RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology with title Introduction and Using of

Microscope which arranged by:
Nama

: Yusnira

Reg.Number

: 121 444 1 011

Class

: ICP Biology Education A

Group

: VI (Six)

Has been cheeked by assistant, and Assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, November 5th, 2012
Assistant Coordinator

M.Nur Qadri Sulaiman

Assistant

Asmayani
ID.101404170

Known by,
The Lecture of laboratorium

Drs.H.Hamka L.M.S
ID.19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The earth a lot of things that can be observed. Starting from the
formation of the Earth to the smallest detail. From an atom to a molecular
compound and large. As is the case of a cell to form an organ. That is why
people are eager to know about it. But humans have a limited ability to see.
The cells and tissues of an organ can not be seen by the naked eye. So, to see
objects that are small or microscopic use a tool called a microscope.Without
the aid of a microscope we can not observe the parts of the cell or tissue with
a clear and detailed. Microscope observations can make small objects look
larger. But the microscope there are also parts that must be known and be
noticed in order to use the microscope properly and no damage to the
microscope. Hence the need for a basic biology observation using
microscopes.
Microscope in principle consists of two, convex lenses are as objective
lens (close to body) and concave lenses are as ocular lens (near the eyes).
Both objective and eyepiece designed for different magnifications. The
objective lens is usually mounted on a spinning wheel, called a rotary handle.
Each objective lens can be rotated into place in accordance with the desired
magnification. Objective lens providing magnification system initially and
produce a real image are then projected onto the ocular lens. Real image was
magnified by the eyepiece to produce a virtual image that we see.
This observation is conducted to know the part of microscope such as
those which above and also know cell of surface of leaf.Because limitation of
eyesight of owned human being it hence emerging a named by appliance is
microscope to assist human being see microscopic object.

B.Purpose
Students skillfully using biological microscope to quickly and safely to see a
simple preparation.
C. Benefit
Knowing the use of th microscope properly so there is no fault and damage
to the microscope, we are more focused and making it easier to examine the use of
objects or not is difficult in observation.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW of LITERATURE
Microscope is an instrument that provides a mignified image of a tiny
object. We do not know whe humans firts discovered the remarkable ability of
curved-glass surfaces to bend light from images. Spectales were first made in Europe
in the thirteenth century, and the first compound (double lens) light microscope were
constructedby the end of the sixteenth century. By the mid 1600s, a handful of
pioneering scientist had used their handmade microscope to uncover a world that
would never have been revealed to the naked eye.
Meanwhile, Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutchman who earned a living
selling clothes an buttons, was spending his spare time grinding lenses and
constructing simple microscpoe of remarkable quality. For 50 years, Leeuwenhoek
sent letter to the Royal Society of London discribing his microscope observations
along with a rambling discourse on his daily habits and the state of his health.
Leeuwenhoek was the first to eximine a drop of pond water under the microscope
adn to his amazement, observe the teeming microscope animmalcules that darted
back and forth before his eyes. He was also the first do describe various forms of
bacteria, which he obtained from water which pepper han benn soaked and from
srcapings of his teeth. His initial letters to Royal Society describing this previously
unseen world were met with such skepticial that the society dispatched is curator,
Robert Hooke, to comfirm the observation. Hooke did just that, and Leeuhoek was
soon a wordwide celebrity, receiving visits in Holland from Pater the Great of Rusia
and the queen of England (Gerald, 2010).
Cells is very small. Too small to be seen with the naked eye. They were not
made visible until the seventeenth century, when the microscope was discovered
using this instrument. Light microscopes, which use visible light to illuminate
specimens, are still vital pieces of equipment in the cell biology laboratory. Although
these instruments now incorporate many sophisticated improvements, the properties
of light it self set a limit to the fineness of detail they can reveal.Electron

microscopes, invented in the 1930s, go beyond this limit by using beams of electrons
instead of beams of light as the source of illumination, greatly extending our ability
to see the fine details of cells and even making some of the larger molecules visible
individually (Bruce, 2010).
The light microscope allows us to magnify cells up to 1000 times and to
resolve details as small as 0,2 m (a limitation imposed by the wavelike nature of
light, not by the quality of the lenses). Three things are required for viewing cells in
a light microscope. First, a bright light must be focused onto the specimen by lenses
in the condensor. Second, the specimen must be carefully prepared to allow light to
pass through it. Third, an appropriate set of lenses (objective and eyepiece) must be
arranged to focus an image of the specimen in the eye (Bruce, 2010).
Electron microscopes have magnifications image of thousands to 100
thousands of times. Electrons are used instead of light to reflect object shadows.
There are two types of the electron microscope, which

Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Arman, 2007).

