Aggressivity

C2

Aluminum
<mg SO2/m2.d
35-80
80-200

TOW(4)
<2500-5500 h/year
mg.Cl-/m2.d
<60
60-300
300-1500

C2 Medium C2
C2 HighC2-C3
C3
C2-C3

C1
C1

C5

Very High

Ch, Santiago
(3,S0) C2

1.2

Bo1, La Paz
(3,S1) C2

1.0

CO2 Concentration (mg L-1)

TOW
<10h/year
mg.Cl-/m2.d
<60 60-300 300-1500

Ve, La Voz
Ve, Maracaibo
Mx1, Merida
(4,S2) C5
(4,S1) C3
(4,S1) C2
Ch, Valparaso
Mx3, Progreso
(5,S1) C4
(4,S2) C4
Es, IETcc
Ve, Pto.Cabello
(4,S0) C3
(5,S1) C4 Po, Lisboa
(4,S1) C3

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

Co, Buenaventura
(5,S1) C4

Co, Cali
(2,S0) C1

0.5

Po, Cabo Raso

(4,S3) C5
Ur2, La Paloma
(4,S3) C5

Es, Vigo
(4,S2) C5

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1

10

S0

30

50 60

150

S1

300 800

1000

S2

1200 1400

S3

Chlorides Concentration (mg m-2 d-1)

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON
1.6

Potentiality and Probability of Reinforcement

Corrosion onset in Concrete by Carbonation
COUNTRY
(STATION)

Mx.3, Chihuahua
(3,S0) C3

1.4

Ch, Santiago
(3,S0) C2

1.2

Bo1, La Paz
(3,S1) C2

VENEZUELA
(Maracaibo)

SPAIN
(IETcc)

CHILE
(Santiago)

PORTUGAL
(Lisboa)

COLOMBIA
(Cali)

RH (%)

72.5

62.8

61.2

74.5

69.3

Ve, Maracaibo
Ve, La Voz
Mx1, Merida
(4,S1) C3
(4,S2) C5
(4,S1) C2
Ch, Valparaso
Mx3, Progreso
(5,S1) C4
(4,S2) C4
Es, IETcc
Ve, Pto.Cabello
(4,S0) C3
(5,S1) C4 Po, Lisboa
(4,S1) C3

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

Co, Buenaventura
(5,S1) C4

Co, Cali
(2,S0) C1

0.5

f()

0.28

0.20

0.11

0.43

0.10

CO2 (mg/L)

0.92

0.91

1.40

0.71

0.6

Rain
(mm/year)

347

362

992

936

1222

36.1 / 28.0

Environment
Po, Cabo
(4,S3) C5

Raso

Ur2, La Paloma
(4,S3) C5

Es, Vigo
(4,S2) C5

w / c = 0.65

0.4

fck

26.80

27.0

19.8

35.4

Cement Content (Kg/m3)

355

300

323

260

m (s m-2)

3.71 x 107

6.10 x 107

2.25 x 107

k (kg m-2 s-1/2)

0.025

0.0091

0.0341

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1

S0

10

30

50 60

300 800

150

S1

1000

S2

1200 1400

S3

Chlorides Concentration (mg m-2 d-1)

REBAR CORROSION
PROBABILITY BY CONCRETE
CARBONATION (w/c=0.65)
Portugal

Colombia
fc = 36.1 / 28.0

RH = 69.3 %
f() = 0.10
Rain = 1017 mm/year
CO2 = 0.6 mg/L

0.0069

0.0122 / 0.0085

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON

fc = 32.75
RH = 74.5 %
f() = 0.43
Rain = 936 mm/year
CO2 = 0.706 mg/L
Venezuela
fc = 26.80

335 / 306
7.28 / 4.5 x 107

Spain
fc = 27.0

RH = 62.8 %
f() = 0.204
Rain = 359 mm/year
CO2 = 0.70 mg/L

RH = 72.49 %
f() = 0.28
Rain = 666 mm/year
CO2 = 0.91 mg/L

14
ftdh

KCO2

KCap

HR

Temp

CO2

pluvial

12
10
8
6
4
2

Chile
D
ue F
re
ta
ro
To
lu
ca
M
ex
ic
Li
al
sb
i
oa
_M
Li
1
sb
oa
_M
2
Pr
ad
M
o
ar
ac
a
Ta ibo
ra
ba
na

St
a
Fe
la
va
r
Tu ria
cu
m
an
Sa
nt
ia
go
C
al
i_
M
1
C
al
i_
M
2
IE
TC
C
M
er
id
C
a
hi
hu
ah
ua
M
or
el
ia

0
O

fc = 19.8
RH = 61.2 %
f() = 0.13
Rain = 997 mm/year
CO2 = 1.74 mg/L

CO2 Concentration (mg L-1)

1.0

PROYECTO XV.3
DURACON
Exposed Face
STATION

Non-exposed Face

CO2
(mm)

K
(mm/y)

CO2
(mm)

K
(mm/y)

PORTUGAL
Lisbon

6.48

3.5

8.18

4.1

MEXICO
Merida
Chihuahua

4.60
10.01

4.3
7.1

3.40 Santiago 3.2

7.73
5.5

VENEZUELA
Maracaibo
Tarabana

10.33
6.78

7.3
4.8

10.00
7.44

SPAIN
Madrid

1.60

1.6

1.60

COLOMBIA
Cali

3.70/4.50

2.6/3.2

CHILE
Santiago

11.50

8.5

One

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON

CO2
(1.4 mg/L)

7.1
5.3

fck (19.8 MPa)

Maracaibo
CO2
(0.92 mg/L)
fck (26.8 MPa)

k (0.0341 1.6
kg/m2s1/2)

k (0.025
kg/m2s1/2)

