Paladin® Designbase™: Ac & DC Arc Flash Evaluation Manual

Paladin DesignBase
AC & DC Arc Flash Evaluation Manual

Based on NFPA 70E
&
IEEE Standard 1584
EDSA Micro Corporation

16870 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330
San Diego, California 92127
USA
Copyright 2008
All Rights Reserved
Version 6.30.00
October 2008
AC & DC Arc Flash
Table of Contents
1.
What is New in this Release .................................................................................... 1
2.
Arc Flash Program Overview ................................................................................... 1

2.1. Heat Exposure Due to Arcing Faults................................................................. 2
2.2. Program Capabilities......................................................................................... 2
2.3. Arc Flash Study ................................................................................................ 3
2.4. Exposure Defined ............................................................................................. 4
2.5. Personal Protective Equipment Defined ........................................................... 4
2.6. Arc Resistance Defined .................................................................................... 6
2.7. Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 6
2.8. References ....................................................................................................... 7
3.
Tutorial ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8
3.2. Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Single Branch Case .. 10
3.2.2. Arc Flash Program: Screen 3 ............................................................. 19
3.2.3. Arc Flash Results................................................................................ 21
3.2.4. Arc Flash Annotations......................................................................... 30
3.2.5. Arc Flash Database ............................................................................ 31
3.3. Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Multiple
Branch Case ................................................................................................... 35
3.3.1. Enabling PDC ARC Flash Activity Trace ............................................ 44
3.4. Standalone Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems............................................ 45
3.5. Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems...................................... 51
3.6. Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems .......................................... 59
4.
Putting Arc-Flash Calculations in Perspective ....................................................... 66
5.
Program Verification & Validation .......................................................................... 77
List of Figures
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 -
Circuit for Arc Model ..................................................................................................... 1

Arc Flash Zones ........................................................................................................... 3
Arc Flash Categories .................................................................................................... 9
Network under study, showing a cycle fault analysis at BUS-05 ........................... 10
PDC Study for Motor on BUS-05 ............................................................................... 11
Assigning Arc Flash Environment to Buses. .............................................................. 12
Defining Breaker Short Circuit Characteristics. .......................................................... 13
Arc Flash Toolbar. ...................................................................................................... 14
Arc Flash Program; Screen 1. .................................................................................... 15
Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Bus Selection. .......................................................... 16
Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Environment. ........................................................... 17
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 -
Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Working Distance. ................................................... 17

Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Calculation Option. .................................................. 18
Arc Flash Program; Screen 3. .................................................................................... 19
PDC Information Transferred into the ARC Flash Calculation................................... 20
Clothing Required for Different Standards ................................................................. 21
Energy vs. Distance Plot ............................................................................................ 22
Label Options ............................................................................................................. 23
Label Format One ................................................................................................... 24
Label Format Two ................................................................................................... 25
Label Format Three................................................................................................. 26
Choice of the Task for Work Permit ........................................................................... 27
A Partial Sample of the Work Permit ......................................................................... 27
Creating a Summary IEEE-based Report .................................................................. 28
Summary Arc Flash Report ........................................................................................ 28
Custom Report Options.............................................................................................. 29
Custom Arc Flash Report ........................................................................................... 29
Arc Flash Annotations. ............................................................................................... 30
Arc Flash Database.................................................................................................... 31
Fabric Material Library ............................................................................................... 31
Glove Class Library .................................................................................................... 31
IEEE 1584 Table ........................................................................................................ 32
Label Options ............................................................................................................. 32
Label Format Dialog Box............................................................................................ 33
Format One ................................................................................................................ 33
Format Two ................................................................................................................ 34
Format Three ............................................................................................................. 34
Network topology for job-file IEEEPDE.axd showing cycle fault results
for Bus4...................................................................................................................... 35
Simplified view of Bus 4 and its fault contributing branches (1/2 cycle Sym.
Currents) .................................................................................................................... 36
PDC Study for Bus 4 including all 6 connected branches. Currents are plotted
at 13.8 kV ................................................................................................................... 37
EEEPDE File opened in Paladin DesignBase CAD Environment ............................. 38
Arc Flash Screen Two / Multiple Branch Case .......................................................... 39
Arc Flash Screen Three / Multiple Branch Case ........................................................ 40
Determining Controlling Branch ................................................................................. 41
Visual Verification of the Obtain Tripping Times ........................................................ 42
Creating New Standalone AC File ............................................................................. 45
Standalone AC Arc Flash: Bus Properties ................................................................. 46
Standalone AC Arc Flash: Database ......................................................................... 47
Standalone AC Arc Flash: Opening Time, Energy Plot, Labels ................................ 48
Standalone AC Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results................................................ 49
DC Arc Flash: Assigning the Arc Flash Environment ................................................ 51
DC Arc Flash: The Initial Screen. .............................................................................. 52
DC Arc Flash: Bus Selection ..................................................................................... 53
DC Arc Flash: Environment, Distance and Option Selection .................................... 54
DC Arc Flash: Tripping Times.................................................................................... 55
DC Arc Flash: Generating Plots and Graphic Labels ................................................ 56
DC Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results ................................................................... 57
Creating New Standalone DC File ............................................................................. 59
DC Standalone Arc Flash: Bus and Fault Information ............................................... 60
DC Standalone Arc Flash: Environment, Distance and Calculation Option .............. 61
DC Standalone Arc Flash: Tripping Times ................................................................ 62
DC Standalone Arc Flash: Generating Plots and Graphic Labels ............................. 63
DC Standalone Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results................................................ 64
ii
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 64 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 600 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data........................ 67
Figure 65 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 4160 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data....................... 68
Figure 66 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 13,800 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data.................... 69
Figure 67 - Enclosure Size Used in Test...................................................................................... 70
Figure 68 - Minimum Thermal Protection Recommended............................................................ 71
Figure 69 - Using a Shield when Racking in a Breaker................................................................ 72
Figure 70 - Schematic to Control Arc Exposure on Relayed Breakers ........................................ 73
List of Tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 -
Note:
Typical Thermal Performance of Various Fabrics in Cal/ cm2......................................... 5

NFPA-70E Flash Hazard Risk Categories ...................................................................... 5
Glove Classes ................................................................................................................. 5
Network-based AC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results ........................................... 43
Standalone AC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results ................................................. 50
DC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results .................................................................... 58
You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:
AC DC Arc Flash Evaluation
Arc_Flash.pdf
You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:
C:\DesignBase\Samples\ArcFlash
Test Files:
ACAHSTANDALONE, IEEEPDE, ARCHEAT_SB, DC_SC2
Copyright 2008
All Rights Reserved
iii
AC & DC Arc Flash
1. What is New in this Release
Increased speed; new ODBC environment enables high speed in execution

New label styles and ability to directly print 4"x6" labels on DuraLabel printer
2. Arc Flash Program Overview

The EDSA Flash Exposure Program uses empirical equations based on test results given in
IEEE-1584 [12] to provide an estimate of the energy falling on a surface removed from a fault. As
more data become available, this test data will be used to refine the program empirical
equations. As an option, personal protective equipment (PPE) based on NFPA-70E [13] is
provided.
The circuit used in Fig. 1 is a simplified model for arc current calculations. The power dissipated
in the arc radiates to the surrounding surfaces. The further away from the arc the surface is, the
less the energy is received per unit area. One use of the program is to identify the grade of
clothing required by the operator who is working with energized equipment. The program allows
either a manual input of the source voltage and short-circuit bolted fault current or entry via the
EDSA short-circuit program. Using the information in the reference papers, empirical equations
from IEEE 1584 are used to determine the arc voltage and the radiated heat.
There are several uses for this program. For example, it can be used to provide a protective sign on
a piece of electrical equipment stating the type of protective clothing required when working around
energized equipment. Warning of Arc Flash Hazard is a requirement given in National Electrical
Code (NEC) , Article 110.16. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements are given in NFPA
70E. Alternatively, knowing the thermal capability of the protective clothing being used, the program
could indicate if it is satisfactory. In this regard, the protective level of the clothing is entered into the
program and the program gives a pass or fail result.
Figure 1 - Circuit for Arc Model
AC & DC Arc Flash
2.1.
Heat Exposure Due to Arcing Faults
Calculation of maximum short-circuit current, used for equipment evaluation, considers zero arc
resistance. When the fault does contain an arc, the heat released can damage equipment and
cause personal injury. It is the latter concern that brought about the development of the heat
exposure program. The heat exposure due to an arc can harm, or burn, bare skin or protective
clothing. The Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces, NFPA
70E, provides information on the protective performance of various fabrics, which would limit heat
exposure to second-degree burns.
In addition to burns, there are other exposure risks to arcing faults, such as:
a. Electrical shorts due to touching energized conductors.
b. Arc blasts, due to expanding gases, that can cause flying debris, knock a person off
balance, and cause ear damage.
c. Exposure to arc plasma can result in temporary or permanent blindness.
d. Arc plasma or heat can result in a fire.
e. Metal vaporization can condense on cooler materials.
The above list of points (a-e) does not express the amount of energy in an arc. However, if you
compare the arc blast to dynamite exploding, the heat produced can ignite clothing situated
farther than 10 feet away. Clearly, any exposure to an arcing fault can be hazardous.
2.2. Program Capabilities
Arc Flash Exposure based on IEEE 1584

