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of blasting vibration
Dr. Ing . Thierry BERNARD
INDEX
I.
N
Diap.
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 04
06
17
I. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
This module will develop the necessary knowledge to
understand the vibration phenomenon resulting from
blasting.
I. Introducction
II. DESCRIPTION OF
VIBRATION PHENOMENON
2.1 DEFINITION
Vibration is a mechanical
phenomenon
whereby
oscillations occur about an
equilibrium point. The oscillations
may be periodic such as the
motion of a pendulum or random
such as the movement of a tire
on a gravel road.
Supersonic Bang
Ground Vibration
10
11
12
2.7 AMPLITUDE
Amplitude can be defined as "the maximum displacement from
the average position.
The amplitude of a transverse wave is measured from the peak
(or trough) to the mid-point. Its called Peak Particle Velocity
(PPV)
Amplitude is a measure of how much energy the wave has.
13
2.4 WAVELENGTH
Wavelength can be defined as "the distance the wave has
traveled during one complete cycle".
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two peaks or
the distance between two troughs.
14
2.5 FREQUENCY
Frequency is defined as "the number of complete cycles
(complete waves) in one second.
Hertz is the unit of frequency (symbol Hz).
15
2.6 PERIOD
The period of a wave is defined as "the time taken for one
complete cycle.
The period = 1 frequency.
16
17
Vibration is an oscillation
In a wave ground particles move around their mean
position
A wave is characterize by:
Its amplitude
18
19
20
kind
of
seismic
wave.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Craks
Expansion
of pressure
Craks propagation
Rock displacement
Fragmentation
Muck pile
30
GAZ
GAZ
EXPLOSIF
P = 10 GPa
P = 104 Bars
t = 10
0.0ms
3.0
3.6
4,2
ms
31
FRAGMENTATION
GROUND VIBRATION
OR
DAMAGE
32
33
34
Long delay
Individual hole waves
35
P wave traveling at the back of the blast shake the rock and
are called vibrations
36
V. PROPAGATION LAW
37
5. Propagation Law
Objective
38
V. Propagation Law
39
V. Propagation Law
Amplitude decreases
versus Distance
Distance
Hole #1
40
V. Propagation Law
Smaller Charge
Smaller Amplitude
Distance
Hole #1
10 kg
Bigger Charge
Bigger Amplitude
Distance
Hole #1
20 kg
41
V. Propagation Law
PPV K * D * Q
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K, Alpha, Beta
42
V. Propagation Law
V. Propagation Law
PPV=K
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
44
V. Propagation Law
Alpha
45
V. Propagation Law
PPV=K
D
3/2
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
46
V. Propagation Law
PPV=K
D
3
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
47
V. Propagation Law
5. Propagation Law
Learning's
PPV=K
48
V. Propagation Law
49
6. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Objective
Learn why to measure vibrations
Learn the definition of the main parameter you can measure
50
Blasting efficiency
And also environmental effects when close to human
activity
51
52
53
Wall collapse
54
Cracks
55
56
57
58
T
Seismograph
L
Explosive charge
detonation
Vibrations
59
60
61
62
Advantages
Portable
Quick and easy to install
Affordable
Drawback
Battery life limited if set up in remote place
No event synchronization
63
6.5 SENSORS
Accelerometer
66
6.5 SENSORS
Geophones
67
6.5 SENSORS
Tri-axial sensor
(L, T)
1 vertical channel
(V)
V
T
68
6.5 SENSORS
Down Hole Geophones
69
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
70
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
71
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
72
6.6 MONITORING
Basic but Best Practices
73
6.6 MONITORING
Seismograph calibration
Annual calibration
of the seismograph
is recommended
74
6.6 MONITORING
Blasting seismograph records
75
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
76
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
77
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
C
Tail duration: 1 s
78
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
A : Pre Trigger
Is a duration recorded before the unit trigs
(before the amplitude of the waveform reaches the
trigger level)
79
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
B : Sequence Initiation Duration
Is a duration of your timing sequence
80
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
C : Tail duration
This is a duration set up to record the tail of the
waveform, after the initiation sequence duration is over
A minimum of 0.5 s is recommended when sensor is
close to the blast (< 100 m)
A minimum of 1 s is recommended when sensor is
located at more 100 m of the blast
81
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
: 0.2 s
82
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
: 0.5 s
83
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
84
