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Welded connections.
The calculation is intended for the geometrical design and strength control of statically loaded welded
connections of machine structures manufactured from carbon steels. The program enables you to design over 50
of the most common types of welded connections stressed by various combinations of load. The calculation deals
with the following tasks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Theory - Fundamentals.
The welded connections are solid, non-detachable connections based on the principle of local melting of
connected parts using heat or pressure. The joining of components proper may be achieved technically using two
methods:
Fusion welding (arc, flame, plasma, laser, thermite, electroslag, ... welding)
The weld is a result of local melting of the material of connected parts, and usually also filler metal, without
pressure.
Pressure welding (resistance, induction, ultrasonic, friction, explosion, ... welding)
After melting in, the components join in the contact spot using mechanical pressure or impacts.
An optimum result of the welding process should be a weld with mechanical properties similar as far as possible
to the properties of the basic material. According to their function, we can divide welds into:
This program is designed for the calculation of statically loaded welded connections of machinery structures
manufactured from carbon steels, for working temperatures ranging from -20 to 150C. The program enables
you to perform geometrical design and strength checks of force connections with the most common types of
fusion welds and connections with spot resistance welds. The calculation does not consider the sudden formation
of fragile fractures, change in material properties due to temperature, impact of own tensions or concentration of
stress in the weld.
An accurate theoretical solution to force and strength conditions is an extremely complicated problem for welded
connections, even for welds with simple shapes. That is why common technical calculations are based on a range
of conventions and simplified premises. In view of the strength checks, welded parts are usually considered a
single compact part with a dangerous spot (section) in the welded area. On the grounds that there is an even
distribution of stress in the active weld section, only theoretical rated stress in the specified section is specified
for the respective load, regardless of the technological workmanship of the weld or potential internal tension. For
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When selecting the safety coefficient "FS", it is necessary to consider the specific factors of welded connections
in addition to the general principles used to specify the safety coefficients. The required safety degree should
respect all the facts that were not considered in the calculation of rated stresses (technological workmanship of
weld, weld quality, internal tension, weld homogeneity, shape and finish of weld surface, weld reinforcement,
ignites and penetrations, etc.). Last but not least, the direction of stress and the anisotropic properties of material
in the weld must also be considered. Different weld material properties in the vertical and horizontal direction
result in differing values of the safety coefficient depending on the type, workmanship and load type of the
welded connection.
From the above mentioned, it is obvious that the most complicated task in strength checks of the welded
connection applies to the proper choice of safety coefficient. General procedures for setting safety coefficients
can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety", while specific recommendations regarding welded
connections are given at the end of the chapter. The procedures to specify the rated stress for individual types of
welds are detailed in the following paragraphs.
Butt welds.
Butt welds originate in the joint gap of connected parts and are usually used as load-bearing, force welds. In
order to achieve perfect workmanship of the welds, it is usually necessary to perform modification of the contact
surfaces of the connected parts. The method of welded surface treatment is set by the workmanship of the
connection, the thickness of the welded parts, the welding method and the accessibility of the welded spot.
When designing and performing the strength checks of welded connections, the weldment with a butt weld is
considered as a solid component with a dangerous spot in the area of the weld. The load-bearing weld section
will be the basic characteristic of the connection for the assessment of its load-bearing capacity.
In the calculation of butt welds, the type of welds (method of weld surface treatment) or potential weld root
reweldment are not considered. The load-bearing section of the butt weld is then specified only by its thickness
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Hint: This program is provided with the function of automatic effective weld length calculation - see the switch
on line [2.6].
When specifying permissible stresses, the anisotropic properties of the material in the area of the weld must be
considered. Different properties of the material result in differing values of permissible stress of the weld in the
normal and parallel direction.
For connections stressed by combined load, the resulting "equivalent" stress in the weld is specified from the
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relation:
which for
The following table specifies the relations used in the calculation of rated stresses (for respective load and
workmanship of the connection):
Load
Tensile/Press.
Shear
Bend
Bend
Twist
Tensile
Tensile/Press.
Shear
Bend
Tensile/Press.
Shear
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Bend
Twist
where:
a .... weld throat thickness [mm, in]
Aw ... weld throat area [mm2, in2]
D .... tube diameter [mm, in]
.... weld angle []
F .... acting force [N, lb]
Fn ... normal force [N, lb]
Fs ... shear force [N, lb]
L .... effective weld length [mm, in]
M .... bending moment [N mm, lb in]
... normal stress vertical to the weld direction [MPa, psi]
The other, less appropriate solution method applies to the use of the normal calculation of butt welds with the
weld throat thickness "2a" and adequately increased safety degree.