Arc Flash Exposure based on NFPA 70E
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems/Single Branch Case
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems/Multiple Branch Cases
Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems
Network Arc Flash Exposure on DC Networks
Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on DC Systems
Exposure Simulation at Switchgear Box, MCC Box, Open Area and Cable Grounded and
Ungrounded
Calculate and Select Controlling Branch for Simulation of Arc Flash
Test Selected Clothing
Calculate Clothing Required
Simulated Arc Flash Exposure at User Selected Bus(s)
User Defined Fault Cycle for 3-Phase and Controlling Branches
User Defined Distance for Subject
100% and 85% Arcing Current
100% and 85% Protective Device Time
Protective Device Setting Impact on Arc Exposure Energy
User Defined Label Sizes
Plot Energy for Each Bus
Write Results into Excel
View and Print Graphic Label for User Selected Bus(s)
Work permits
AC & DC Arc Flash
2.3. Arc Flash Study

Figure 2 shows three arc flash zones that can have different calculated arc flash energy levels for
each fault location; although the bus fault current level is the same, the fault clearing time can be
different. Zone 1 extends from the secondary main breaker to the transformer primary upstream
protective device. A Zone 1 fault on the transformer secondary (to within the secondary main
breaker) has to be cleared by an upstream device with a backup fault clearing time. Zone 1 also
covers main breaker racking-in and racking-out conditions. In the EDSA program, a dummy bus
is usually furnished with the breaker symbol on the source side of the breaker.
Zone 2 includes the load side terminals of the secondary main breaker, main bus, feeder breaker
load terminals, and tie breaker (not shown). The Zone 2 bus/breaker zone is protected by the
secondary main breaker and would also include feeder breaker racking-in and racking-out
conditions. When the secondary main breaker is not provided, Zone 1 would also include Zone 2.
Zone 3 includes the feeder breaker load terminals to the downstream device (load, sub-bus or
MCC or panel breaker). Typically, with selective protective systems, Zone 2 fault clearing time is
greater than the Zone 3 clearing time. In the Paladin DesignBase program, a dummy bus is
usually furnished with the breaker symbol on the load side of the breaker.
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Figure 2 - Arc Flash Zones
AC & DC Arc Flash
2.4. Exposure Defined

The amount of heat from an arc depends on the voltage across the arc, the current, single phase
or multi-phase arc, confinement of the arc, and the distance the subject is away from the arc
plasma. Most of the data collected for heat exposure have been staged, since the modeling of
the arc is very complex [5, 6, 7, 8, 12].
The power in the arc (VARC * IARC) is radiated out as incident energy falling onto a surface. Test
results are often used to compare the amount of energy produced in the arc and radiating to a
surface at some distance away. As expected, the radiated energy depends whether the arc is
unrestricted in free air, or semi-confined, or directed as it would be in a switchgear cubicle with a
panel removed or the door open. The latter directs the radiating energy toward the open area,
greatly increasing the incident energy falling onto a surface. The arc produces quickly-expanding
gases. These gases heat the surfaces they contact. Thus, the energy of an arc can burn
contacted surfaces due to both radiant and convection heat transfer.
Low voltage switchgear type of equipment can have bare buses and a line-to-ground or a line-to-line
fault and can quickly become a three-phase arcing fault with the corresponding increase in arcing
energy. Arcing faults beginning as line-to-ground faults in cables and on insulating buses must burn
through the second insulating material before a multi-phase fault can result. This can last up to tens
of cycles depending on the energy in the fault.
2.5. Personal Protective Equipment Defined

Personal protective equipment includes many items, such as gloves, tools, face protection,
glasses as well as the clothing to be worn. The main arc flash consequences are burns to the
body that could cause death. Therefore, the head and chest areas are more critical. While burns
on the persons limbs are serious, they are not likely to cause death. For example, when working
on electrical equipment, gloves are voltage rated to protect from electrical shock while fire
retardant overalls have only a thermal rating. When gloves are worn, some thermal protection is
also provided.
Table 1 and 2 provide guidance to the thermal capabilities of some clothing articles. Table 2 is
from NFPA 70E. NFPA 70E has divided the personal protective clothing (PPE) requirements into
four (4) risk categories, Table 2. These hazard risk categories are listed below. Table 3 gives the
voltage capabilities of gloves up to 40-kV.
AC & DC Arc Flash
Table 1 - Typical Thermal Performance of Various Fabrics in Cal/ cm2
Material
Total
Bare skin (clean)

Bare skin (dirty)
Untreated cotton
Single layer FR cotton
Single layer FR cotton
PBI fiber blend
Nomex III
Nomex III
Nomex III A
Nomex III A
Cotton (4 oz) under FR cotton (8 oz)
Nomex (2 layers)
Nomex (8oz) over FR cotton (8 oz)
Switching suit of FR coverall
4.0
7.5
12.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
4.5
6.0
12.0
12.2
16.0
24-30
Weight
Rating
(Cal/cm 2)
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
oz/yd2
0.5
1.0
2.0
6.0
13.8
6.1
9.1
13.7
9.2
13.1
12.5
22.6
31.1
40.0+
Table 2 - NFPA-70E Flash Hazard Risk Categories

Flash Hazard Risk Range of Calculated
Category
Incident Energy
0
0-1.2 cal/cm2
1
1.2+ to 4 cal/cm2
2
2
4+ to 8 cal/cm
2
3
8+ to 25 cal/cm
4
2
25+ to 40 cal/cm
Min. PPE Rating

N/A
4 cal/cm2
8 cal/cm2
25 cal/cm2
40 cal/cm2
Clothing Required
4.5-14.0 oz/yd2 untreated cotton
FR shirt and pants
Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt and pants
Cotton underclothing plus
FR shirt, pants, overalls or equivalent
Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt, pants, plus double layer
switching coat and pants or equiv.
FR = Fire resistance fabric
Table 3 - Glove Classes

Glove Class
00
0
1
2
3
4
Use Voltage
(kV)
0.5
1.0
7.5
17.5
26.5
36.0
Max. Test Voltage

(kV)
2.5
5.0
10
20
30
40
AC & DC Arc Flash
2.6. Arc Resistance Defined

Short-circuit arc resistance is a highly variable quantity that changes non-linearly with the arc
current during a cycle and on a cycle-by-cycle basis. As the current increases, so does the
ionized area, and, consequently, the resistance becomes lower. The voltage across the arc varies
non-linearly with the length and current flowing in it. Arcing short-circuit current magnitudes on
low-voltage systems (<1000 V) are more affected by arc resistance than they are on higher
voltage systems. Arc resistance results in the short-circuit currents smaller than in the bolted
short-circuit current.
On high voltage networks, the short-circuit arc resistance and resulting arc voltage are often low
compared to the circuit voltage; the arcing fault and bolted fault current can be approximately the
same. Arcing ground short-circuits have been known to have short-circuit currents that range
between zero and 100% of the bolted short-circuit current depending on the system voltage and
the type of arcing short circuit involved. [1] The environment in which the arcing short circuit takes
place affects the arc resistance and its continuity.
An arcing short circuit in a confined area is easily perpetuated due to the concentration of ionized
gases allowing easy current flow. An arc occurring on open conductors is elongated due to heat
convection, thereby lengthening the arc allowing cooling of ionized gas, so the arc may extinguish
itself.
The results of tests show that arcing short-circuit currents are very erratic in nature and do not
provide a constant resistance during any one cycle. Over several cycles the arc re-ignites, due to
uncooled ionized gases, almost extinguishes, and then fully re-ignites. There is not an exact
equation available to determine arc resistance. The bibliographies references by Alm, Brown and
Strom [2, 3, 4] provide approximations to the arc resistance.
2.7. Key Concepts