Microscope have a parts and each part posses function.Ocular (eyepiece)
which is at the top of the instrument, consists of two or

more internal lenses and

usually has a magnification of 10X or 15X. Serves to enlarge the image of the
objective lens (Harold, 2005).
Thumb wheel,adjust distance between oculars to match the microscopis.
Head,holds oculars.Lock screw,secures head after rotation.Arm,holds head and stage.
Revolving nosepiece,rotates objective lenses into viewing position.Objectives,three
or more objectives are usually present. Note that they are attached to a rotatable
nosepiece that makes it possible to move them into position over a slide. Function is
magnify image,usually low (10X),high (43X),and oil-immersion (97X) (Margaret,
1997).
Mechanical stage,includes slide holder and is generally graduated to help in
relocation of specimens. Mechanical-stage controls, move slide about on stage.
Stage, holds slide. Stage aperture, allows light to reach specimen. Coarse-adjustment
knob, rapidly brings specimen into

focus. Fine-adjustment knob, slowly brings

specimen into best focus. Diaphragm lever, controls amount of light entering stage

aperture. Condensor, which is located under the stage. It collects and directs the light
from the lamp to the slide being studied. The condensor can be moved up and down
by a knob under the stage. Function is focuses light on specimen and fills lens with
light. Substage (condenser) adjustment knob, raises and lowers condenser.
Base,supports microscope. Light, illuminates specimen plants (Harold, 2005).
Plants generally have many cells (multicellular) such as cell wall, plastids,
ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitocondria, etc. Same case with Allium cepa plant
that have cell wall that looked like space,the cell nucleus, cytoplasm. Hibiscus
tiliaceus have trichomes star. Cucurbita moschata has trichomes. Than Rhoeo
discolor own cytoplasm, cell wall, chloroplasts, guard cell, and neighboring cell.
Cells have a nucleus are eukaryotic cells and each cell has a membrane is called the
plasm membrane and the area in which is called cytoplasm (Anonymous, 2012).

CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A.Time and Place

Day / Date

: Wednesday, October 24th 2012

Time

: At 09.10 10.50 am

Place

: Biology Laboratory, third floor east Mathematics and

Science Faculty State University of Makassar

B.Tools and Materials

1.Tools provided by the laboratory
a.Biological microscope
b. Toolbox contains:
1) Glass objects
2) Glass cover
3) Pipette hand
2. Equipment provided by student
a. New blade
b. New flannel fabric
c. Cotton cloth
d. Picture books and pencils
3. Materials provided by the laboratory
a. Distilled water
b. Cotton
4. Materials supplied by student
a. Shallot ( Allium cepa )
b. Spade leaf ( Hibiscus tiliaceus )
c.Pumpkin leaf ( Cucurbita moschata )
d.Adam hawa leaf (Rhoeo discolor)

C. Work Procedure
1. Prepared microscope
a. Microscope put on the desk.

b. The body of microscope cleaned with a flannel cloth.