Connections with combined welds:
Connections with a combined butt and fillet weld are usually handled as butt welds with the weld throat
(efficient) thickness "a".
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where for:
In strength checks of fillet welds, the rectangle lying in the centre plane dividing the weld section into two
identical parts is considered the dangerous (load-bearing) weld section. The dimensions of the load-bearing
section of a fillet weld are specified by its thickness "a" and length "L".
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Note: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended methods
of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found at the end of this chapter.
Weld throat thickness:
The fillet weld throat thickness "a" is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld
section without penetration.
Recommendation: The fillet weld thickness is chosen depending on the used material and thickness of the
welded parts. As the information regarding the recommended weld thickness given in the literature differs
significantly, follow the company procedures in choosing the weld thickness. In order to specify the approximate
minimum thickness of the fillet weld, the following informative relation can be used for the steel strength
Rm370..420 MPa:
with tmin for thickness of the thinner of the connected materials. For steels with higher strength (Rm520 MPa),
the weld thickness should be approx. 1 to 2 mm higher.
Effective weld length:
In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are formed. They result in weakening of the section at the
weld's beginning and end. The effective weld length will then be smaller than the actual length (reduced by a
worse-quality weld beginning and end). For more accurate calculations, we therefore recommend controlling the
load-bearing capacity of welds only for that part (length) of the weld that has a rated section. A common method
of specifying the effective length "L" depending on the weld workmanship is shown schematically in the picture.
Hint: This program is provided with a function of automatic effective weld length calculation - see the switch on
line [3.12] or [4.12].
Recommendation: The length of the fillet weld should range between 5a< L< 70a. For longer welds, it is more
practical to use an intermittent weld. For very long welds (150a<L<400a) stressed in the weld direction, it is
necessary, for the sake of calculation, to perform correction of the effective weld length using the coefficient:
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When specifying permissible stresses, the anisotropic properties of the material in the area of the weld must be
considered. Different properties of the material result in differing values of permissible stress of the weld in the
normal and parallel direction.
A common method of handling welds with fillet welds is further presented in a typical example of connecting a
beam using a double-sided fillet weld.
Depending on the acting load, we can use the following relations to specify the individual components of stress at
point "A" of the weld:
- load with normal force Fz:
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where:
Aw ... weld throat area [mm2, in2]
Iw ... moment of inertia of the weld [mm4, in4]
Jw ... polar moment of inertia of the weld [mm4, in4]
which for
The sectional properties for the selected basic shapes of weld groups can be found in the following table. In
order to specify the polar moment of inertia of the weld, you can use the following relation:
Shape
Aw [mm2, in2]
Page 10 of 30
where:
a .... weld throat thickness [mm, in]
B .... width of weld group [mm, in]
D .... weld diameter [mm, in]
H .... height of weld group [mm, in]
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These welds are not suitable for the joining of thicker plates and are usually used for thinner plates up to approx.
15 mm thick. In view of the stress, slot welds are more preferable due to the better quality of penetration of the
weld root. A better quality of the weld, i.e. better strength characteristic of the joint, can be achieved by sloped
walls of openings.
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The sizes of calculated weld surfaces Aw are specified for both weld types in the table:
Plug welds
Slot welds
Base area of
weld
[mm2, in2]
Circumferential
area [mm2, in2]
where:
F .... acting force [N, lb]
d .... plug weld diameter, or slot weld width [mm, in]
i ..... number of welds
L .... slot weld length [mm, in]
s .... plate thickness [mm, in]
Spot (resistance) welds.
Spot resistance welds are usually used to connect thin plates and thin-walled parts. They are especially very
useful in lot production. The connections with spot welds are not very appropriate for transferring high forces. In
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view of the type of stress, we distinguish two basic types of connections with spot welds:
- connections with welds stressed in shear (lap joints)
- connections with welds stressed in tear (by tension)
In technical practice, not more than 3 parts with maximum total thickness up to approx. 15 mm are allowed to be
joined for connections with resistance welds. The thickness ratio for individual parts should not exceed 1:3. The
welds should be positioned towards the external force so that they are always only stressed in shear. Spot welds
stressed in tension have significantly lower load-bearing capacity, which is why their use is not recommended.