Open Arc
This term is used to describe a non-enclosed Arc in which the energy is radiated equally in all
directions. An arcing fault on an overhead line would be an example of an open arc topology.
Directed Arc
This term, also known as arc in a box, describes an Arc that occurs in a partially enclosed area
such as an MCC or a Switchgear cubicle. In this case the energy radiated includes the energy
reflected from the enclosure walls. A fault in a switchgear cubicle with the door open would be an
example of a directed arc.
Radiant Energy
This term refers to the energy as the light, which is released by an Arc during a fault.
Blast Energy
This term describes the energy released by an Arc, in the form of convection. When the Arc
occurs, the gaseous mass surrounding the area is violently displaced and heated. The energy
contained in this rapid moving mass, as it collides with surrounding objects, is called the Blast
Energy of the Arc.
AC & DC Arc Flash
2.8. References
1.
Kaufmann, R. H. and J.C. Page, "Arcing Fault Protection for Low Voltage Power
Distribution Systems - The Nature of the Problem", AIEE Transaction, PAS vol 79, June
1960, pp 160-165. (Note: the value in Table 1 should be multiplied by 2 due to the
correction with CT probe ratio.)
Alm, Emil, " Physical Properties of Arcs in Circuit Breakers", Transactions of the Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, No. 25, 1949.
3.
Brown, T. E., "Extinction of A-C Arcs in Turbulent Gases", AIEE Transaction Vol 51, March
1932, pp 185-191.
4.
Strom, A. P., "Long 60-Cycle Arcs in Air", AIEE Transaction, March 1946, Vol 65, pp
113-118, (See discussion PP 504-506 by J. H. Hagenguth).
5.
Wagner C. F., and Fountain, L.L., "Arcing Fault Currents in Low-Voltage A-C Circuits."
AIEE Transactions. 1948, vol 67, pp 166-174.
6.
R. Lee, The Other Electrical Hazard: Electrical Arc Blast Burns. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
Vol. 18-1A, May/June 1982, pp 246-251.
7.
R.A. Jones et al, Staged Tests Increases Awareness of Arc-flash Hazards in Electrical
Equipment. Conf. Rec. IEEE PCIC Sept 1996, pp 298-281
8.
J.R. Dunki-Jacobs, The Impact of Arcing Ground Faults on Low-voltage Power System
Design, GE publication GET-6098
9.
Lawrence Fisher, Resistance of Low-Voltage AC Arcs, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. Vol. IGA-6,
Nov./Dec 1970, pp 607-616.
10.
Richard Doughty et al, Predicting Incident Energy to Better Manage the Electric Arc
Hazard on 600-V Power Distribution Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. Vol. 36-1, Jan/Feb
2000, pp 257-269.
11.
O.R. Schurig, Voltage Drop and Impedance at Short-Circuit in Low Voltage Circuits, AIEE
trans, Vol 60, 1941, pp 479-486.
12.
IEEE Std 1584-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
13.
Standard
for
Electrical
Safety
in
the
Workplace,
NFPA
70E,
2004
AC & DC Arc Flash
3. Tutorial
3.1.
Introduction
This tutorial will illustrate how to conduct ARC FLASH EXPOSURE analyses on both AC & DC
distribution systems. The exercise will be presented as explained below.
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems
This application allows the user to evaluate the heat exposure caused by arcing faults, based on
an existing AC network file. Once a complete short-circuit analysis is performed on the subject
file, the relevant results are automatically passed on to the AC ARC FLASH program for analysis.
In addition to short circuit analysis data, the program is also capable of automatically reading the
tripping times of the protective devices assigned to any coordination study performed on the
network. All output reports can be directly exported into MS Excel. In terms of the analytical
standards that can be used, the user can choose between ANSI IEEE 1584, NFPA 70E or both.
Graphical outputs include Energy vs. Distance output, and printable warning labels. The program
also incorporates the ability to analyze arcing faults on buses that are fed from multiple power
supplies. In such cases, the Arc Flash algorithm will scan all the protective devices that control
the current contributions into the fault. Once the scan has been completed, the program selects
the Controlling branch: the significant branch with the slowest tripping time. Significant
branches are those branches that contribute with a 30-cycle (steady state) fault current. The
branch arcing current is computed by using the total bus arcing fault current IF and the ratio of
contributing branch to the total bolted fault current. This multiple branch processing technique
helps ensure a conservative approach and complies with all the required standards.
This section is in turn subdivided into two exercises described as follows:
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Single Branch Case
This exercise consists of an arcing fault that occurs on a bus fed from a single branch.
The purpose is to illustrate how to build the file, run the analysis and correlate the data
input to the calculation mechanism. The file used in this example is ARCHEAT_SB.axd.
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Multiple Branch Case
Once the mechanics of building a file have been understood from following the exercise
illustrated in the previous paragraph, this next example will show a more complex
network in which an arcing fault is fed from different sources of short circuit current, each
equipped with its own protective devices. The file that will be used in this example is
IEEEPDE.axd.
Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on AC systems

In this option, a single line diagram/network file is not required. The AC ARC FLASH program will
rely on short circuit and tripping-time information being provided by the user. The job file used in
this exercise is ACAHSTANDALONE.mas.
AC & DC Arc Flash
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

This application allows the user to evaluate the heat exposure caused by arcing faults, based on
an existing DC network file. Once a complete short-circuit analysis is performed on the subject
file, the relevant results are automatically passed on to the DC ARC FLASH program for analysis.
Output reports can be exported directly into MS Excel. Graphical outputs include Energy vs.
Distance output, and printable warning labels. The job file used in this exercise is DC_sc2.axd.
Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

Consistent with the explanation given above (Section 1.2) this option does not require a network
file. It relies on DC Short Circuit information being provided by the user. The job file used in this
exercise is DCAHSTANDALONE.axd.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
In order for the program to analyze a bus, the user MUST specify its Arc Flash Category.
Categories are assigned from the job file editor as the file is being constructed. The screen
capture shown below, illustrates how to classify a bus directly from the editor during the
construction of the file.
ARC Flash Categories
Figure 3 - Arc Flash Categories
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.
Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Single Branch Case
This section of the tutorial is based on the network-file ARCHEAT_SB.axd. The topology of the
network is shown in Figure 4 below in conjunction with back-annotated cycle short-circuit
results. The tripping times of the breaker protecting the motor are defined in a coordination study
that has been previously carried out on the network (Study 0: Motor PDC Study). The TCC graph
on the next page shows the phase coordination settings of the realy, along with bus and branch
fault currents.
GRI D
BUS-01
BKR-01
500 A
BUS-02
TRX-01
250 0-3-L
BUS-03
BKR-02
800 A
50
51
BUS-04
FDR-01
500 -5KV
942 6.61 A
Cycle 3-P Symmetrical

Branch Fault Current:
9426.61 Amps.
BUS-05
112 00.52 A
Cycle 3-P Symmetrical

Bus Fault Current:
11200.52 Amps.
Figure 4 - Network under study, showing a cycle fault analysis at BUS-05
10
AC & DC Arc Flash
Branch fault
current
through BKRBus fault
current
at BUS-05
Figure 5 - PDC Study for Motor on BUS-05
11
AC & DC Arc Flash
Illustration of necessary steps to perform Arc Flash analysis follows.
Open the file ARCHEAT_SB.axd form EDSA2005 > Samples > ArcFlash folder.
Double click on each of the nodes/buses and make sure that a proper Arc Flash
classification has been given to each one of them. For example double click on Bus-04
to verify the Arc Flash setting as shown in figure below.
The Arc Flash designation for each node of this network is shown in the figure below. The
designations chosen are not to be considered typical; they are only intended to serve as
examples.
Figure 6 - Assigning Arc Flash Environment to Buses.
12
AC & DC Arc Flash
Proceed to enter/verify that all the protective devices have been properly characterized
from the short circuit point of view. In this exercise, emphasis will be made on breaker
BKR-02 since it is the one protecting the motor on BUS-05. BUS-05 will be the objective
of the following arc flash analysis. Also remember that the relay associated with this
breaker is shown in Figure 5.
Double click on BKR-02 to invoke its respective editor, and select the Short Circuit tab.
Complete all the required ANSI settings, paying special attention to the Interrupting
Time in cycles. This number is very important since it plays a role in the total time in
which an arcing fault can be cleared. In this case notice that this is a 5-cycle breaker.
Figure 7 - Defining Breaker Short Circuit Characteristics.
Finally if there is an intentionally added Relay Trip Delay (for example, aux. Tripping
Relays), user should enter it here. For this example enter 0.
Next proceed to create a PDC study for the branch under analysis. For this example, a
PDC study has already been created and it is shown in Figure 5.
From the EDSA toolbar select the AC Arc Flash icon. Appropriate Arc Flash Toolbar will
be displayed.
13
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 8 - Arc Flash Toolbar.
Click on Analyze button within the Arc Flash toolbar,

open, Figure 9.
14
. Arc Flash program window will
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 9 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 1.
Carefully read the initial Arc Flash screen and make sure that you understand the
programs usage guidelines before proceeding.
Click Next to proceed with calculations. The second screen of Arc Flash program will
open, Figure 10.
15
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.1.
Arc Flash Program: Screen 2
Figure 10 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Bus Selection.

