Transport Phenomena

Transport Phenomena
By
Farhan Ahmad
Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
www.engineering-resource.com
Course outline:
Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport
Velocity distributions in laminar flow
The equations of change for isothermal systems

Velocity distribution with more than one independent variable
Thermal conductivity and mechanism of energy transport
Temperature distribution in solids and in laminar flow
The equations of change for non-isothermal systems
Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport
Concentration distribution in solids and in laminar flow
The equations of change for multi-component systems
2
Recommended Books
Text Book
Transport Phenomena
2nd Edition
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot
Reference
Books
1.
Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, J. Plawsky, CRC Press, 2009.
2.
Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach, R.S. Brodkey, H.C. Hershey, McGraw-
Hill.
3.
Analysis of Transport Phenomena, W.M. Deen, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.
4.
Welty, J.R., Wicks, C.E., Wilson, R.E., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass
Transfer, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
5.
Slattery, J.C., Advanced Transport Phenomena, Cambridge University Press,1999.
6.
7.
Modeling in Transport Phenomena - A Conceptual Approach , Ismail Tosun

Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations - A combined approach, Richard G.
Griskey
8. Momentum, heat and mass transfer fundamentals, David P. Kessler, Robert A.
Greenkorn
9. Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Christie John Geankoplis
10. Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer, C.O. Bennett, J.E. Myers
11. Incropera, Frank P., and David P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.
5th ed.
12. J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, Chemical Engineering
Vol.1: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer.
An Introduction
4
Subject
Transport Phenomena
Subject code
Ch.E - 407
Contact hours
Credit hours
Pre-requisite for this course .. ??????
Objective of this course:

To provide an understanding of fundamental knowledge of heat, mass, and
momentum transport phenomena.
Illustrate how to solve the problems by using fundamental relations.
To master the skills of applying this knowledge to the design of chemical
engineering unit operations.
Transport Phenomena:
What
.. ???
Why
.. ???
How
..
???
7
Levels
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Molecular
8
Problems:
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
9
Suggestions:
Always read the text with pencil and paper in hand; work through the
details of the mathematical developments and supply any missing

steps.
Whenever necessary, go back to the mathematics textbooks to brush up
on calculus, differential equations, vectors, etc. This is an excellent time

to review the mathematics that was learned earlier.
Make it a point to give a physical interpretation of key results; that is,
get in the habit of relating the physical ideas to the equations.

Always ask whether the results seem reasonable. If the results do not
agree with intuition, it is important to find out which is incorrect.

Make it a habit to check the dimensions of all results. This is one very
good way of locating errors in derivations.
10
Transport Phenomena - An Introduction

Basic Concepts
11
Basic Concepts:
Conserved Quantities
Chemical species
Mass
Momentum
Energy
Law of Conservation of Quantities

Conservation of Chemical species
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Energy
12
Basic Concepts:
Rate Equation
It describes the transformation of conserved quantity.
Transformation of conserved quantity is based on specified unit of time (Rate).
Components of Rate Equation

Input
Output
Generation
Consumption
Accumulation
13
Basic Concepts - Characteristics
Independent of the level of application

Independent of the coordinate system to which they are applied
Independent of the substance to which they are applied
14
Basic Concepts - Application

Balances
Control Volume
Control surface
Types of Balances
Overall Balance
Differential Balance
15
Basic Concepts - Definitions
The notation of conserved quantity is
x, y & z = three independent space variables

t = one independent time variable
16
Basic Concepts - Definitions

Steady-state
Uniform
Equilibrium
Flux
17
Basic Concepts Mathematical formulation
1.
Inlet and Outlet terms
2.
Generation and consumption term
3.
Accumulation term
18
Basic Concepts Simplification of Rate equation
Case I : Steady state transport without regeneration