Lap welds can be made as single-shear or double-shear. A minimum of 2 and maximum of 5 spot connections
should be located in the direction of acting force.
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where:
Awa ... area of the spot weld section [mm2, in2]
Awc ... cylindrical area of the weld [mm2, in2]
F .... acting force [N, lb]
d .... spot weld diameter [mm, in]
i ..... number of welds
s .... plate thickness [mm, in]
Safety of welded connections, used calculation methods.
An accurate theoretical solution to force and strength conditions is an extremely complicated problem for welded
connections, even for welds with simple shapes. That is why common technical calculations are based on a range
of conventions and simplified premises. That logically results in certain disagreement between the solution
models commonly used in practice. That is why the program is provided with an option to select from three
different calculation methods.
Although all three specified methods use almost a similar way of theoretical handling of tension in the examined
spot of the weld, they differ in the method of evaluating the total load-bearing capacity of the designed
connection. That is why each calculation method operates with its own safety rate differing in quality. The choice
of an appropriate method will then depend on the user's specific requirements and experience.
The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of individual calculation methods.
The required safety of the weld stress is then the ratio between the value of the yield strength of the basic
material and the value of the maximum admissible stress of the specific weld.
This method is disadvantageous due to the rather complicated procedure in specifying the suitable safety rate
minimum value. In addition to the common (qualitative) criteria, specific factors of the specific welded connection
(type, workmanship and the way of connection load) must be considered when choosing the required safety. The
required safety for the yield strength "FSy" is then defined as the product of two safety coefficients FSy = FS1 *
FS2.
Safety coefficient FS1:
Depends on the direction of the acting stress and the anisotropic properties of the material in the examined weld
spot. Its value should also consider the technological weld parameters. With respect to the type, workmanship
and the way of connection load, it is chosen from the range 1 to 2.
Safety coefficient FS2:
It considers qualitative parameters. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection
importance, production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.
Hint 1: You can find the informative values for the choice of safety coefficients FS1 and FS2 in chapter [1.3] of
the Help.
Hint 2: This method is suitable for experienced users who are able to perform a sound design of the required
safety degree depending on the specific type, workmanship and load of the welded joint.
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Depending on the acting stress, the resulting comparative stress will be specified for the respective conversion
coefficients "" from the following relations:
- in linear state of stress
The strength checks of the weld are then performed by comparison of the calculated comparative stress to the
yield strength of the basic material. Regardless of the type, workmanship or the way of load of the welded joint,
we can describe the condition of load-bearing capacity using a single relation:
The required safety against the yields point "FSy" will consider only the qualitative parameters of the welded
connection for this method. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection importance,
production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.
Hint 1: You can find the informative values for the choice of safety coefficient FSy in chapter [1.5] of the Help.
The values of the predefined conversion coefficient may be adjusted in paragraph [3.1] on the sheet "Options".
Hint 2: This method is especially suitable for less experienced users. Its use may be advantageous in case of a
comparative calculation when several designed solutions with a different type of weld need to be compared.
As the required safety level is usually already included in the value of the prescribed permissible stress, the
applied safety degree "FS" is used as an auxiliary quantity and only describes a certain degree of "overdimensioning" of the designed connection. The safety value "FS" will then depend on the procedure applied by
the user in order to define the permissible stress, and it is usually FS1.
Hint 1: Some values of permissible stresses that are specified in professional literature are derived for a different
Page 16 of 30
methodology of comparative stresses calculation. That is why this method enables variable behaviour of the
calculation. Set the basic parameters for the calculation of comparative stresses in paragraph [3.10] on the sheet
"Options".
Hint 2: Use this method if you need to check the load-bearing capacity of the welded connection for known
(rated) permissible connection stress.
Process of calculation.
A typical calculation / connection design includes the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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spot. Its value should also consider the technological weld parameters.
Information values for the choice of safety coefficient FS1:
Butt welds
- subject to compression
1
- subject to tension / bending
1 ... 1.2
- subject to shear
1.4 ... 1.5
1.5 ... 2
1.5
2
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Page 19 of 30
quantity and only describes a certain degree of "over-dimensioning" of the designed connection. The safety value
"FS" will then depend on the procedure applied by the user in order to define the permissible stress, and it is
usually FS1.
