Seismic Response Coefficient

S
S

0.1S I C =
R / I T (R / I )
DS

D1

D1

Seismic Design Category E and F:

S
S
0.5S
C =

R/I
R / I T (R / I )
1

DS

D1

66

Response Modification Factor, R

Q

Basis:
O
O
O

S
S

R / I
T ( RR / I )
DS

D 1

Ductility
Damping
System Redundancy

Special Moment Resisting Frame - Steel (SMRF)

8.0

Special Moment Resisting Frame - Reinforced Conc. (SMRF)

8.0

Ordinary Reinforced Shear Walls (ORSW)

5.5

Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame Steel (OMRFS)

4.0

Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames (ORCMF)

3.0

Ordinary Plain Masonry Shear Walls (OPMSW)

1.5
67
Table 5.2.2

Response Modification Factor, R

Seismic Reponse Coefficient

Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs

1.0000
0.9000

Elastic Spectrum

0.8000
0.7000

OPMSW (R=1.5)
ORCMF (R=3.0)

0.6000
0.5000

OMRFS (R=4)
ORSW (R=5.5)

0.4000
0.3000

SMRF (R=8)

0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Period, Seconds

68

Structural Framing Systems

Moment Resisting Frame.
A structural system with an
essentially complete space frame provides support for
gravity loads. Moment Resisting frames provide resistance
to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.

Bearing Wall System.

A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying
space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support
for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames.

69

Structural Framing Systems

Dual System
A structural system with the following features:
Q
An essentially complete space frame which provides support
for gravity loads,
Q
Resistance to lateral load is provided by a especially
detailed moment-resisting frame (steel or concrete) which is
capable of resisting at least 25% of base shear.
Q
The two system shall be designed to resist the total lateral
load in proportion to their relative rigidities.

Building Frame System

A structural system an essentially complete space frame providing
support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames.

70

Fundamental Period, T
C
Q

S
S

R / I
TT ( R / I )
DS

D 1

Method of calculation
O

Rayleigh
others

As T, Fundamental period of
vibration, increases, Cs and
therefore, base shear, V, decreases
Design spectrum is constant at low

71

Fundamental Period, T
C

T =C h
a

=
3/4

S
S

R / I
TT ( R / I )
DS

D 1

5.3.2.1-4

CT
CT
CT

=
=
=

0.035 for steel MRF

0.030 for concrete MRF
0.030 for steel EBF

CT

0.020 for other building systems

= 0 .1 N

12 stories and
10 ft story height

5.3.3.1-2

72

Measured Periods

73

Fundamental Period, T
C
Q

S
S

R / I
TT ( R / I )

If T is calculated, T used
to determine Cs is limited
by

C uT a

DS

D 1

Design Spectral
Response Acceleration at 1 second, SD1

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

Cu

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.7
74
Table 5.3.3

Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

F =C V
x

vx

C =
vx

5.3.4-1

wh
x

wh

T
0.5
2.5

hx

5.3.4-2

i =1

Fx

K
1.0
2.0

V
Interpolate
75

9 @ 13 ft

Determine the NEHRP-97

design seismic forces for a
nine-story ductile moment
resisting steel-frame
office building located in
Memphis, Tennessee on
Soil Site Class D. The
story heights are all 13 ft;
the plan area is 100 ft by
170 ft. The total dead load
is 100 lb/ft2 at all levels.

Elevation

Plan
100 ft

Example

170 ft

Example (contd)
S = 1.40
S

S = 0.42
D

Table 4.1.2.4a

F = 1 .0

Table 4.1.2.4b

F = 1 .6

S = F S = 1 .0 1 .4 = 1 .4
MS

M1

= F S = 1.6 0.42 = 0.67

v

2
2
S DS = S MS = (1.4) = 0.93
3
3
2
2
S = S = ( 0.67 ) = 0.45
3
3
D1

M1

R = 8 Special Steel Moment Resisting Frame

T = 0.035 ( h )
a

3/ 4

= 0.035 (117 )