Case II : Steady state transport with regeneration
19
Momentum Transport
Viscosity and Mechanism of Momentum Transport
20
Momentum Transport - Introduction
o Matter
Solid
Fluid
Liquid
Gas
o What is the difference between Solid and Fluid?
21
Momentum Transfer:
o Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
22
o Viscosity
o Newton's Law of Viscosity
o Applications of Newtons Law
o Kinematic Viscosity
o Viscosity in Laminar flow
o Viscosity in Turbulent flow
o Viscosity of gases
o Viscosity of liquids
23
o Rheology
o Types of fluids
o Newtonian fluids
o Non-Newtonian fluids
o Classification of Non-Newtonian fluids

o Time Independent
o Time dependent
o Viscoelastic fluids
24
Newton's Law of Viscosity
25
Non-Newtonian fluids:
Time Independent
26
Non-Newtonian fluids:
The functional dependence between the shear stress and the velocity gradient is
more complex.
We can write in the most general format:
dvx
f yx ,
, fluid properties 0
dy
Steady state rheological behavior:
Where,
= Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either yx / dvx/dy / both
decreases with shear rate
increases with shear rate
independent of shear rate
27
Models for Non-Newtonian fluids:
o The Bingham Model

o The Ostwald-de Waele Model
o The Eyring Model
o The Ellis Model

o The Reiner-Philippoff Model
28
Graphical representation of two-parameter model
These models are empirical, that is the

parameters of the models are obtained by
curve fitting
The parameters are function of T, P and

composition
These model equations should not be used
outside their range of validity.
29
Turbulence Model:
Zero equation model
Baldwin-Lomax model
Cebeci-Smith model
One equation model
Spalart-Allmaras model
Baldwin-Barth model
Two equation model
K-omega model
K-epsilon model
30
Prediction of Viscosity of gases & liquids:
o Extensive data is available

o Estimation by empirical methods
For mixtures:
31
Example 1.3-1
Estimate the viscosity of
N2 at 50oC and 854 atm,

given M = 28.0 g/g-mole,
Pc = 33.5 atm, and Tc =
126.2 K.
32
Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow
33
Shell momentum balances and boundary conditions

(differential momentum balances)
Flow of a falling film
Flow through a circular tube

Flow through an annulus
Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids
Creeping flow around a sphere
34
(a) Laminar flow, in which fluid layers move

smoothly over one another in the direction of
flow, and
(b) Turbulent flow, in which the flow pattern is
complex and time-dependent, with considerable
motion perpendicular to the principal flow
direction.
The methods and problems in this chapter apply only to steady flow.
Pressure, density, and velocity components at each point in the stream do not
change with time.
35
Momentum
Rate of change of momentum
Momentum flux
Momentum balance or Conservation of momentum
Ways of momentum transfer
Shell momentum balance
Steps in shell momentum balance
Boundary conditions
36
Shell Momentum Balance:
Momentum Balance over a thin shell of fluid
For steady-state flow, where the rate of accumulation = zero

Rate of
Rate of
All forces acting
0
Momentum In Momentum Out on the system
1.
A mathematical expression showing the balance of rate of change of momentum and

forces acting on the control volume(NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION)
2.
Balance is made on a small shell of dimensions x, y, z
3.
All quantities are written in terms of fluxes
4.
Solution gives velocity distribution leading to maximum velocity, average velocity,

flow rates and stresses at surfaces etc
5.
This procedure of analysis is called analysis through first principle
6.
Generally can be applied to simple geometries and idealized flow situations
7.
A combination of these simple analysis lead to complex geometries and flow systems
8.
Simple system analysis help in understanding complex systems
37
The procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow problems

using Shell Momentum Balance:
Select a shell of finite thickness
Write a momentum balance over a thin shell
Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make use of the definition
of the first derivative to obtain the corresponding differential equation for

the momentum flux.
Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux distribution.
Insert Newton's law of viscosity and obtain a differential equation for the
velocity.
Integrate this equation to get the velocity distribution.
Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the maximum
velocity, average velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
38
Boundary conditions:
statements about the velocity or stress at the boundaries of the system
At solid-fluid interface
o fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the solid surface is moving
At liquid-gas interface
o Momentum flux in liquid phase is very nearly zero.
At liquid-liquid interface
o Momentum flux perpendicular to the interface, and velocity are continuous across the
interface.
39
Common Boundary Conditions in Fluid Mechanics