Hint 1: Some values of permissible stresses that are specified in professional literature are derived for a different
methodology of comparative stresses calculation. That is why this method enables variable behaviour of the
calculation. Set the basic parameters for the calculation of comparative stresses in paragraph [3.10] on the sheet
"Options".
Hint 2: Use this method if you need to check the load-bearing capacity of the welded connection for known
(rated) permissible connection stress.
1.9 Material of the connected parts.
This paragraph is used for the selection of suitable material for the connected parts.
The list on line [1.10] is used for selection of the required material standard. Choose the material for the
connected parts proper from the list [1.11]. The first five rows of the list is reserved for materials defined by the
user. Information and settings of proper materials can be found in the document "Workbook (calculation)
modifications". Other rows of the list include a selection of materials for the actually specified standard [1.10].
Note: In case the checkbox to the right of the selection list is enabled, the necessary parameters for the chosen
material are determined automatically. Otherwise, fill in the material characteristics manually.
1.10 Material standard.
Select the required national standard from the list to determine the joint material.
Recommendation: Most European countries are currently substituting or have already substituted the local
material standards (DIN, BS, UNI, UNE, ...) with corresponding equivalents of standards EN. Therefore we
recommend using only the appropriate European norms EN.
Butt welds originate in the joint gap of connected parts and are usually used as load-bearing, force welds. In
order to achieve perfect workmanship of the welds, it is usually necessary to perform modification of the contact
surfaces of the connected parts. The method of welded surface treatment is set by the workmanship of the
connection, the thickness of the welded parts, the welding method and the accessibility of the welded spot.
Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of connections with uniform, fully penetrated butt welds.
The recommended procedures for handling special cases of connections (partly penetrated welds, intermittent
welds, combined welds) can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
Hint: Detailed information on the butt weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
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Page 21 of 30
material.
Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended
methods of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found in the theoretical
part of the Help.
1. On line [3.1] choose the required connection type (form of weld group).
In paragraph [3.2] set all required connection dimensions.
In paragraph [3.11] set the respective parameters for the connection and calculation.
Check the appropriate check boxes in paragraph [3.15] to set the respective load combination. Specify the
values of selected loads.
If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on line [3.26].
Check the calculated safety of the designed connection on line [3.31].
If you want to optimize the connection dimensions or the designed connection does not comply with the
strength checks, use the "min" buttons in paragraph [3.2] to find the suitable connection dimensions.
If you want to establish the maximum admissible load for the respective connection, use the "max"
button in paragraph [3.15].
Hint: Detailed information on the fillet weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
3.1 Form of weld group.
Use a switch with the respective picture to choose the required type of connection (form of weld group).
Note: The switches marked with a blue weld in the picture (connections no. 17, 18 and 36) are used for the
calculation of connections without closer details regarding the form of weld group. For a connection with a form
of weld group that is not axial symmetric (connection no. 18) we recommend performing the check of stress in
the respective weld area (the most distant from the centre of gravity) gradually in all four quadrants.
3.2 Dimensions of the connection.
Use this paragraph to set all required connection dimensions.
Hint 1: You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld dimensions in the theoretical
part of the Help.
Hint 2: After any of the "min" buttons located to the right of the input fields are pressed, the program will find
the minimum suitable value of the respective dimension for the respective load, selected material and required
connection safety.
3.3 Weld throat thickness.
The fillet weld throat thickness is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld
section without penetration.
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Hint: The minimum fillet weld thickness is usually chosen depending on the used material and the thickness of
the welded parts. You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld thickness in the
theoretical part of the Help.
3.8 Standard profiles.
This paragraph is used to enable the setting (automatic completion) of the respective dimensions of the
connection [3.2] for connections with welded on beams with standardized profiles.
Page 23 of 30
Double-shear connection:
Fillet welds loaded in the plane perpendicular to the connection plane (Tjoints). [4]
Fillet welds are located along the wedge-shaped edge of connected parts and their basic cross-section includes
an isosceles rectangular triangle. They are usually used for load-bearing, force welds in T-shape connections,
cross-butt connections, angle connections and for lap joints. The welded parts do not need shape adjustment.
For statically loaded connections, usually a flat weld is used, while a concave weld is more appropriate for
dynamically loaded connections, as it has lower notch effects.
This part of the calculation is used for the geometrical design and strength checks of fillet weld connections
Page 24 of 30
loaded in the plane perpendicular to the connection plane. A typical example of such connections is the
connection of beams to the base plate (T-connection).
Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended
methods of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found in the theoretical
part of the Help.
1. On line [4.1] choose the required connection type (form of weld group).
In paragraph [4.2] set all required connection dimensions.
In paragraph [4.11] set the respective parameters for the connection and calculation.
Check the appropriate check boxes in paragraph [4.14] to set the respective load combination. Specify the
values of selected loads.
If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on line [4.26].
Check the calculated safety of the designed connection on line [4.29].
If you want to optimize the connection dimensions or the designed connection does not comply with the
strength checks, use the "min" buttons in paragraph [4.2] to find the suitable connection dimensions.
If you want to establish the maximum admissible load for the respective connection, use the "max"
button in paragraph [4.14].
Hint: Detailed information on the fillet weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
4.1 Form of weld group.
Use a switch with the respective picture to choose the required type of connection (form of weld group).
Note: The switches marked with a blue weld in the picture (connections no. 25 and 26) are used for the
calculation of connections without closer details regarding the form of weld group.
4.2 Dimensions of the connection.
Use this paragraph to set all required connection dimensions.
Hint 1: You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld dimensions in the theoretical
part of the Help.
Hint 2: After any of the "min" buttons located to the right of the input fields are pressed, the program will find
the minimum suitable value of the respective dimension for the respective load, selected material and required
connection safety.
4.3 Weld throat thickness.
The fillet weld throat thickness is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld
section without penetration.
Hint: The minimum fillet weld thickness is usually chosen depending on the used material and the thickness of
the welded parts. You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld thickness in the
theoretical part of the Help.
4.8 Standard profiles.
This paragraph is used to enable the setting (automatic completion) of the respective dimensions of the
connection [4.2] for connections with welded on beams with standardized profiles.
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1. Choose the required profile type (standard) from the drop-down menu [4.9].
2. Choose the respective profile dimension from list [4.10].
3. Press the "<" button in the left part of the list to transfer the dimensions of the selected profile to the
input fields of paragraph [4.2].
Note: This paragraph is only functional for the selected forms of weld groups matching the standardized profiles.
4.12 Effective weld length.
In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are formed. They result in weakening of the section at the
weld's beginning and end. The effective weld length will then be smaller than the actual length (reduced by a
worse-quality weld beginning and end). For more accurate calculations, we therefore recommend controlling the
load-bearing capacity of welds only for that part (length) of the weld that has a rated section.
Check this switch in order to consider only the effective weld length during the strength checks of the connection.
The program will set the effective length automatically from the specified dimensions. If the check box is
unchecked, the load-bearing capacity of the weld will be calculated directly for the dimensions of the connection
set in paragraph [4.2].
Recommendation: The calculations using the effective length for the weld control err to the side of safety.
Therefore, the switch should preferably be on constantly. Exceptions include cases when the weld is provided
with special treatment (see the figure) or if it is impossible to use the automatic calculation for the effective
length setting (e.g. for intermittent welds).
As is obvious from the picture, the stress in the upper weld acts in the direction of the tear of the beam and has
the character of tensile stress. The stress in the lower weld will then have the character of compression stress. In
the welds symmetrical along the neutral axis, the value of both stresses will be the same; in the asymmetrical
welds, the values of compression stress may be higher. In view of the load-bearing capacity of the welded
connection, however, the tensile stress is usually more important for beams connected in that way.
In normal calculation, the program assesses the maximum calculated stress regardless of its direction during the
strength checks. By checking this switch, you will suppress the check of compression (negative) stresses. During
the strength checks, the program will assess only the tensile (positive) stress.
Note: This parameter is insignificant for welds symmetrical along the neutral axis.
4.14 Loading of the connection.
Check the appropriate check boxes to the left of this paragraph to set the respective weld load combination.
Specify the size for the selected loads.
Hint: If you want to establish the maximum permissible load for the respective connection, use the "max"
button located to the right of the respective input field.
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Plug and slot welds are usually used for lap joints. They are not suitable for the transfer of high forces and are
especially not suitable for dynamically loaded connections. The connection is formed by the weld on walls of
circular or oval openings and in the contact surface of the adjoining part. Plugs and slots of small dimensions are
usually fully filled with the weld.
These welds are not suitable for the joining of thicker plates and are usually used for thinner plates up to approx.