c. The toolbox opened, the cup containing the stained glass object and glass
cover. The glass body cleaned with cotton cloth.
d. Just microscope, toolbox with contains, guide books , record and material
for practicum, on the desk. The other removed to other places that have
been provided.
2.Log set its light into tube
a. Mirror microscope navigated to the light source. The diaphragm or rotaty
plate opened. Microscope with condenser be positioned close to the
preparation table and use a flat mirror. For microscope without
condensers use a concave mirror.
b. The position of the objective lens revolver adjusted that most shortfaced
until a click counter preparaions.
c. Lower tube to distance objective by the end of the preparation table or
tube down 5-10 mm maximum.
d. The eyepiece observed through with the left eye. Flat mirror moved
slightly to arrange the brightness. Hole in the plate narrowed to reduce
glare and used large holes to reduce obscure.
e. The microscope was ready to use.
3.How to set distance lens with preparations
a. The set of rough hands or fingers macrometer toward masters rounded,
tube down, objective distanced with a smaller dosage table. But for
microscope that can not tilted up or down, the dosage table moved up
down with rotated the macrometer and micrometer.
b. The glass objects replaced then put over the counter preparations
perserved in such a way that the material observed in the middle of table
hole, glass objects clipped so as not to shake.
c. The distance reduced by turned the macrometer to down tube while
viewed from the side glass objects approach the end to a maximum of 510 mm.

d. The eyepiece observed with hand cranked macrometer by rising tube

slowly. The field of view observed until the shadows appear, but repeated
again starting at 3.c or turned the micrometer until the clear shadow lines.
e. The magnification of eyepiece and objective checked and calculated the
magnification.
f. The preparation excluded.
4. Created simple mixture
Observed Onion cells
a. The glass object that have been cleaned taked.
b. The materials placed in the middle of glass object.
c. Used as drops of clear water in the middle that the materials placed.
d. Hand holded to the cover glass between the master index finger onthe
opposite side or edge.
e. Install the preparation you made preparations at the table and watch as
step 3.b., 3.c., 3.d., and 3.e.
5. View magnification
a. 4.f if the observation are succesful, the shadow that appears will be raised
again. Position preparations or tube not touched.
b. The objective lens rotated in such a way that the longer perpendicular to
the preparation table until heard a click.
c. The micrometer turned until the shadow of large ones.
d. The tube raised by turning the master finger macrometer opposite
direction if the third steps is fails. The revolver turned back to get
objective lens position is weak to its original position. Re-treatment 3.c.,
3.d., 3.e., go to 5.a., 5.b., 5.c.,until it works without changed the position
of preparations.
e. The tube raised to oberve the other ingredients. The preparation that have
been observed removed and glass object glass cover cleared.
f. New dosage corresponding created and based step 4.a., up to 4.f.
g. At the end of activity:
1). Not stored the mixture on the counter preparations but removed.
2). Mixture cleaned with a wet filter paper or cotton cloth (glass cover slip
+ object). It stored in a petri dish and put in gear box.
3). The microscope body cleaned with a flannel cloth. Tube down as low
as possible.

4). Microscope saved in the box.

5). Cleaned all equipment with a cotton and storen in abox.
6). The practicer equipment saved by self.
7). The remain materials are not used again thrown in the trash available.

Description:
1. Ocular lens
2. Tube
3. Revolver
4. Objective lens
5. Stage
6. Clips
7. Light source
8. Base
9. Macrometer ( coarse regulator )
10. Micrometer ( fine control )
11. Arm
12. Diaphragm

B.Discussion
Microscope is the main tools is used to making observation and research as
it can be using study the structure and form of object that very small or
microscopic. Light microscope is an instrument that has certain parts, consisting
of optical instruments and non optics used to observe microscopic objects and
transparent.
The results of experiments and studies that have been conducted so that the
results obtained, the microscope consists of parts, each part has its own function.
Ocular lens serves to enlarge the image of objective lens. The objective lens serve
magnification image. Base to hold or sustain of position microscope. Arm serves
as grip the microscope. Stage serves as place to put the object to be observed. Clip
to hold the glass object. Mirror to reflect light from the source light. Condensor to
collect the incoming light, the tool can be swipel up and down. Diaphragm to set
more are less the incoming light. Tube to adjust focus and relate to the objective