Bus selection tool, Figure 10, enables user to select buses to be studied by Arc Flash program.
Notice that Arc Flash Buses field contains all the buses in the project that:
Are not suppressed from the system (nodes are supressed by default; user needs to
unsupress them)
Have assigned Arc Flash enviroment.
User can transfer buses from Arc Flash Buses to Selected Buses field, using Add, Add All,
Remove and Remove All buttons. These commands work in common fashion as in other
DesignBase applications (Short Circuit for example). For this example we will select buses BUS04 and BUS-05 as shown in the above figure.
Also notice the Show Bus pull-down menu at the bottom of the screen, Figure 10. User can
choose one of the selected buses using this feature. All the properties of the chosen bus will be
shown in this and subsequent Arc Flash screens.
16
AC & DC Arc Flash
The first important property for the Arc Flash calculation is bus environment, Figure 11. Arc Flash
environment of the selected bus, BUS-04, is displayed in this section. The environment is
selected using the bus editor (Figure 3).
User can select/verify that the Arc Flash Equipment Category for the selected bus has been
properly assigned. The program has automatically assigned the category that was entered into
the model by the user as it was being built.
User can also select/verify that the Arc Flash Grounding Category for the selected bus has been
properly assigned. The program has automatically assigned the category that was entered into
the model by the user as it was being built.
Finally user can change grounding of all the selected buses using Grounding Control box. The
default option of grounding control is Bus Editor. Using this option user confirms the selection
done through bus editor (Figure 3). Selecting All Buses Grounded (or ungrounded) user
overwrites the editor information for all the selected buses.
Figure 11 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Environment.
User should next enter the working distance over which the Arc Flash energy is to be calculated.
The user can enter actual known values or use the IEEE 1584 defaults if deemed safe for the
application.
Figure 12 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Working Distance.
17
AC & DC Arc Flash
Next, select the Calculation option. In this example we will ask the program to calculate the
minimal protective clothing required for the application. Select Calculate Clothing Required. This
is a common application of the program. Alternately, user could select Test Selected Clothing in
order to verify pre-selected clothing level.
Figure 13 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Calculation Option.

User should also choose which cycle of fault current to use in the analysis. The default option is
cycle.
After all of the options of the current Arc Flash screen have been defined user should click on the
button. Program will run short circuit calculation before opening subsequent screen.
18
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.2.
Arc Flash Program: Screen 3
Last Arc Flash screen is shown in Figure 14. User should refresh fault duration from PDC and
use this screen for printing the results. Before using Refresh Duration from PDC make sure that
you have already performed Protective Device Coordination (PDC) for each bus; the opening
time of device is related to the amount of Arc Flash Exposure and energy available at the bus.
Please use the Show Bus window to select BUS-05. Next click on Refresh Duration from PDC
button as indicated in Figure 14. PDC result will be displayed in the screen.
Figure 14 - Arc Flash Program; Screen 3.

The following information is worth noticing:
Using IEEE 1584 formulas, program has calculated arcing currents.
Arcing currents are smaller than bolted fault current (see Figure 4).
User can enter/verify the Phase Gap and Cf factors.
19
AC & DC Arc Flash
User can set maximum tripping time for all the buses in the system.
If the fault duration is higher than maximum tripping time, the
maximum time will be used
Tripping times that correspond to the arcing controlling branch currents are calculated and
entered into the respective fields. The user can change the trip time to represent differential
relay trip time. Detailed explanation of the results is given in Figure 15.
Breaker Opening
Time
0.08
sec
1.8 sec.
Relay Tripping
Time
Figure 15 - PDC Information Transferred into the ARC Flash Calculation
20
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.3.
Arc Flash Results
The clothing required for the IEEE 1584 calculation on the BUS-05 is shown as Category 3.
From the Calculation Standards section, user could switch over to NFPA 70E. User should
press the Calculate button to refresh the analysis results. The recalculated rating for the NFPA
70E selection instead of IEEE 1584 is, in this case, more conservative (Category 4).
Figure 16 - Clothing Required for Different Standards
Energy Plot:
To generate the respective Energy vs. Distance plot of the results, select IEEE 1584 standard
and then click on the Plot button, see Figure 17.
The red area of the plot marks the distances with energy greater than 1.2 cal/cm^2 and special
clothing requirement. Green area has energy less than 1.2 cal/cm^2. User can use the cursor to
read the energy level for various distances as shown in Figure 17.
Additionally user can zoom, save, plot or edit the properties of a generated plot using the tools
available in the plots toolbar.
21
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 17 - Energy vs. Distance Plot
22
AC & DC Arc Flash
Graphic Labels:
Select Graphic Label button
to generate the equipment-warning labels. Before printing
the labels, user can choose their colors and decide for which buses the labels should be printed,
Figure 18.
Figure 18 - Label Options
Labels are shown in main DesignBase window. Once labels are displayed Arc Flash toolbar will
change to enable additional manipulation with label style and appearance. Labels are shown in
Figures 19 and 20. The following are new Toolbar functions:
- Label Options. Using this function user can choose between two different label layouts.
Layouts are shown in Figures 19 and 20. User can also change the label size by using
different number of labels per page.
- Print the Current Label.
- Print All the Labels.
- Show the Next Label.
- Close the Current Label window.
23
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 19 - Label Format One
24
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 20 - Label Format Two
25
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 21 - Label Format Three
26
AC & DC Arc Flash
Work Permits:
to generate the work permits. Use the pull down menu to
Select Work Permit button
select a task for Work permit. Once the task is selected click OK and the permit will be generated.
The work permit appears as a word document, which the user can edit, print and save. A partial
sample of the work permit is shown below.
Figure 22 - Choice of the Task for Work Permit
ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL WORK PERMIT

Job/Work Order Number:
PART 1: TO BE COMPLETED BY THE REQUESTER
(1) Description of circuit / equipment / job location / bus name:
BUS-04
(2) Description of work to be done:

Work on energized parts, including voltage testing
(3) Reasons why the circuit / equipment cannot be de-energized or the work deferred until the next scheduled outage:
_________________________________________________
______________________________________
Requester / Title
Date
PART II: TO BE COMPLETED BY THE ELECTRICALLY QUALIFIED PERSONS DOING THE WORK:
Check
When
Complete
____
(1) Detailed job description procedure to be used in performing the above detailed work:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
(2) Description of the Safe Work Practices to be employed:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Flash Boundary
Shock Hazard
Required PPE
776.7 in
2.4 kV
3
Flash Hazard
23.8 cal/cm^2
Working Distance
Restricted Approach
26.0 in
Glove Class
Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt, pants, overalls or equivalent
(3) Means employed to restrict the access of unqualified persons from the work area:
Figure 23 - A Partial Sample of the Work Permit
27
35.8 in
1
____
AC & DC Arc Flash
Text Based Output report:

To produce a text-based output report, proceed as follows:
-
Select a Summary, Detailed or Custom report.

Select the Calculation Standard to be used.
Select Results to Microsoft Excel
This will create a report and save it into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. Use the settings shown
below for this example and specify the name and a folder in which to save the report. Press
Save.
Figure 24 - Creating a Summary IEEE-based Report

The summary report is shown in the next figure.The following variables are reported:
Bus and protective device name
Bus voltage
Bus and branch bolted fault current
Critical case (100% or 85%): the case with the highest Arc Flash energy.
Trip delay time, breaker oppening time and fault duration
Arcing current, Arc Flash energy, Arc Flash boundary and required IEEE 1584 PPE class.
Bus configuration and working distance.
Figure 25 - Summary Arc Flash Report
28
AC & DC Arc Flash
To produce the most elaborate Arc Flash report user should select detailed output report and
Both standards. User can also select custom report. The following dialog box will appear if the
custom report is selected. Using this dialog box user can choose which data is to be reported.
Figure 26 - Custom Report Options

An example of custom Arc Flash report is shown in the next figure. Notice that 85% results are
not applicable since the bus voltages are higher than 1000V.
Figure 27 - Custom Arc Flash Report
29
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.4.
Arc Flash Annotations
User can display Arc Flash results back on the drawing using the back annotation icon from the
. The following quantities, Figure 27, can be displayed. The annotated

Arc Flash toolbar
results are also shown in the figure.
Figure 28 - Arc Flash Annotations.

User can also color code the zones with respect to
different PPE category. To do that it is necessary to
click PPE Zones button on the last Arc Flash screen.
User can change the colors according to his/her
preferences. Clicking on Show PPE Colors will
change the colors of Arc Flash buses in the network.
30
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.2.5.
Arc Flash Database
At any time during the Arc Flash calculation user can view the Arc Flash database.
Figure 29 - Arc Flash Database

Choosing the Database > Fabric Material Library option user can review the following NFPA
table:
Figure 30 - Fabric Material Library

Glove Class library will be displayed if Database > Glove Class Library option is chosen.
Figure 31 - Glove Class Library
31
AC & DC Arc Flash
IEEE 1584 table with the appropriate coefficients used in Arc Flash calculation will be displayed if
Database > 1584 Table option is chosen.
Figure 32 - IEEE 1584 Table
Label Options enables the user to include/ take off particular options in Arc Flash labels.
Figure 33 - Label Options
32
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 34 - Label Format Dialog Box
Figure 35 - Format One
33
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 36 - Format Two
Figure 37 - Format Three
34
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.3. Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Multiple Branch Case