15 mm thick. In view of the stress, slot welds are more preferable due to the better quality of penetration of the
weld root. A better quality of the weld, i.e. better strength characteristic of the joint, can be achieved by sloped
walls of openings.
Hint: Detailed information on the plug weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
5.1 Connection type.
Choose the required type of connection from the drop-down menu.
Page 27 of 30
Spot resistance welds are usually used to connect thin plates and thin-walled parts. They are especially very
useful in lot production. The connections with spot welds are not very appropriate for transferring high forces. In
view of the type of stress, we distinguish two basic types of connections with spot welds:
- connections with welds stressed in shear (lap joints)
- connections with welds stressed in tear (by tension)
In technical practice, not more than 3 parts with maximum total thickness up to approx. 15 mm are allowed to be
joined for connections with resistance welds. The thickness ratio for individual parts should not exceed 1:3. The
welds should be positioned towards the external force so that they are always only stressed in shear. Spot welds
stressed in tension have significantly lower load-bearing capacity, which is why their use is not recommended.
Lap welds can be made as single-shear or double-shear. A minimum of 2 and maximum of 5 spot connections
should be located in the direction of acting force.
Page 28 of 30
Hint: Detailed information on the spot weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.
6.1 Connection type.
Check the switch with the respective image to select the required connection type.
6.2 Dimensions of the connection.
Use this paragraph to set all required connection dimensions.
Hint 1: You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld dimensions in the theoretical
part of the Help.
Hint 2: After any of the "min" buttons located to the right of the input fields are pressed, the program will find
the minimum suitable value of the respective dimension for the respective load, selected material and required
connection safety.
6.6 Loading of the connection.
Set the appropriate value for the connection loading on line [6.7].
Hint: If you want to establish the maximum permissible load for the respective connection, use the "max"
button located to the right of the input field.
6.8 Strength checks of the connection.
If "Basic calculation method" or "Method of conversion coefficients" (see [1.3] or [1.5]) is used, the
strength checks of the connection are performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses
[6.11, 6.12] to the yield strength of the selected material of the connection [6.9]. If the connection is to conform,
the resulting safety against yield point [6.13] must be higher than the safety required ([1.4] or [1.6]).
If "Method of permissible stresses" (see [1.7]) is used for calculation, the strength checks of the connection
will be performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses [6.11, 6.12] to the permissible
stress [6.10]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety rate [6.13] must be higher than the safety
required [1.8].
Hint 1: You can find the minimum safety values in the respective notes for paragraph [1.2] or in the theoretical
part of the Help.
Hint 2: If the designed connection does not conform to the strength checks, you can use the respective "min"
button in paragraph [6.2] to find the suitable connection dimension.
6.10 Permissible stress.
If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used for the calculation, set the value for the permissible
stress of the connection material on this line. This value is then used for defining the safety rate [6.13] of the
designed connection.
Note: For the remaining two calculation methods (see [1.3], [1.5]), this line is only informative and the value of
the permissible stress is set automatically based on the required safety and the yield strength of the selected
material.
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Coefficient
1.00
0.85 ... 1.00
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.70
0.75 ... 1.00
0.75
0.85
0.90
1.00
0.65
0.75
0.80
0.90
0.50
0.65
0.65
0.50
which is also applied by the program in "Basic calculation method". If this relation is used, the permissible tensile
stress of the basic material is usually used to define the permissible stress in the weld section.
The first relation
is used to define the rated stresses in a butt weld section less frequently. This method is used e.g. in DIN 18800,
or for a simplified calculation method according to prEN 1993-1-8. Generally, we can say that if used, the value of
the permissible stress should be derived based on the permissible stress of the material in shear.
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which is also applied by the program in "Basic calculation method". When this relation is used, the permissible
stress in shear of the basic material is usually used to define the permissible stress in the weld section.
With respect to the established calculation convention (for the sake of the calculation, the load-bearing weld
section is reclined into the plane of connecting the parts), the literature mentions the second relation for fillet
welds only very rarely.
If you still use it, the value of the permissible stress should be derived based on the permissible tension stress of
the material.
Recommendation: This switch should not be used for cases when the total length of the welds perpendicular
to the stress direction is significantly greater than the total length of the welds parallel to the weld direction. For
such welded connections, the calculation will produce misleading results if the switch is on.
Note: This switch has no meaning for connections with welds located in only one direction.