3/ 4

= 1.25 Seconds

Seismic Design Category

Equation 5.3.3.1-1

D from Tables 4.2.1a and 4.2.1b

S
S
C =

R / I
T (R / I )
0 . 45
0 . 93
C =
= 0 . 093
= 0 . 05625
1 . 25 ( 8 / 1 . 25 )
8 / 1 . 25
DS

D 1

S
R / I
= 0 . 1 0 . 45 1 . 25 = 0 . 05625

= 0 .1 S

Therefore,

D 1

= 0 . 05625

Example (contd)

F = C V = 0.05625 (15,300) = 861kips

x

vx

C =
vx

wh
x

wh
i =1

5.3.4-1

5.3.4-2

T
0.5
2.5

1.25 0.50
k = 1.0 + 1.0
= 1.375
2.5 0.5

K
1.0
2.0

Interpolate

79

Example (contd)
Level

h_x

W_x

hx^1.375

w_i*h-i

Cvx

Fx

Vx

Mx

117

1700

697.8

1186327.2

0.233

200.2

200.2

2603

104

1700

593.5

1008950.3

0.198

170.3

370.5

7419

91

1700

493.9

839712.9

0.165

141.7

512.2

14078

78

1700

399.6

679327.2

0.133

114.6

626.9

22227

65

1700

311.0

528694.5

0.104

89.2

716.1

31536

52

1700

228.8

389003.5

0.076

65.7

781.7

41698

39

1700

154.1

261916.4

0.051

44.2

825.9

52435

26

1700

88.2

149981.4

0.029

25.3

851.2

63501

13

1700

34.0

57825.7

0.011

9.8

861.0

74694

15300

3001.0

5101739.1

1.000

861.0

Summation

80

Orthogonal Loads
Category
A
B
C

Procedure
N.A.
Neglect Seismic forces may be applied separately
in each of two orthogonal directions.

5.2.6.3.1

D
E,F

5.2.6.4.1

Apply in critical direction

or
100% x-direction 30% y-direction
100% y-direction 30% x-direction
81

Load Combinations

ASCE7-95, Sect 2.3.2

1 . 1 .4 D
2. 1.2( D + F + T ) + 1.6( L + H ) + 0.5( L or S or R )
r

3. 1.2 D + 1.6( L or S or R ) + ( f L or 0.8W )

1

4. 1.2 D + 1.3W + f L + 0.5( L or S or R )

1

5 . 1 .2 D + 1 .0 E + f L + 0 .2 S
1

6.

0.9 D + (1.3W or 1.0 E )

f1

=
=

1.0 for floors in garages and places of public assembly and

for floor loads in excess of 100 pounds per square foot;
0.5 for other live loads
load due to the weight and
Lateral pressure of soil and water in soil

live load

Lr =
S =
W =

roof live load

snow load
wind load
82

Combination of Load Effects

Q

5.2.7

The effects on the structure and its components due to gravity

loads and seismic forces shall be combined in accordance with the
factored load combinations as presented in ASCE 7-95 except that
the effect of seismic loads, E, shall be defined as:
O

The effect of seismic load E defined below as for load

combinations in which the effects of gravity loads and seismic
loads are additive (+) or for load combinations in which the
effects of gravity counteract seismic load (-)

E = QE 0.2S DS D

83

Combination of Load Effects

5.2.7

E = QE 0.2S DS D
E
SDS
D
QE

= the effect of horizontal and

vertical earthquake induced forces,
= the design spectral response acceleration
at short periods,
= the effect of dead load,
= the effect of horizontal seismic forces, and
= the reliability factor.

84

Reliability Factor,
Q

Added to encourage redundancy in lateral load

resisting systems.
This added redundancy will provide multiple load
paths in structure prior to formation of failure
mechanism

85

Reliability Factor,
Q

5.2.4

Seismic Categories A, B, and C

= 1.0
Q

Seismic Category D

= 2

20
r

maxx

Ax =

the floor in square feet of the diaphragm

level immediately above the story.