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
85
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
86
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
87
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
88
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
89
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
90
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
91
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
92
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
93
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
94
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
95
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
96
6.6 MONITORING
Sensor coupling : When and How
1000
burial or firm
attachment is
required
mm/s
100
0,2 g
1,0 g
10
no burial or
attachment is
necessary
1
10
100
1000
Hz
From ISEE Field Practice Guidelines for Blasting Seismographs
97
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
98
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
99
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
100
6.5 SENSORS
Attachment methods
101
6.5 SENSORS
Sand bagging methods
102
6.5 SENSORS
Sand bagging methods
103
6.6 MONITORING
Sand bagging methods
104
6. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Learning's
Vibration could seriously damage structure
Seismograph are used to record vibration (acceleration,
particle velocity or displacement)
Set up of seismograph is very important for a successful
recording
Sampling rate
Trigger level
Duration
Coupling of the sensor is key for a successful recording
105
106
6. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Objective
Recap of the main characteristics of a wave
Learn why frequency is a key parameter (damage and
regulation)
Learn how to measure frequency of a wave with 2 different
techniques
Learn what is a dominant frequency
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
Frequency, F= 1/(2*T)
Measure Maximum M for this arch
114
115
ZCF
116
117
Understanding a FFT
Vibration
Violon:
High Frequency
Low Apmlitude
Trumpet
Medium Frequency
High Apmlitude
Drum :
Low Frequency
High Amplitude
118
Frequency
Waveform
(Time Domain)
119
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel L
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel T
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel V
120
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel L, T,V
121
122
123
124
125
126
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
FFT-1
Reverse FFT
127
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
128
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
129
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
130
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
131
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
132
6. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Learning's
Law frequency can seriously damage structure
Frequency measurement could be done with 2 techniques:
133
134
7. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Objective
Learn about the scope of vibration regulations
Learn about the various vibration regulations
135
* Inter alia: Crandell (1949), Medearis (1977), Siskind et al. (1980), Dowding (1996) Duvall and Fogelson (1962), Wiss
(1968), and Nichols et al. (1971)
136
1959: Edward and Norwood used the PPV index to conduct similar studies in Canada
1977: Bauer and Calder established damage for equipment and structures
1980: US Bureau of Mines proposed its 50.8 mm/s (2 in/s) standards (1980)
137
138
139
RI 8507 (Siskind & al. 1980): frequency-based safe limits for cosmetic cracking
140
10
0.75
0.1
1
10
30
100
141
DAMAGE
TYPE
DEFINITION
COSMETIC
15
20
50
MINOR
30
40
100
60
80
200
STRUCTURAL
< 4 Hz
4 -15 Hz
> 15 Hz
142
143
AUTHORS
TOPIC
1974
Snodgrass, Siskind
1977
Stevens
1977
Sakurai (USGS)
1977
Rupert, Clark
1979
Woodward-Clyde Associates
1979
Hayatdavoudi, Brown
1983
1984
Simpson, Phang
1991
Friedel, Thill
1992
Boukharov, Chanda
1993
Fourie, Green
1993
Singh, Lamond
1997
2002
Singh
2006
VibraTech
2007
WV OEB
Report Relating Surface Coal Mines Scaled Distance to Deep Mine Roof PPV
144
mm/s
in/s
APPLICATIONS
127
127
254
10
305
12
145
146
NAME
ISSUING DATE
GERMANY
DIN4150
1975*
NEW ZEALAND
NZS 4403
1976
USBM RI8507
1980
OSM 817.67
1983
PORTUGAL
NP2074
1983
INTERNATIONAL
ISO 4866
1990
ITALIA
UNI 9916
1991
SWEDEN
SS 460 48 46
1991
UNITED KINGDOM
BSI 7385
1993
SPAIN
UNE 22-381-93
1993
FRANCIA
ARRET DU 22/09/94
BRAZIL
CETESB D7.013
1998
SCOTLAND
PAN50
2000
1994**
147
148
149
UK
DIN
FR
UNE
AUS
150
151
Peru has a large-scale mining industry but uses the US or the Spanish regulation
152
Show the structure types have a varying natural frequency. Blast vibration
matching the frequency of the structure of concern may amplify the shaking
within the structure.