This section of the tutorial is based on the network-file IEEEPDE.axd. The complete topology of
the network is shown in Figure 32 below. The Arc Flash analysis described in this section is
based on Bus4 of this network. Figure 33, shows a simplified view of Bus4 along with the 6 faultcurrent contributing branches. Only three of these branches are significant; these branches carry
short circuit contributions from the sources. The rest of the branches carry motor contribution and
the program wont analyze them.
Figure 38 - Network topology for job-file IEEEPDE.axd showing cycle fault results for
Bus4
35
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 39 - Simplified view of Bus 4 and its fault contributing branches (1/2 cycle Sym.
Currents)
The tripping times of the protective devices injected in the branches are derived from a
coordination study that has been previously carried out on the network (Study 0: BUS 4). The
TCC graph shown in Figure 34, shows the phase coordination settings of all the protective
devices.
36
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 40 - PDC Study for Bus 4 including all 6 connected branches. Currents are plotted
at 13.8 kV
Proceed to create your file and prepare it as explained in section 2.2. In this example, we will use
the file called IEEEPDE.axd, which is available in DesignBase2 > Samples > ARCHeat folder
and has already been prepared for the study. Proceed to open the file IEEEPDE.axd.
37
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 41 - IEEEPDE File opened in Paladin DesignBase CAD Environment
Select the AC Arc Flash command, Figure 8. Carefully read and make sure that you understand
the programs usage guidelines before proceeding, Figure 9. Click on the Next button.
38
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 42 - Arc Flash Screen Two / Multiple Branch Case
From the pool of Arc Flash buses, select the Bus 4 and add it into Selected Buses pool, Figure
37. Verify that all the data in the Arc Flash screen appear exactly as shown in Figure 37. Click
Next to run Short Circuit analysis.
39
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 43 - Arc Flash Screen Three / Multiple Branch Case

Click on the Refresh Duration from PDC button. Arc Flash will produce the results as shown in
the figure above.
There are a total of 6 branches contributing to fault current at Bus 4. The Arc Flash program only
considers branches leading toward sources to determine Arc Flash controlling branch. The
following summary provides a high-level overview of the methodology used by the program:
Determining the Controlling Branch
1) The fault currents for each adjacent branch to the bus are analyzed to determine the
paths leading to sources. To that end, steady state short circuit currents (30-cycles) are
used.
2) Arcing current is calculated from the bolted fault current using the criteria given in IEEE
1584-2002, section 5.2.
3) PDC Arc Flash checks along each path (identified in Step 1) and finds minimum clearing
time for each path. The device with the shortest clearing time on each path is recorded,
then (using the shortest clearing times of each path) the path with the longest clearing
time is used in the Arc Flash calculation. It is realized that the opening of the other major
contributing branches before the controlling branch would reduce the arcing current, but
2
holding the initial arcing constant for a longer time helps provide conservative cal/cm .
40
AC & DC Arc Flash
4) The path with the slowest tripping time is used as the controlling branch and the cal/cm2
is calculated from total arcing and its device tripping time
Exceptions to this rule are as follows:

If a path is encountered that has no protective device, message No PDC found is
generated. Resulting Arc Flash energy and PPE are set to N/A.
If a path is encountered that has protective devices but they do not trip, message No
PDC trip is generated. Resulting Arc Flash energy is set to N/A while PPE is set to
Extreme danger.
Looking at the fault currents in Figure 34, it can be determined that the greatest contribution into the
fault originates from the Tiebreaker branch (contribution from Bus 3). However, since the relay
labeled Trans f2 (contribution from Bus 2 through the Util-Transformer2) takes longer to open, it is
the Trans f2 branch that is used as the Arc Flash controlling branch, see figure below.
Figure 44 - Determining Controlling Branch
41
AC & DC Arc Flash
The following diagram puts in perspective the numbers obtained in the previous screen.
Figure 45 - Visual Verification of the Obtain Tripping Times
42
AC & DC Arc Flash
To finalize the analysis, user should click on Results to Microsoft Excel button. The following
table shows the results of the analysis using both IEEE 5184 and NFPA 70E Standards.
Table 4 - Network-based AC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results
Bus Name
Protective Device Name
LL Voltage (kV)
3P Bolted Fault (Amp)
Protective Device Rating (Amp)
3P Arcing Current (kA) at 100%
Trip Delay Time (sec)
Breaker Opening Time (sec)
3P Fault Duration (sec)
Configuration
Gap (mm)
3P Arc Flash Boundary (inch) at 100%
NFPA 70E Arc Flash Boundary (inch)
Working Distance (inch)
3P Energy (cal/cm^2) at 100%
Required IEEE 1584 PPE Class
PPE Description
Required NFPA 70-E PPE Class
PPE Description
Unit System
IEEE Calculation Factor
IEEE 1584 Distance Factor (x)
Restricted Shock Distance (inch)
Bus4
Trans f2
13.8
24309
960
23.24
2. 68
0.083
2.77
Box - Grounded
153
3004
Boundary equation not valid for voltage > 600V;
IEEE 1584 3 Phase boundary = 3086.5
35.8
88.9
Extreme danger
Level exceeds NFPA-70-E - Never work on or near energized system.
4
Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt, pants,
plus double layer switching coat and pants or equiv.
US
1
0.973
26
43
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.3.1.
Enabling PDC ARC Flash Activity Trace
Detailed PDC Arc Flash navigation on the one-line along with calculated values can be viewed by
enabling the PDC Arc Flash Activity Trace. The Activity Trace is typically used for troubleshooting
as well as V&V purposes, and can be enabled by opening C:\DesignBase2\Config\PDCOORD.INI
using NOTEPAD (or other text editor) and changing the value Enabled to 1 under the section
[DebugMode]. Each bus analyzed by PDC Arc Flash will generate a trace log that pops up in a
notepad window. It is advised to turn on the Activity Trace only when analyzing one bus at a time.
Arc Flash Trace Sample

############# Fault Current/Voltage(20662.85 Amps/13800.00 Volt) for 85% at Node Bus4(BUS4
Fault Ratio for 85% is 0.958654 Gap: 153 K: -0.097000
) &&& Arc
+++++++++ Path 1 for 85% +++++++++:

Branch Name: 0039
Trip/Open Time: 3.2704/0.08s Fault/Arc: 4630/4438.76Amps
Branch Name: Util-Transformer2 No PDC Device Fault/Arc: 926/887.75Amps
Branch Name: CB2_UTILITY
Branch Name: SW2_UTILITY
No PDC Device Fault/Arc: 926/887.75Amps
+++++++++ Path 2 for 85% +++++++++:
Branch Name: CB4_BUS4
Branch Name: BUS4
->BUS24
Branch Name: SW_Gen24
+++++++++ Path 3 for 85% +++++++++:
Branch Name: BUS4
->BUS24
Branch Name: FU_Gen25
+++++++++ Path 4 for 85% +++++++++:
Branch Name: 0041
Branch Name: 0038
Branch Name: Util-Transfomer1
&&& Max contributing branch is 0041 with branch current 7444Amps
&&& Controlling branch set to Slowest device branch is 0039 with Fault/Arc:
4630/4438.76Amps &&& Tripped Branch Name: 0039 Trip/Open Time: 3.2704/0.08s index: 0
############# Fault Current/Voltage(24309.23 Amps/13800.00 Volt) for 100% at Node

Bus4(BUS4
) &&& Arc Fault Ratio for 100% is 0.956009 Gap: 153 K: -0.097000
+++++++++ Path 1 for 100% +++++++++:
Branch Name: 0039
Branch Name: Util-Transformer2 No PDC Device Fault/Arc: 1089/1041.53Amps
+++++++++ Path 2 for 100% +++++++++:
Branch Name: BUS4
->BUS24
Branch Name: SW_Gen24
+++++++++ Path 3 for 100% +++++++++:
Branch Name: BUS4
->BUS24
Branch Name: FU_Gen25
+++++++++ Path 4 for 100% +++++++++:
Branch Name: 0041
Branch Name: 0038
Branch Name: Util-Transfomer1
No PDC Device Fault/Arc: 1426/1362.96AmpsBranch Name:
CB1_UTILITY
&&& Max contributing branch is 0041 with branch current 8757Amps
&&& Controlling branch set to Slowest device branch is 0039 with Fault/Arc:
5447/5207.66Amps &&& Tripped Branch Name: 0039 Trip/Open Time: 2.6826/0.08s index: 0
44
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.4. Standalone Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems

In order to start Stand-alone AC Arc Flash program, select the AC Arc Flash icon without
opening any file.
In the newly opened window assign the file name as shown in Figure 41.
Figure 46 - Creating New Standalone AC File

Once the first program window (identical to one in Figure 9) is opened, carefully read and make
sure that you understand the programs usage guidelines before proceeding. Select Next.
45
AC & DC Arc Flash
Enter bus data as shown in Figure 42:

To enter the bus voltage click on User Defined Voltage
button located below the voltage display. Set the voltage
to 480 V.
To enter the bolted fault short circuit information click on