NO-SLIP AT THE WALL
Also called boundary condition of the first kind (Dirichlet BC)
At solid-fluid interface, the fluid velocity equals to the velocity of the solid
surface.
V fluid
at the wall
Vwall
SYMMETRY
At the plane of symmetry in flows the velocity field is the same on either
side of the plane of symmetry, the velocity must go through a minimum or a
maximum at the plane of symmetry.
Thus, the boundary condition to use is that the first derivative of the
velocity is zero at the plane of symmetry
V fluid
40
xm
0
at the plane of symmetry
STRESS CONTINUITY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow, the stress is
continuous from one fluid to another, there are two possibilities

1.
For a viscous fluid in contact with an inviscid (zero or very low viscosity fluid)
At the boundary, the stress in the viscous fluid is the same as the stress in the
inviscid fluid.
Since the inviscid fluid can support no shear stress (zero viscosity) this means
that the stress is zero at this interface.
The boundary condition between a fluid such as a polymer and air, for example,
would be that the shear stress in the polymer at the interface would be zero.
ij at the boundary of two fluids 0

This is also called Boundary Condition of Second Kind
OR
Newmann BC
41
STRESS CONTINUITY, contd.

Alternatively if two viscous fluids meet and form a flow boundary,
This same boundary condition would require that the stress in one fluid
equal the stress in the other at the boundary.
ij fluid 1 at the boundary ij fluid 2 at the boundary
VELOCITY CONTINUITY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow then along with
stress at the boundary, the velocity is also continuous from one fluid to
another.
V fluid 1
at the boundary
V fluid 2
at the boundary
This is also called Boundary Condition of Fourth Kind
42
Flow of falling film

Inclined flat plate
Length = L
Width = W
Assume viscosity and density of the fluid to be constant.
43
Step 1: Draw the physical diagram
Shell
z
Direction
of
Transport
W
44
x+x
Step 2: Possible transport mechanism

Transport of shear across the thickness of the film.
Step 3: Frame of coordinates and direction of transport

Choose a frame of coordinate (x,z) with x across the film and z along the
film.
The direction of transport is in the x-direction.
Step 4: Draw a shell

The shell is one dimensional as there is only one transport direction.
The shell is drawn such that the surfaces are at x and x+x,
which are perpendicular to the direction of transport.
45
Step 5: Momentum balance

Rate of z-momentum in at the surface at x = x
WL xz x
surface area
shear (force/area) at the

surface x
Rate of z-momentum out at surface x = x + x
WL xz xx
shear (force/area) at the
surface x+ x
surface area
Gravity force in the z-direction acting on the volume of the shell =
WLx g cos
Volume of Shell
gravity force per unit volume in z-direction
46
Momentum balance equation
WL xz x WL xz xx WLx g cos 0
Divide the equation by the volume of the shell and make the shell as thin as possible:
lim
x 0
xz
x x
xz
Definition of derivative:
x
g cos 0
d f ( x)
f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
x 0
dx
x
The momentum balance equation is finally a differential equation

(valid at any point in the fluid film)
d xz
g cos
dx
47
xz g cos x C
Linear
Upon deriving this equation nothing has been said about the fluid behavior. Hence, it is
applicable to Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian fluids.
From this step onward, we have

to decide that what kind of fluid
we are using
Step 6: Apply the Newtonian law
dv z
xz
dx
d xz
g cos
dx
d 2 vz
g cos
2
dx
second-order ODE in terms of

velocity
48
At solid-fluid interface
the velocity is zero
Step 7: Impose physical constraint
is zero at the gasliquid interface
x0
x=0
xz
vz 0
x=
Step 8: Solve ODE for velocity distribution
d 2 vz
g cos
dx 2
g cos
vz
2
49
2
x C1 x C2
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2

dv z
0
dx
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2
This is the velocity distribution in the film. It is parabolic in shape (only for Newtonian fluids)
Step 9: Useful quantities

