Geol342

Outline

Dynamic Analysis

Stress 1

Units
Normal, shear components
Pressure
Lithostatic Stress
Stress Tensor
Resolving stress on a plane

Reading: Chapter 3

Strain = deformation

Force

Stress = cause of deformation

What is it?
F= Mass . acceleration
Units?
kg .m/s2
Newtons
How much is a Newton?
A normal person can throw a bowling ball at 90 N

Does applied force alone control

deformation?

Resolving a Force Vector

y

Normal

Fy= F . SinA

Fx= F . CosA
Shear
x

LandO Lakes

Stress
Stress = force / area
Units = Pascals
= N/m2
=kg/(m . s2)

Stress vs. Pressure

Units of pressure = force/area
33 psi = 33 pounds per square inch

What is the difference?

Pressure - Scalar quantity
Stress - Tensor quantity

How much is 1 Pascal?

1 Pa= 0.00014 psi
Car tire ~200,000 Pa

Calculate State of
Stress at 1000 m depth

1 Megapascal (1 MPa) = 1 million Pa

= 1 x 106 Pa

Lithostatic Stress
Similar to hydrostatic pressure
Magnitude of stress components is the same
in all directions

On-in convention:

xy

Stress Tensor

Stress Tensor

ON the x-plane
IN the y-direction

Normal Stress
Components

2D Stress Tensor
zx

xz

xz

yx

yy

yz

zx

zy

zz

xx xz

xz

xx

xy

2D Stress Tensor

zz
z

xx

zx zz

xx
zx
zz
x

Sign Conventions
Tension

(-)

Compression

(+)

Resolving stress on a plane

Given xx and zz
What are n and s acting on a given plane?
z

n
xx

s
Right Lateral Shear

(+)
zz

Left Lateral Shear

(+)

Resolving stress on a plane

Example

Must first correct for the change in the area

xx= 45 Mpa

zz Sin a

z
a

zz= 26 Mpa
xx Cos a

xx

x- north
z- up
What are the normal and shear stresses acting
on a fault oriented 090/40S?

zz
x
Then, you can resolve the vectors into normal and shear components

Step 2: Find Magnitude of stress

components along x and z

Step 1: Understand the geometry

North

up

Dip=40
fa

ult

a= 90-dip = 50 deg.

fz

fx
xx

fx= xx Cos a

xx

= 45 MPa Cos 50
= 28.9 Mpa

fault

zz

40
S
Map View

fz= zz Sin a

zz
x

= 26 MPa Sin 50
= 19.9 Mpa

Cross Sectional View

Step 4: Resolve f into normal and

Step 3: Add the two vectors

shear components
c = a-b = 50- 34.5 = 15.4

f 2= fx2 + fz2

fx
f

fz

f = sqrt{28.9 2 +19.9 2 } Mpa

f = 35.1 Mpa

b= arctan (fz/fx)
b= 34.5 deg.

n = f Cos c
n

f
s

a
F

= 35.1 Mpa Cos 15.4

= 33.8 Mpa
s = f Sin c

= 35.1 Mpa Sin 15.4

= 9.32 MPa

n Max

Magnitude of

Magnitude of

Normal Force

Shear Force

and

and

Normal Stress

Shear Stress

As a function of

As a function of

Angle

Angle

n= Cos2
s Min

Stress Components

You always can find an orientation of the reference

cube where there wont be any resolved shear stresses

zx

xz

xz

xx

s= Sin 2

Principal Stress Components

zz
z

s Min

Most compressive

xx
3

zx

Least compressive

zz

Stress
components

Stress Ellipse- Normal Stress

1

Maximum Normal
Stress

Minimum
Normal
Stress

Stress Ellipsoid

Magnitude of
Normal and
Shear Stresses
Normal

3
Shear

1 > 2 > 3

Principal Stress Components

Greatest

0
Intermediate

Least

General Stress Equations

n= (1 + 3) + (1- 3) cos 2
(eq. 3.7)

s= (1- 3) sin 2

(eq. 3.10)

= angle between plane and 3

or between normal to the plane and 1