User Defined Short Circuit button located below the
current displays. Set currents to 5000A.
Select MCC Box-Grounded environment and accept the default working distance.
Select Next to proceed to the next dialog.
Figure 47 - Standalone AC Arc Flash: Bus Properties
46
AC & DC Arc Flash
User can review the appropriate tables using database menu, Figure 43.
Figure 48 - Standalone AC Arc Flash: Database
47
AC & DC Arc Flash
Manually enter the tripping times for the protective devices that correspond to 85% and 100%
of the arcing current. Also enter the Breaker Opening Time in seconds. For this example,
use the numbers shown below. Also specify the Phase Gap in mm and the IEEE 1584
Calc. Factor, use the default IEEE 1584 values.
Click on the
button; program will display required clothing category:
Figure 49 - Standalone AC Arc Flash: Opening Time, Energy Plot, Labels
48
AC & DC Arc Flash

o Select Detailed report.
o Select the calculation standard to be used: BOTH
o Select Results to Microsoft Excel
This will create a report and save it into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet.
Specify the name and a folder in which to save the report. Press Save. The complete report is
shown in the figure below.
Figure 50 - Standalone AC Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results
49
AC & DC Arc Flash
The following table shows the results of the analysis using both IEEE 5184 and NFPA 70E
Standards.
Table 5 - Standalone AC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results
Bus Name
Protective Device Name
LL Voltage (kV)
3P Bolted Fault (Amp)
Protective Device Rating (Amp)
Trip Delay Time (sec)
Breaker Opening Time (sec)
3P Fault Duration (sec)
Configuration
Gap (mm)
NFPA 70E Arc Flash Boundary (inch)
PPE Description
Required NFPA 70-E PPE Class
PPE Description
Unit System
3P Fault Duration at 85% (sec)
Bus1
0.48
5000
0
3.627
0.35
0.005
0.355
Box - MCC - Ungrounded
25
37.2
23.7
17.9
4
1
FR shirt and pants, plus flash suit hood
3
Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt, pants, overalls or
equivalent
US
1.5
1.641
3.157
0.355
3.4
34
12
50
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.5. Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

Arc Flash study can be performed on DC systems within EDSA program environment. Proceed to
open the file C:\EDSA2005\Samples\DCSC\Dc_sc2.axd.
Double click on each of the nodes/buses and make sure that a proper Arc Flash classification has
been given to each one of them. For example double click on CHARGER and assign
Switchgear Box Arc Flash environment.
The Arc Flash designation for each bus is shown right next to it in the figure below. The
designations chosen are not to be considered typical; they are only intended to serve as
examples.
From the toolbar select the DC Arc Flash command,
Figure 51 - DC Arc Flash: Assigning the Arc Flash Environment
51
AC & DC Arc Flash
Carefully read and make sure that you understand the programs usage guidelines before
proceeding.
Select Yes in the Run Short Circuit dialog to produce the most recent short circuit results.
Press Next to continue.
Figure 52 - DC Arc Flash: The Initial Screen.

From the pick-list, select an individual bus to be analyzed. For this example, select BATT-1A.
52
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 53 - DC Arc Flash: Bus Selection
53
AC & DC Arc Flash
Select/verify that the Arc Flash environment has been properly assigned. In this case the
environment was not assigned within the GUI. The user can still define it using Arc Flash
program. For this example we will select Open as shown in the figure bellow.
Enter the working distance over which the Arc Flash yield is to be calculated. The user can enter
actual known values or use the IEEE 1584 defaults if deemed safe for the application.
Select the Calculation Option. In this example we will ask the program to calculate the minimal
protective clothing required for the application. Select Calculate Clothing Required.
Figure 54 - DC Arc Flash: Environment, Distance and Option Selection
54
AC & DC Arc Flash
Enter the tripping time that corresponds to the protective device present in the network. For this
example use 0.2 seconds as shown below.
Enter/verify the Phase Gap and the Cf factor.
Figure 55 - DC Arc Flash: Tripping Times
55
AC & DC Arc Flash
The clothing required for the application is shown as Category 1.

Select Plot to generate the Energy vs. Distance plot of the results.
Select Graphic Label to generate the equipment warning label. Label options are shown in the
figure below.
Figure 56 - DC Arc Flash: Generating Plots and Graphic Labels
56
AC & DC Arc Flash

o Select All Buses to be reported.
Figure 57 - DC Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results
57
AC & DC Arc Flash
The following table shows the results of the analysis using both IEEE 5184 and NFPA 70E
Standards, for Bus BATT-1A.
Table 6 - DC Arc Flash Exposure: Detailed Results

Bus Name
LL Voltage (kV)
DC Bolted Fault (Amp)
DC Arcing Current (kA) at 100%
DC Fault Duration (sec)
Configuration
Gap (mm)
DC Arc Flash Boundary (inch) at 100%
Energy (cal/cm^2) at 100%
PPE Description
Unit System
DC Arcing Current (kA) at 85%
DC Fault Duration at 85% (sec)
DC Energy (cal/cm^2) at 85%
DC Arc Flash Boundary (inch) at 85%
58
BATT-1A
0.25
47734.8
11.765
0.2
Open
32
30.2
17.9
3.4
1
FR shirt and pants
US
1.5
2
10
0.2
2.8
27.6
12
AC & DC Arc Flash
3.6. Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

In order to start Stand-alone DC Arc Flash program, we will select DC Arc Flash icon without
opening any file.
In the newly opened window we will assign the file name as shown in figure below.
Figure 58 - Creating New Standalone DC File

Once the first program window (identical to one in Figures 9 and 47) is opened, carefully read and
make sure that you understand the programs usage guidelines before proceeding. Select Next.
59
AC & DC Arc Flash
Type a name and a description for the bus to be studied.
To enter the bus voltage click on User Defined Voltage

button located below the voltage display. Set the voltage to
480 V.
To enter the bolted fault short circuit information click on the

User Defined Short Circuit button located below the current
displays. Set currents to 47735A (identical to the previous
section).
Figure 59 - DC Standalone Arc Flash: Bus and Fault Information
60
AC & DC Arc Flash
Select the Arc Flash environment.

Enter the working distance over which the Arc Flash is to be calculated. The user can enter
actual known values or use the IEEE 1584 defaults if deemed safe for the application.
Select the Calculation option. In this example we will ask the program to calculate the minimal
protective clothing required for the application. Select Calculate Clothing Required.
Figure 60 - DC Standalone Arc Flash: Environment, Distance and Calculation Option
61
AC & DC Arc Flash
Manually enter the tripping times for the protective devices that correspond to 85% and 100% of
the arcing current. Also enter the Breaker Opening Time in seconds. For this example, use the
numbers shown below.
Also specify the Phase Gap in mm and the IEEE 1584 Calc. Factor; use the default IEEE 1584
values.
Press Next to continue:
Figure 61 - DC Standalone Arc Flash: Tripping Times
62
AC & DC Arc Flash
The clothing required for the application is shown as Category 1.

Select Plot to generate the Energy vs. Distance plot of the results.
Select Graphic Label to generate the equipment warning label. Label options are shown in the
figure below:
Figure 62 - DC Standalone Arc Flash: Generating Plots and Graphic Labels
63
AC & DC Arc Flash

Figure 63 - DC Standalone Arc Flash: Generating Excel Results

The above results are identical to those obtained using network-based DC Arc Flash program.
64
AC & DC Arc Flash
4. Using Arc Flash for Single Phase Circuits

Using Arc Flash energy levels for arcing faults on single-phase circuits and line-to-ground faults
or Line-to-line on three-phase circuits is not covered by the program. None of the tests that were
done for the IEEE 1584 equation development were for a single phase circuit or for a line to
ground faults. Therefore empirical equations are not available. From over 350 tests performed, 4
tests were for a line-line fault at 2.4-kV. The furnished data did not state if the arc stayed a
single-phase arc or went to a three-phase arc. On the tests that were made for three-phase
faults the initial "in a box" three-phase arcs also jumped between the conductors to the box
sides. This occurred whether the box was grounded or ungrounded. Therefore, for the initial lineto-line it would be expected that the arcing became three-phase before the test ended resulting in
a higher energy level than if the fault stayed single-phase. In these line-to-line tests the energy
was approximately 65 to 80% of the similar 3-phase tests.
Drawing a conclusion from the data would be just an estimate. Logically a single-phase or line-toground would have less energy than a 3-phase arc, one could be conservative and use the 3phase Arc Flash results for the single-phase and line-to-ground faults. One could also deduce
that a single-phase or line-to-ground condition would be approximately 33% of the three-phase
condition and use a factor greater than 33% for an estimate. Using 40% to 50% of the threephase could be an option.
65
AC & DC Arc Flash
4. Putting Arc-Flash Calculations in Perspective

Conrad St. Pierre, Electric Power Consultants, Schenectady, NY
The 2002 National Electrical Code (NEC), Article 110.16 added wording to improve electrical
safety and to inform electrical technicians of the burn hazards of electrical arcs. A summary of
the wording is similar to the following: Flash protection is required when examining, adjusting,
servicing, or maintaining energized equipment. The equipment shall be field marked to warn
qualified persons of potential electric arc flash hazards.
In conjunction with the requirements in NEC, Proposed NFPA 70E - May 2003 Electrical Safety
Requirements for Employee Workplaces states Flash hazard analysis shall be done before a
person approaches any exposed electrical conductor or circuit part that has not been placed in an
electrically safe working condition. The flash hazard analysis shall determine the flash protection
boundary and the personal protective equipment that people within the arc flash boundary must
TM
use. IEEE Std. 1584 -2002 - IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
provides details of the calculation methods. The three documents should be viewed as a working
package. While, NFPA 70E gives some of the same equations as given in IEEE Std. 1584TM 2002, more detail is given in the latter. The focus of NFPA-70E and IEEE Std. 1584 is the
radiated heat or incident energy falling on a surface that is produced by an arcing fault. 1.2
calorie/cm2 (1.2 calorie/cm2 = 5.02 Joules/cm2 = 5.02 Watt-sec/cm2) for 0.1 second is the incident
energy generally used as a guide to restrict the flash hazard to a second-degree or curable burn.
For 1.0 second, the energy level would be approximately 0.12 calorie/cm2. A bolted fault does
not produce any radiated flash energy.
Data Required
To properly estimate the exposure hazard, the maximum bolted short-circuit current, the arcing
fault current, and the operating time of the interrupting device at the arcing fault current are
needed. The incident energy should be calculated at maximum and at 85% of maximum arcing
fault currents. Due to the inverse nature of protective devices, such as fuses and relays, a longer
operating time at lower arcing currents can result in a higher energy exposure.
66
AC & DC Arc Flash
IEEE Equations and Test Results for Open Air Arc