1.0 1.5
86

rmax
rmax= the ratio of story shear resisted by the single
element carrying the most shear force in the story
to the total story shear, for a given direction of
loading.
rmax= maximum element shear / story shear
For moment frames, maximum element shear is the summation
of the shear in any two adjacent columns in the plane of a
moment frame. If a column is common to two bays with
moment resisting connections on opposite sides at the level
under consideration, 70% of the shear in the common column
is used.
87

rmax
For braced frames, the value of rmax is equal to the
lateral force component in the most heavily loaded
brace element divided by the story shear.
For shear walls, maximum element shear is equal to
te maximum value of the the product of the wall
shear multiplied by 10/lw, where lw is the wall length
in feet.

88

Example - Braced Frame

For a braced frame, the element-story shear ratio is determined
as shown below.
Assuming that each brace resists the seismic shear equally,
the maximum element-story shear ratio is:

maxx

= 0.5

30

20
= 2
=1.06
0.5 3060

V/2

60

V/2

Brace
89

Example

maxx

= 0.33

20
= 2
= 0.57 Use 1.0
0.33 3060
Special Moment

30

Resisting Frame

60

V/6
V/3
V/3
V/6
90

Example

maxx

= 0.5 10 / l = 5 /100 = 0.05

w

100

20

20
= 2
= 2 2.83
0.05 100 200
=1
mimmum

V/2
Shear Wall
V/2
91

Load Combination - Ultimate Strength Design

75

Determine the maximum and minimum

ultimate strength design loads acting on
the column footings of the special MRF
shown here. Frames are 25 feet on
center, the floor live load is 125 lb/ft2
and the roof live load is 20 lb/ft2.
Neglect any reduction of live load due to
supported area. Use SDs = 1.0.

= 21.56 /(3 21.56) = 0.33

20
= 0.44
= 2
0.33 2075
use =1.0
E = Q E 0 . 2 S DS D

16.17 k 32.34 k
154.6 k

32.34 k

20

10 k

154.6 k

62.5 k

Dead
Load

Live
Load

16.17 k
21.56 k

15

maxx

10.78 k

15

Seismic
Load

32.34 k

92

Load Combination - Ultimate Strength Design

Contd
The force in one column due to the effects of vertical
acceleration is:

0.2S D = 0.2 1.0 (154.6 + 154.6) / 2 = 30.9

DS

kips

The force in one column due to the effects of horizontal

acceleration is:

Q = ( F h ) / B
Fx
hx

=
=
=

width of frame
design lateral force at level x
height above base to level x

Q =1.0(21.56 30+10.7815) / 20
E

= 40.4

kips

20

21.56 k

15

10.78 k

15

Seismic
Load

32.34 k

93

Load Combination - Ultimate Strength Design

Contd
The force in one column due to
the effects of dead load is

D = (W ) / 2
Dx

WDx

= dead load at level x

D = (2 154.2) / 2
= 154.6 kips

The force in one column due to

the effects superimposed roof load

L =W / 2
r

Wr

The force in one column due to

the effects superimposed floor load

L = (W ) / 2
Lx

WLx

= floor live load at level x

L = (62.5) / 2
= 31.25 kips
154.6 k

10 k

154.6 k

62.5 k

Dead
Load

Live
Load

= roof live load

L = (10) / 2 = 5 kips
r

94

Load Combinations

ASCE7-95, Sect 2.3.2

2 . 1 .2 D + 1 .6 L + 0 .5 L

1.2(154 .6) + 1.6(31 .25 ) + 0.5(5) = 138 .2

kips

5 . 1 .2 D + 1 .0 E + f L = 1 .2 D + 1 .0 ( Q + 0 .2 S D ) + 1 .0 L
1

DS

1.2(154 .6) + 1.0(1.0 40 .4 + 30 .9) + 1.0(31 .25 ) = 288

6.

kips
Governs

0 .9 D 1 .0 E = 0 .9 D 1 .0 ( Q + 0 .2 S D )
E

DS

0.9(154 .6) 1.0(1.0 40 .4 + 30 .9) = 67 .8

kips

Governs
95

Inelastic Force-Deformation Curve

Elastic Response of Structure

Successive
Yield Hinges

96

Torsion

5.3.5.3

For category C, D, E, and F with Type 1 Torsional

Irregularities:

T = M + M =V e +V (0.05D)
t

ta

T = M + AM
t

A =
1.2

max

Mt=
Mta=
max=
avg=

ta

avg

3.0

5.3.5.3

Torsional Moment
Accidental Torsional Moment

Maximum Displacement at level x

Average of displ at extreme pts of
the structure at level x
97

Torsion
Base shear of the moment frame

V
Ve d
V =R

R + R Rd
x

Rigidity of frames are designated by R.