lens with the ocular lens. Revolver serves to set the magnification objective lens
by the swipel. Macrometer for ascending lower microscope tube quickly.
Micrometer,regulator function to raise and reduce the microscope is slow and
smaller than macrometer.
The experiments using a microscope there are 4 types of plants that
became the object of research is Allium cepa (shallot), Hibiscus tiliaceus (Spade
leaf), Cucurbita moschata (Pumpkin leaf), and Rhoeo discolor (Adam hawa leaf).
Allium cepa, in this observation the cell surface Allium cepa seen using a
microscope with a magnification of 100X. Allium cepa cell structure similar to
slice of cork cells consisting of the cell, cytoplasm, cell wall, and nucleus. These
observations using a microscope without staining so the color of cells in slices of
red onion cells colored gray or purplish.
Rhoeo discolor, in the observation using a microscope, Rhoeo discolor cell
surface can be seen clearly in the enlargement 100X. Cell structure, Rhoeo
discolor shaped like hexagons. Rhoeo discolor has five parts, namely guard cell,
cloroplast, neighboring cell, cytoplasm, and cell wall. Color the cell surface
Rhoeo discolor is purple.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, on this observation the cell surface was observed using
a microscope with a magnification of 100X. Parts of cells on the surface of the
Hibiscus tiliaceus has trichomes stars. Structure resembles a starfish.
Cucurbita moschata, on this observation cell was observed using a
microscope with a magnification of 100X. Parts of cells on the leaf surface are
Cucurbita moschata has trichomes. Part of cell that do not see because of
illumination of unfavourable microscope. Cell of leaf do not see clear because
caused also by apreantice in observation less accurate.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION and SUGGESTION
A.Conclussion
Student can to using the biological microscope to be quickly and safely to
see the preparation.Than the student knoming the parts of microscope that is
devided in optical parts (mirror, objective lens, ocular lens, and diaphragm) and
mechanical parts (stage, clips, macrometer, micrometer, condenser, revolver, arm,
tube, and base).
B.Suggestion
1. Assistant

assistant better in observation of perception always consort perception

apreantice, in order to go well and do not happened mistake.
2. Laboratory

beforehand check provided by supply is laboratory do functioning better or not,

in order to observation of perception go well.
3. Apreantice
have to work along in group and also apreantice don't too roaring in execution
of observation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alberts Bruce. 2010. Essential Cell Biology.New York: Garland Science
Taylor and Francis Group.
Anonymous, 2012. Wikipedia, "Sel (biologi)," Wikipedia, Ensiklopedia Bebas,
http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sel_(biologi)&oldid=6051387.
Accessed on November 3rd, 2012.
Barnett Margaret. 1997.Microbiology Laboratory Exercise. California: WCB GrawHill.
Harold,J.B. 2005. Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Textbook. California:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Karp Gerald. 2010.Cell Biology. California: willey.
Sujana Arman. 2007. Kamus Lengkap Biologi. Jakarta: Mega Aksara.
Team Lecturer of Biology. 2012. Basic Biology Practical Guide. Makassar: UNM
Biology Department .

Question
1.Write the name of the optical parts of the microscope?
Answer:
The optical parts of microscope is :
1.Ocular lens
2.Objective lens
3.Diaphragm
4.Mirror
2. Write the name of the mechanical parts of the microscope?
Answer:
1.Stage
2.Arm
3.Revolver
4.Base
5.Macrometer
6.Micrometer
7.Condenser
8.Tube

3. If the image in the field of view is shifted to the left front,towards which the glass
objects/stocks to be shifted?why can be?
Answer:
If the field of view is shifted to the left front,then the glass objects or
dosage should be shifted to the right rear.This is caused by shadows in the field of
view to have the opposite direction with a glass object or stocks or real object.The
lens on the microscope cause the opposite direction.

4. Write a negative effect on the microscope when the lens is rubbed with a cloth or
plain paper/rude?
Answer:
If a microscope lens was rubbed with a cloth or plain paper/rough,it will
cause scratchesn on the lens of a microscope that will cause the resulting image is
unclear or vague.

Description:
1. Ocular lens
2. Macrometer (coarse regulator)
3. Micrometer(fine control)
4. Arm
5. Mechanical activator
6. Inclination fuse
7. Regulatory condenser
8. Feet of Microscope
9. Mirror
10. Diaphragm
11. Condenser
12. Preparation table
13. Sengkeling or clamp
14. Objective lens
15. Revolver
16. Tube