The equations given in IEEE Std. 1584 are based on experimental 208V to 15.0-kV testing and
results. Three sets of equations are provided for the three ranges: 208-1000V, 1001-15,000 V,
and >15,000V. While, the empirical equations given in the standards for voltages up to 1000
Volts tend to give the higher limits of energy radiated from the test arcs, the actual radiated
energy could be higher than the values given from the equations. The environment in which the
arc takes place affects the arc. Factors such as humidity, power factor, contaminants,
temperature, enclosure, length of an arc, impedance of an arc, duration of arc, and material
consumed in the arc will affect the radiated energy.
Figure 64 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 600 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data
IEEE 1584 Eq, based on 24 inch to subject, 1.25 Inch Arc Gap, 1.0 sec
Figure 1 shows the plot of the developed equations given in the IEEE 1584 reference to the test
data for 600V tests for an open-air arc.
An open arc is one where the heat is radiated in all directions. A fault on a cable in an open tray
could be considered an open-air arc. The calories/cm2 incident energies in this article figures is
based on a surface located 24 inches (61 cm) away from the arc and for 1.0 second. The curve
labeled IEEE 1584 EQUATIONS is derived from IEEE Std. 1584 equations 1 to 6 for an arc gap
of 1.25 inches (32 cm). IEEE Std. 1584 also provides an equation based on Ralph Lees method
given in 1982 IEEE IAS Transaction paper The Other Electrical Hazard: Electric Arc Blast
Burns. This equation is used for voltages greater than 15-kV until future tests are done at higher
voltages. The curve labeled IEEE Lees Method is from an equation based on an adjustment to
Lees work. It is shown for comparison to the IEEE 1584 Equations and test data. Lees method
is simpler, since it calculates the incident energy without knowing the arc gap or the arcing
current. The IEEE 1584 Equations calculate an estimated arc current from the bolted fault
current and arc spacing. These values are then used to calculate the incident energy. At 600V,
IEEE 1584 Equations and IEEE Lees Method equation follows the higher incident energy test
values.
67
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 65 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 4160 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data
Figures 2 and 3 show the relationship of the IEEE 1584 Equations and IEEE Lees Method
equations to the test data. In this case, some of the test data points are significantly above the
IEEE 1584 equations. In the calculations of incident energy for systems greater than 1000 Volts,
the study engineer may desire to increase the calculated values using the IEEE 1584 equations
by a factor 2.5 to ensure a safety margin or changing Cf in IEEE 1584 Equation 6 to 2.5 for
voltages greater than 1000 Volts.
68
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 66 - Comparison of IEEE Equations to 13,800 Volt Open Air Arc Test Data
Using the methods found in NFPA 70E or IEEE Standard 1584 does not ensure that burns from
an arc flash will not injure a worker. Following the NFPA 70E procedures and wearing the proper
protective equipment will greatly reduce the possibility of burns. Using the incident energy
equations, it is expected that the personal protective equipment (PPE) per the tables in NFPA
70E will be adequate for 95% of the test results used to develop the equations.
Enclosed Arcs
Much of the work around energized equipment is of the metal enclosed type. The energized
conductors are normally enclosed behind removable panels or doors. An arc in these areas is
considered in a box or in an enclosure and will be more intense and directed. The in an
enclosure measurements made by the IEEE 1584 working group gave incident energy intensity 2
to 4 times higher than an arc in open air. The two enclosed box shapes used in the tests are
shown in Fig. 5. The sketch shows the relationship of the box to the arcing electrodes. The
smaller enclosure opening does not focus the radiant energy as much as the larger enclosure
due to the ratio of the box depth to its open area. The larger enclosure tended to have a
parabolic focus of the radiant energy. The equations given in IEEE 1584 have constants that
account for fault in enclosures based on MCC or switchgear size cubicles.
69
AC & DC Arc Flash
Figure 67 - Enclosure Size Used in Test
Personal Protective Equipment

The purpose of the calculations is to determine the PPE that will limit the possible thermal energy
exposure to the critical body parts such as face and chest areas. Usually, the calculations give
the possible heat exposure level in calories/cm2 or Joules/cm2. Knowing the heat exposure level,
the desired protective clothing can be chosen. Table 4, based on NFPA 70E data provides this
cross-reference. Gloves rated for the voltage class, insulated tools, and face shields will be
required for some work tasks around energized equipment. NFPA 70E provides guidelines for
PPE required for different work tasks.
Arc Blast Pressure

Another item associated with an electric arc is the blast energy or pressure, which is not presently
covered in NFPA 70E or IEEE Std. 1584. This force can be significant and can blow workers
away from the arc causing falls and injuries that may be more severe than the burns. In Ralph
Lees second IEEE paper, Pressures Developed by Arcs in 1987, he sites several case histories.
In one case, with approximately 100-kA fault level on a 480-V system, an electrician was
somersaulted 25 feet away from the arc. Being forced away from the arc reduces the
electricians exposure to the heat radiation and molten copper, but can subject the worker to falls
or impact injuries. The approximate initial impulse force at 24 inches was calculated to be
2
approximately 600#/Ft as determined from the equation below.
Pounds/Ft2 =
11.5*kA__________
(Distance. from arc in feet)0.9
70
AC & DC Arc Flash
Flash Hazard
Risk Category
Range of Calculated
incident energy
Min. PPE
Rating
Clothing Required
0-1.2 cal/cm2
1.2+ to 4 cal/cm2
4+ to 8 cal/cm2
8 cal/cm2 Cotton underclothing

plus FR shirt and pants
8+ to 25 cal/cm2
25 cal/cm2 Cotton underclothing plus

FR shirt, pants, overalls or equivalent
25+ to 40 cal/cm2
40 cal/cm2 Cotton underclothing plus FR shirt, pants, plus

double layer switching coat and pants or equiv.
N/A
4.5-14.0 oz/yd2 untreated cotton
5 cal/cm2 FR shirt and pants
FR = Fire resistance fabric
Figure 68 - Minimum Thermal Protection Recommended

(Based on proposed updates to NFPA 70E)
71
AC & DC Arc Flash
Limiting Arc Exposure

Incident energy increases with time and fault current. Reducing either or both lowers the incident
energy due to an arcing fault. The incident energy can be reduced by system design or operating
procedures. It is best to work on de-energized equipment, but this may not be possible. The
following are some means of reducing the incident energy.
1.
On new or retrofitted breakers with electric close and trip control, place the close/open
control switch on a remote or non-breaker panel.
2.
If possible, use a remote, or longer operating arms, when racking in or opening/closing

breakers.
3.
Place a shield between the technician and the device being placed in service or racked in.
See Fig. 6
4.
Review protective devices to see if they can be lowered in time and pick-up.
Switchgear
Cubicle
Hi-impact plastic
shield with arm
holds
Breaker
Figure 69 - Using a Shield when Racking in a Breaker