Maximum velocity
Average velocity
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2
volumetric flow rate
Shear force acting

on solid surface
50
vz
Maximum velocity
max, at x = 0
g 2 cos
Average velocity
(defined as the mean velocity when multiplied by the cross section area will give the
volumetric flow rate)
W
vz
v
0 0
W
dxdy
dxdy
v z dx
0
g 2 cos 2
vz
v z, max
3
0 0
Volumetric flow rate
51
Shear force acting on solid

surface
gW 3 cos
Q
Fz g WL cos
What if the fluid is non-Newtonian

Step 6: Apply the Appropriate Non-Newtonian model
Let us try the Ostwald-de Waele model for non-Newtonian fluids
xz m
d
m
dx
dvz
dx
n 1
dv n
z
g cos
dx
A Nonlinear ODE
52
dvz
dx
Momentum Equation
d xz
g cos
dx
Step 7: physical constraint
x0
xz
vz 0
dv z
0
dx
Step 8: Solving for Velocity Distribution
n
vz
n 1
n 1
g cos
1
x
1
n1
n n 1 g cos
n 1
m
Maximum velocity
vz
Average velocity
n n 1 g cos
vz
2n 1
m
Volumetric flow rate
nW
Q
2n 1
max, at x = 0
53
2 n 1
gW cos
m
1
n
For example n= 0.566
vz
vz
max
x 2.77
1

Compare with
Newtonian Fluids
Stronger than parabolic

dependence
vz
vz
max
x
1

Non-Newtonian fluid
Newtonian fluid
1.0
Implication of this example:

This study of thin film is useful in the analysis of:
1. wetted wall tower
2. evaporation and gas absorption
3. coating
4. drainage from plate
V/(V)max
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
x/
54
55
56

Transport Phenomena - LEC 5

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Transport Phenomena - LEC 5

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Department of Chemical Engineering,

Velocity distributions in laminar flow

The equations of change for isothermal systems

Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, J. Plawsky, CRC Press, 2009.

Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach, R.S. Brodkey, H.C. Hershey, McGraw-

Analysis of Transport Phenomena, W.M. Deen, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.

Slattery, J.C., Advanced Transport Phenomena, Cambridge University Press,1999.

Modeling in Transport Phenomena - A Conceptual Approach , Ismail Tosun

Pre-requisite for this course .. ??????

Objective of this course:

details of the mathematical developments and supply any missing

on calculus, differential equations, vectors, etc. This is an excellent time

get in the habit of relating the physical ideas to the equations.

agree with intuition, it is important to find out which is incorrect.

good way of locating errors in derivations.

Transport Phenomena - An Introduction

Law of Conservation of Quantities

Components of Rate Equation

Basic Concepts - Characteristics

Independent of the level of application

Basic Concepts - Application

Basic Concepts - Definitions

The notation of conserved quantity is

x, y & z = three independent space variables

Basic Concepts - Definitions

Basic Concepts Mathematical formulation

Inlet and Outlet terms

Generation and consumption term

Basic Concepts Simplification of Rate equation

Case I : Steady state transport without regeneration

Momentum Transport - Introduction

o What is the difference between Solid and Fluid?

Momentum Transport - Introduction

Momentum Transport - Introduction

o Classification of Non-Newtonian fluids

Newton's Law of Viscosity

Steady state rheological behavior:

Models for Non-Newtonian fluids:

o The Bingham Model

o The Ellis Model

Graphical representation of two-parameter model

These models are empirical, that is the

The parameters are function of T, P and

Prediction of Viscosity of gases & liquids:

o Extensive data is available

N2 at 50oC and 854 atm,

Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow

Shell momentum balances and boundary conditions

Flow through a circular tube

(a) Laminar flow, in which fluid layers move

change with time.

Shell Momentum Balance:

Momentum Balance over a thin shell of fluid

For steady-state flow, where the rate of accumulation = zero

A mathematical expression showing the balance of rate of change of momentum and

Balance is made on a small shell of dimensions x, y, z

All quantities are written in terms of fluxes

Solution gives velocity distribution leading to maximum velocity, average velocity,

This procedure of analysis is called analysis through first principle

Generally can be applied to simple geometries and idealized flow situations

Simple system analysis help in understanding complex systems

The procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow problems

of the first derivative to obtain the corresponding differential equation for