Emphasis (telecommunications) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Emphasis (telecommunications)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In telecommunications emphasis is the intentional alteration of the amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristics of

the signal to reduce adverse effects of noise in a communication system.
The whole system of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is called emphasis.
The high-frequency signal components are emphasized to produce a more equal modulation index for the
transmitted frequency spectrum, and therefore a better signal-to-noise ratio for the entire frequency range.
Emphasis is commonly used in LP records and FM broadcasting.

Contents
1 Pre-emphasis
2 De-emphasis
3 Red Book Audio
4 References
5 External links

Pre-emphasis
In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase (within a
frequency band) the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other
(usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse
effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the
system. The mirror operation is called de-emphasis, and the system as a whole is called emphasis.
Pre-emphasis is achieved with a pre-emphasis network which is essentially a calibrated filter. The frequency
response is decided by special time constants. The cutoff frequency can be calculated from that value.
Pre-emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio recording, record cutting, in FM
broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms of speech signals.
One example of this is the RIAA equalization curve on 33 rpm and 45 rpm vinyl records. Another is the Dolby
noise-reduction system as used with magnetic tape.
In high speed digital transmission, pre-emphasis is used to improve signal quality at the output of a data
transmission. In transmitting signals at high data rates, the transmission medium may introduce distortions, so
pre-emphasis is used to distort the transmitted signal to correct for this distortion. When done properly this
produces a received signal which more closely resembles the original or desired signal, allowing the use of
higher frequencies or producing fewer bit errors.
Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase modulation transmitters to equalize the modulating
signal drive power in terms of deviation ratio. The receiver demodulation process includes a reciprocal network,

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Emphasis (telecommunications) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(telecommunications)

called a de-emphasis network, to restore the original signal power distribution.

De-emphasis
In telecommunication, de-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis, in the antinoise system called
emphasis. Emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, (within a band of frequencies), the magnitude of
some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to
improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation
differences or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system.
Special time constants dictate the frequency response curve, from which one can calculate the cutoff frequency.
Pre-emphasis is commonly used in audio digital recording, record cutting and FM radio transmission.
In serial data transmission, de-emphasis has a different meaning, which is to reduce the level of all bits except
the first one after a transition. That causes the high frequency content due to the transition to be emphasized
compared to the low frequency content which is de-emphasized. This is a form of transmitter equalization; it
compensates for losses over the channel which are larger at higher frequencies. Well known serial data
standards such as PCI Express, SATA and SAS require transmitted signals to use de-emphasis.

Red Book Audio

Although rarely used, there exists the capability for standardized emphasis in Red Book CD mastering. As CD's
were intended to work on 14 bit audio, a specification for 'pre-emphasis' was included to compensate for
quantization noise. After production spec was set at 16 bits, quantization noise became less of a concern, but
emphasis remained an option through standards revisions. The pre-emphasis curve is described as 50/15 s at
20 db/decade.[1]

References
1. ^ IEC 60908 2. pp. 37, 131. 1999.

This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document
"Federal Standard 1037C" (http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm) (in support of
MIL-STD-188).

External links
Emphasis - Frequency response and equalization EQ - Conversion: time constant to cut-off frequency and
vice versa (http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-timeconstant.htm)
Deemphasis - Frequency response and equalization EQ - Conversion: time constant to cut-off frequency
and vice versa (http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-timeconstant.htm)
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oldid=545683331"
Categories: Signal processing Broadcast engineering

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Emphasis (telecommunications) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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