5.
When working on with double-ended load centers or substations with a normally closed
tie, open an incoming breaker, or the tiebreaker, to reduce the fault level.
6.
Review protective fuse sizes. Smaller fuses reduce the exposure time. This can be
significant when the arcing current, or 85% of arcing current, is not in the current limiting
range.
7.
Change relay settings when working on equipment. For many load centers, both high and
low voltages, the feeders have instantaneous set protective devices that operate and
clear the fault in 1-8 cycles thereby reducing the exposure time. The incoming main
breaker, in order to be time coordinated with the feeders, generally will not have an
instantaneous set on the protective device. The fault clearing time could be in the range
of 0.2 to 1.0 seconds. This long time greatly increases the arc exposure time and
amount of radiation a worker would receive if the arc blast pressure is not enough to
propel the worker away from the fault.
72
AC & DC Arc Flash
To limit the arc exposure on buses where the protective devices are time coordinated; the
main breaker shown in Fig. 7 could be ordered with an instantaneous protective device
and a safety switch. Normally the instantaneous protection would not be functional due
to the open contact of the safety switch. However, when work is being done on the
energized equipment, the safety switch would be turned ON and limiting the arc
exposure to the worker should an arcing fault accident occur. The time-selective system
would be eliminated for duration of the work in the interest of safety.
Electronic trips low-voltage breakers could have either their short time or instantaneous
pick-up setting lowered when work is being done on the equipment. Some
manufacturers have a disable function on the low voltage instantaneous adjustment,
which would be useful on incoming main breakers. The instantaneous would be disabled
for a selective system under normal operation and placed in service for reduced arc fault
exposure when working on the equipment.
8.
While not a way to reduce arc incident energy, it is good practice to use a buddy system.
In the event some incident should happen, help can be summoned quickly if a second
person is around.
Figure 70 - Schematic to Control Arc Exposure on Relayed Breakers
73
AC & DC Arc Flash
Calculation Means
The calculations for arc flash incident energies and boundary distances can be accomplished a
number of ways. The reader can use the equations in IEEE Std. 1584TM -2002 after obtaining the
bolted three-phase short-circuit current and clearing times. IEEE also has made an EXCEL
spreadsheet program available with these equations for approximately $500. The user enters the
fault level, voltage, clearing time, and distance from an expected arc to the worker, and the
program provides the incident energy and boundary distance. The user would use these data to
make the labels to be placed on the electrical equipment. Software companies that provide
industrial-based electrical system analysis have arc flash hazard packages integrated with their
short-circuit and protective device packages.
Copies of the NEC, NFPA 70E, and IEEE Std. 1584TM -2002 references can be purchased from
their parent standard organization.
74
AC & DC Arc Flash
About Conrad St. Pierre

Bio
Conrad St. Pierre
President, Electric Power Consultants, LLC
Mr. St. Pierre is a graduate of the University of Maine with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering and a certificate in Power System Engineering. He received a Master of Science
from Union College in Schenectady, New York.
From 1965 to 1991 the General Electric Company employed him. His work included three years
of design and application engineering for GE's Medium Voltage Switchgear Department in
Philadelphia, PA. This work involved the application, selection, and design of relay control circuits
for switchgear to industrial and utility customers.
Mr. St. Pierre transferred to the Industrial Power Systems Engineering Operation (IPSEO) in 1968
as an Application Engineer. He worked in the field of conceptual design and system analysis of
power systems for industries. He performed electrical power system studies for plants in the
steel, chemical, automotive, paper, and aircraft industries, as well as commercial buildings,
hospitals, and electric utilities. His particular emphasis was on short circuit, load flow, motor
starting, harmonics, impact loading, stability, and load shedding analysis of electric power
systems. He wrote and updated many computer programs used by GE on the above subjects. In
1986 he became Manager of IPSEO where he directed the activity of other engineers and was an
instructor in the field of power system engineering.
Mr. St. Pierre took numerous courses offered by General Electric, and completed GE's Power
Systems Engineering course. In addition, he taught classes and gave seminars as part of his
duties.
While at GE, he received several managerial and customer service awards, including the
Industrial and Power System Engineering Award for Outstanding Technical Contribution to GE
Industry Sales and Service.
Mr. St. Pierre joined Power Technologies, Inc (PTI) in 1991 as Manager of Industrial Power
Systems performing similar analytical studies as he had done with GE. In addition, he increased
PTI's exposure and sales to the industrial market.
He was a member of IEEE and of several subcommittees, and was the Chairman of the Violet
Book Working Group, which deals with short circuit calculations. Mr. St. Pierre was a member of
the U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Advisory
Group for TC73/WG1 and WG2 concerning short circuit currents and calculation methods.
In 1997, Mr. St. Pierre formed his own analytical business known as Electric Power Consultants,
LLC that provides analytical engineering services to his clients and clients of GE, ABB, PTI,
Hanson Engineers, and ANNA, Inc.
75
AC & DC Arc Flash
Publications
"Economic Selection of Voltages for Refineries", IEEE - Petroleum and Chemical Industry
Conference, San Francisco, CA, 1974.
"Stability Considerations in Paper Mills", IEEE - Pulp and Paper Conference, San Francisco, CA,
1977
"Loss-of-Excitation Protection for Synchronous Generators on Isolated Systems", IEEE - IAS
Transactions, Vol. 1A-21, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1985. Received Honorable Mention Prize.
"Standardization of Benchmarks for Protective Device Time-current Curves", IEEE - IAS
Transactions, Vol. 1A-22, No. 4, July/Aug. 1986 (co-author, T. Wolny).
"Sample System for Three-phase Short Circuit Calculations", - IAS Transactions, Vol. 26, No. 2,
Mar./Apr. 1986
"Microprocessor-Based Load Shedding Keeps Industry Systems in Balance," IEEE Computer
Applications in Power, January 1992, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 21-24.
"Harmonics Control in Steel Mills," Iron and Steel Engineer, July 1992, pp. 25-28.
"Why Arc Furnaces Worry Utilities", Electrical World Magazine, Aug. 1993.
Designing or Specifying Harmonics Filters," Plant Engineering, March 6, 1995, pp. 68-72.
"The Effect of Demand Side Management Programs on Magnetic Field Exposure," presented at
the 28th Annual Frontiers of Power Conference, Stillwater, OK, October 30-31, 1995, (co-author:
L.J. Oppel).
"Destructive Harmonics Distortion is Byproduct of High Power Drives," New York State Facilities
Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 12-13, February 1996.
"Harmonics Not Always the Culprit Say Power Engineers", New York State Facilities Journal, Vol.
6, No. 8, pp. 1, 10,11, July 1996. (Co-author Paul Steciuk)
"Shifting or Impeding Adjustable Speed Drive Harmonics," Plant Engineering, June 1997, pp. 7879.
"Don't Let Power Sags Stop Your Motors", Plant Engineering, Sept 1999, pp.76-80.
"Combine Variable Frequency and Fixed-Speed Drives for Better Economy", Plant Engineering,
April 2000, pp. 66-69.
"A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculations, Conrad St. Pierre, Aug. 2001 (self published
book) Printer Thomson-Shore, Dexter MI.
76
AC & DC Arc Flash
5. Program Verification & Validation

The AC Arcing Faults for the Arc Flash program were verified against the empirical equations in
IEEE-1584 and NFPA 70E. The results of the incident energy and flash boundaries calculated in
Arc Flash produce nearly identical results as the equations in the IEEE-1584 Standard.
Any differences were generally less than 1.0% and are likely due to rounding of the numbers
used and the results printed. All equipment configurations were checked from 480V to 34.5kV.
These configurations included the grounding options and switchgear options given in Step 2 of
the Arc Flash program.
If you would like a copy of the Verification & Validation calculations for this program, they are
available. Please contact us for details.
77

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AC & DC Arc Flash Evaluation Manual

EDSA Micro Corporation

AC & DC Arc Flash

What is New in this Release .................................................................................... 1

Arc Flash Program Overview ................................................................................... 1

Putting Arc-Flash Calculations in Perspective ....................................................... 66

Program Verification & Validation .......................................................................... 77

Circuit for Arc Model ..................................................................................................... 1

AC & DC Arc Flash

Arc Flash Program; Screen 2 Working Distance. ................................................... 17

AC & DC Arc Flash

Typical Thermal Performance of Various Fabrics in Cal/ cm2......................................... 5

AC DC Arc Flash Evaluation

ACAHSTANDALONE, IEEEPDE, ARCHEAT_SB, DC_SC2

AC & DC Arc Flash

1. What is New in this Release

Increased speed; new ODBC environment enables high speed in execution

2. Arc Flash Program Overview

Figure 1 - Circuit for Arc Model

AC & DC Arc Flash

Heat Exposure Due to Arcing Faults

2.2. Program Capabilities

Arc Flash Exposure based on IEEE 1584

AC & DC Arc Flash

2.3. Arc Flash Study

Figure 2 - Arc Flash Zones

AC & DC Arc Flash

2.4. Exposure Defined

2.5. Personal Protective Equipment Defined

AC & DC Arc Flash

Table 1 - Typical Thermal Performance of Various Fabrics in Cal/ cm2

Bare skin (clean)

Table 2 - NFPA-70E Flash Hazard Risk Categories

Min. PPE Rating

FR = Fire resistance fabric

Table 3 - Glove Classes

Max. Test Voltage

AC & DC Arc Flash

2.6. Arc Resistance Defined

2.7. Key Concepts

AC & DC Arc Flash

AC & DC Arc Flash

Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on AC systems

AC & DC Arc Flash

Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

Stand-Alone Arc Flash Exposure on DC systems

ARC Flash Categories

Figure 3 - Arc Flash Categories

AC & DC Arc Flash

Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems / Single Branch Case

Cycle 3-P Symmetrical

Cycle 3-P Symmetrical

Figure 4 - Network under study, showing a cycle fault analysis at BUS-05

AC & DC Arc Flash

Figure 5 - PDC Study for Motor on BUS-05

AC & DC Arc Flash

Illustration of necessary steps to perform Arc Flash analysis follows.

Figure 6 - Assigning Arc Flash Environment to Buses.

AC & DC Arc Flash

Figure 7 - Defining Breaker Short Circuit Characteristics.

AC & DC Arc Flash

Figure 8 - Arc Flash Toolbar.