4.50/4.60T (16.8 oC)3.1/3.3 T (28.6 oC)

10.50 fTOW (0.11) 7.8

fTOW (0.28)

year exposure

Corrosion Potential
Concrete Cover Thickness 15 mm

ECu/CuSO4 / mV

200
0
-200
-400
-600
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
Time /months
P1-E

P2-E

P3-E

Corrosion Rate
Concrete cover thickness 15 mm 2005
i corr (A x cm-2)

POTENTIAL AND PROBABILITY OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION

ONSET BY CARBONATION.
COUNTRY
(Station)

BOLIVIA
La Paz

RH
(%)

TOW
(f())

Environment
(yearly
Average)

49.46

0.20

Temp.
(C)

12.08

CO2
(mg/L)

1.09

Rain
(mm/year)

505.3

CHILE
Santiago

61.2

0.11

16.8

1.40

992

COLOMBIA
Cali

69.3

0.104

25.2

0.60

1222

MEXICO
Merida/Chihuahua

72.8/32.9

0.44/0.05

25.1/19,9

0.90/1.48

896/272

PORTUGAL
Lisbon

74.5

0.43

16.1

0.71

936

SPAIN
Madrid

62.8

0.20

14.6

0.91

362

URUGUAY
Prado

72.7

16.3

0.8

1771.7

1.3 x 10-3

AVERAGE CARBONATION DEPTH FROM CONCRETE SPECIMENS

WITH w/c = 0. 65 AFTER TWO YEARS OF EXPOSURE

VENEZUELA
Maracaibo/Tarabana

Exposed Face

COUNTRY

K
(mm/y)

Non-exposed Face
CO2
(mm)

K
(mm/y)

BOLIVIA
La Paz

12.46

9.4

11.39

8.63

COLOMBIA
Cali

3.70/4.50

2.6/3.2

4.50/4.60

3.1/3.3

CHILE
Santiago

11.50

8.5

10.50

7.8

4.60
10.01

4.3
7.1

3.40
7.73

3.2
5.5

PORTUGAL
Lisbon

6.48

3.5

8.18

4.1

SPAIN
Madrid

11.50

5.7

11.50

1.6

URUGUAY
Prado

3.0

3.0

1.0

1.0

VENEZUELA
Maracaibo
Tarabana

10.33
6.78

7.3
4.8

10.00
7.44

7.1
5.3

72.5/81.4

0.28/0.59

MEXICO
Merida
Chihuahua

28.6/24.1

0.78/0.91

347/796

CO2
(mm)

Four years exposure

Twenty one months exposure

Puerto Cabello/Venezuela

Vigo/Espaa

ell

oz
V

.C
ab

La

lo
Pa

ab
o

Cl

La

M
1

Ra
so
_

ra
c

pluvial

Temp

M
2

HR

Ra
so
_
ab
o
C

re
s

ru
z

KCap

Ve

o
Vig

KCO2

Pr
og

a_
M
nt
ur
ve
en
a

ue
na

ve

Va

lp

nt
ur

ar
ai

a_
M

so

ftdh

Bu

Valparaiso/Chile

La Paloma/Uruguay

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Estaci n La Paloma
Estaci n La Paloma

Potentiality and Probability of Reinforcement

Corrosion onset in Concrete by Chloride Penetration
COUNTRY
(STATION)

PORTUGAL
(Cabo Raso)

VENEZUELA
(La Voz)

SPAIN
(Vigo)

COLOMBIA (1)
(Buenaventura)

COLOMBIA (2)
(Buenaventura)

CHILE
(Valparaiso)

RH (%)

74.0

90.0

69.0

89.2

89.2

82.8

f()

0.46

0.67

0.31

0.89

0.89

0.70

Temp. ( C)

17.0

29.35

15.8

25.9

25.9

15.3

Cl- (mg/m2

1392

166.32

156.21

29.0

29.0

19.26

109

398

1267,6

6581

6581

500

Environment

d)

Rain
(mm/year)

REBAR CORROSION
PROBABILITY BY CHLORIDES
DIFFUSION (w/c=0.45)
Portugal

Colombia (1)
fck = 62.02
C3A = 5.73
Cl- = 29 mg m-2 d-1
f() = 1
Rain = 6581
= 10.0

Colombia (2)
w / c = 0,45

fck (MPa)

63.9

33.82

43.24

62.02

52.3

C 3A

8.39

10.72

0.40

5.73

5.45

43.6
6.6

(%)

7.60

5.28

7.40

7.40

13.40

m (s m-2)

3.71 x 107

10.5 x 107

15.26 x 107

10.7 x 107

2.50x 107

k (kg m-2 s-1/2)

0.0020

0.0082

0.0054

0.0060

0.0066

0.0027

Cement Content (Kg/cm3)

400

414.3

400

400

400

387

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON

fck = 52.3
C3A = 5.45
Cl- = 29 mg m-2 d-1
f() = 0.89
Rain = 6581
= 10.0

fck = 63.90
C3A = 8,39
Cl- = 1392 mg m-2 d-1
f() =0.46
Rain= 109

Venezuela

Spain
fck = 43.24
C3A = 0.40
Cl- = 156 mg m-2 d-1
f() = 0.31
Rain = 1267.6
= 5.28

fck = 33.82
C3A = 10.72
Cl- = 166.52 mg m-2 d-1
f() = 0.67
Rain = 398
= 7.22

Chile
fck = 43.6
C3A = 6.6
Cl- = 19.26 mg m-2 d-1
f() = 0.7
Rain = 500
= 13.4

PROJECT XV.3
DURACON