Velocity mm/s
USBM RI 8507
10
153
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
100
154
155
W = ( D/Ds )2
where :
W = the maximum weight of explosives, in pounds;
D = the distance, in feet, from the blasting site to the nearest protected structure;
Ds = the scaled-distance factor (refer to scale distance chart)
156
100
for UG blasting
The maximum ground vibration
shall be established in accordance
with either:
Velocity mm/s
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
157
100
Velocity mm/s
100
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
158
100
159
The blasts carried out between 7:00pm and 7:00am should be scheduled at a fixed time
The operator must notify the population in a minimum radius of 1km around the mine
The following limits apply depending on the mine depth:
UG Mine depth
Frequency (Hz)
0-15
12,7
15-20
19,0
20-25
23,0
25-
25,0
<12,7
<100m
>100m
160
Velocity mm/s
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
161
100
L2
Velocity mm/s
L1
L3
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
162
100
L2
Velocity mm/s
L1
L3
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
163
100
Published in 1991
Swedish Standard does not take the
frequency into account
Velocity mm/s
100
10
1
1
Frequency Hz
164
10
100
165
100
II
III
Velocity mm/s
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
166
100
* Are considered as a building the constructions used for living or working purposes and the monuments. For other
types of building, higher level might be authorized if and after specific studies have been conducted .
167
168
Signal weighting
30
80
3/8
100
Velocity mm/s
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
100
169
170
Velocity mm/s
10
10
Frequency Hz
171
100
A : Industrial
B : Residential
an internationally acknowledged
standard
Main part of the studies supporting the
Velocity mm/s
10
10
Frequency Hz
172
100
10
10
Frequency Hz
100
This standard states that for frequencies outside this range, the study should be
based on other standards and considerations.
174
175
It aims at establishing standardized practices for signal monitoring and processing for
the evaluation of the vibration impact on structures
The ISO 4866 offers valuable guidelines for elaborating regional standards or
performing vibration impact studies
ISO 4866 applies to all structures built above or below ground (including tunnels)
176
177
Velocity mm/s
Mineral Workings
10
15 mm/s @ < 4 Hz
20 mm/s @ 4 15 Hz
50 mm/s @ > 15 Hz
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
178
100
buildings
179
Article 223.-c. All mines using explosives nearby inhabited area must keep the
impact of noise, dust and vibration within the levels established by the competent
authority
180
The Spanish Standard UNE 22-381-93 is usually applied for both surface and UG
applications
181
UK DIN
FR
UNE
AUS
182
Velocity mm/s
100
10
USBM RI8507
BS 7385
UNE (L1)
DIN (L1)
FR (weighted)
AS (residential)
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
183
Velocity mm/s
100
BS 7385
UNE (L1)
10
DIN (L1)
FR (weighted)
Average
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
184
BS 7385
Velocity mm/s
UNE (L2)
UNE (L3)
10
DIN (L2)
DIN (L3)
FR (weighted)
AS (UG)
ANZEC
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
185
Velocity mm/s
10
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
186
ANY
INTERNATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDEGED
STANDARD
APROVED BY THE
COUNTRY?
NO
ANY
INTERNATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDEGED
STANDARD
COVERING THE
CASE?*
YES
NO
APPLICATION OF ANY
NATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDGED
STANDARD
COVERINGTHE CASE
YES
END
END
* e.g.: According to Siskind (2000), the specified limit levels in the DIN 4150 are not damage-based (contrarily to OSM).
DIN standard intends to minimize perceptions and complains. Therefore the German Standard and the OSM criteria have
different applications
187
188
In situations where the location or the nature of the operations mean that this is not
achievable, these standards may be varied, subject to the Department being satisfied that all
affected people have given informed consent).
189
190
191
7. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Learnings
Learn about the scope of vibration regulations
Learn about the various vibration regulations
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
between
blast
&
critical
point
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
204
205
206
Shoot a blast
207
Distance, D1
Charge per Delay, Q2
208
Shoot a blast
209
Distance, D2
Charge per Delay, Q2
210
Shoot ablast
211
Distance, D3
Charge per Delay, Q3
212
Chart
Log / Log
Scaled Distance
213
214
215
216
217
218
Example
Consider the equation:
y=7+3x
The slope is 3.