For this figure RD = RB and RA = RC
Torsion Vx eT is resisted by the rigidity of all frames
98

Overturning
Top
10
floors
10
floors

= 1.0
= 1.0

= 0.8

M = F (h h )
x

i=x

5.3.6

Foundation
use =0.75 for all floors

= 0.8
99

Reason for
Q

NEHRP 97 - Commentary - Section 5.3.6

The distribution of design story shears over height computed from the lateral forces
is intended to provide an envelope since the shear in all stories do not attain their
maximum simultaneously. Thus, the overturning moments computed statistically from
the envelope of story shears will be overestimated.
It is intended that the design shear envelope to be conservative. If the shear in a
specific story is close to the exact value, the shears in almost all other stories almost
necessarily overestimated. Hence, the overturning moments statically consistent with
the design story shears will be overestimated.
Under the action of overturning moments, one edge of the foundation may lift from
the ground for short duration of time. Such behavior leads to substantial reduction in
seismic forces, and consequently, in the overturning moment.

100

Overturning

Intended ductile response

Why ductile detailing if you can use it?
Possible brittle failure

Rocking Response:
Large displacements
Low energy dissipation
Compatibility problems with
the rest of the structure

101

Rayleighs Method for Determining Period

Since the deflection has been determined for the preliminary design, a
more accurate T may be computed using Rayleigh's method as:
F3

T = 2

F2

w
i

i =1

T CT
u

g F
i =1

F1

where:
n = number of floors
Wi = weight of each floor (kips)
di = deflection of each floor relative
to base of structure
g = 32.2 ft/sec2
Fi = lateral force at each level (kips)
102

Drift
=
C
=
I
xT

xB

xe

Cd =
xe =

Deflection Modification Factor

Deflection determined by an elastic analysis

EBF (Mom. Resisting Connections, at columns away from Links)

Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
Special Masonry Moment Frames
Special Moment Resisting Frame - Steel
Special Moment Resisting Frame - Reinforced Conc.
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame Steel

4
4
5
5 1/2
5 1/2
3 1/2

103

Drift
Q

Verify that building elements can accommodate

interstory drift,
Verify that control joints and clearances to
adjacent structures can accommodate total
displacement,
Consider P-Delta if needed.

104

Allowable Story Drift

S
S

T CuTa N.A.
R / I
TT ( R / I )
If T rather than Ta is used in calculating x, the limit of the T < CuTa does
not apply. This implies that deflection is not as critical as strength.
C

DS

D 1

Table 5.2.8

105

Example (contd)
Allowable interstory displacements: Seismic Use
Group II

= 0.020 h = 0.020 (13 12 ) = 3.12 in

a

sx

C = 5.5
d

C
5.5
=
=
= 4.4
I
1.25
d

xe

xe

xe

3.12

= 0.709 in
4 .4
106

P-Delta Effects
If

0.10

neglect

if the stability coefficient, is greater than max, the

structure will be unstable

max

0.5
=
0.25
C
d

107

P-Delta Effects

If

0.10 < <

max

drift including P-delta effect will be

=
1
eff

108

P-Delta Effects
If

0.10 < <

max

V = V (1 + a )
xm

a =
d

An acceptable P-delta analysis is as follows:

O

Multiply the shear, Vxm, at each floor by (1+ad) and

recalculate story shears, overturning moments, and other
seismic effects using Vxm.

This is not necessary if a computer program is used which take into

account P-delta effects.
109

Steps in Design
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

Select Preliminary Members

Calculate weight of structure, W
Calculate total seismic base shear, V, utilizing acceleration
response spectrum, W and T
Distribute base shear to structure as a series of static forces and
perform a stress analysis and determine drift
Check resulting stresses, displacements, and stability
Satisfy specific special design and detailing requirements based on
seismic performance category
Overturning demand is based on lateral loads that are less than
ultimate of lateral load resisting system

110