For every increase of 1 in the
x-variable, there will be an
increase of 3 in the yvariable.
The intercept is 7.
When the x-variable is 0, the
y-variable is 7.
219
15
y = 7 + 3x
y increases by b =
3
x increases by 1
10
5
a=7
0
0
Example
Consider the equation: y=174x
The slope is -4.
For every increase of 1 in the
x-variable, there will be a
a = 17
decrease of 4 in the y-variable.
The intercept is 17.
When the x-variable is 0, the yvariable is 17.
15
y changes by b = -4 (i.e., changes by 4)
10
y = 17 - 4x
5
x increases by 1
0
0
220
221
Y = PPV
X= Scaled Distance
and
SS xy
SS xx
SS xy
SS xx
222
( xi x )( yi y )
( xi x )
xi yi
x
n
x y
i
2
i
Y = PPV
X= Scaled Distance
and
K y x
223
Correlation Coefficient : r2
Tell us how accurate is the equation of the straight line
n xy x y
[n( x ) ( x) ][n( y ) ( y ) ]
2
224
Correlation Coefficient : r2
Tell us how accurate is the equation of the straight line
y
R2 = 1
Perfect linear relationship
between x and y:
r2 = 1
225
Correlation Coefficient : r2
Tell us how accurate is the equation of the straight line
y
0 < R2 < 1
Weaker linear relationship
between x and y:
x
226
Correlation Coefficient : r2
Tell us how accurate is the equation of the straight line
R2 = 0
No linear relationship
between x and y:
R2 = 0
227
-1.8
228
Geology
Topography
Water saturation
Its means:
230
K1, 1
K, 2
231
XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
381
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andrews A.B. Design Criteria For Sequential Blasting. Proceeding of the Seventh
Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique Phoenix, AA, Montville (OH):
Society of Explosives Engineers, 1981
Andrieux P. P., McKenzie C., Heilig J. and Drolet A. The Impact of Blasting on
Excavation Design A Geomechanics Approach, in Proceedings, 20th Annual ISEE
Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. Austin (TX), 1994
Atlas Powder Company. Explosives and Rock Blasting Field Technical Operations.
Dallas (TX), 1987
Bernard T. Explain to me why? Proc. 5th EFEE Conf. on Explosives and Blasting,
European Federation of Explosives Engineers, Budapest, 2009
Chapot P. Study of the vibrations caused by explosives in the solid rock masses.
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, Paris, 1981
382
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
383
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ISEE field practice guidelines for blasting seismographs., blast vibrations and
seismograph section, Cleveland (OH): International Society of Explosives Engineers,
2010
Onederra I., Sesen S. Selection of inter-hole and inter-row timing for surface blasting an approach based on burden relief analysis, Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger, 2003
Oriard, Lewis L. The Effects of Vibrations and Environmental Forces. pp. 27, 29-30.
Cleveland (OH): International Society of Explosives Engineers, 1999
384
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Persson P-A., Homberg R. , Lee. J. Rock Blasting & Explosives Engineering. Chapter
11 : Blast Performance Control, p.306+, Chapter 4 : Shock Waves and Detonations,
Explosive Performance, p.128+. CRC Press, 1993
Piyush Pal Roy. Rock Blasting, Effects and Operations. London: Taylor & Francis,
2005
Siskind D. E., Stagg M. S., Kopp J. W. and Dowding C. H. Structure Response and
Damage Produced by Ground Vibration From Surface Mine Blasting - RI 8507, US
Bureau of Mines, 1980
385
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Stachura V.J., Siskind D.E. and Engler A.J. Airblast Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques for Surface Mining RI 8508, U.S Bureau of Mines, 1981
Tosello R.. Shock Waves & Detonation Waves. Detonic courses Institut des Sciences
de lIngnieur Toulon Var (ISITV), La Valette du Var, 2005-2006
Wiss, Janney and Elstner and Al. Control of Vibration and Blast Noise From Surface
Mining contract report J0255022. U.S Bureau of Mines, 1978
386
XIII. Bibliography