CIP IN 1992 PROMOTING PARTNERSHIP IN AGRICULTURE

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THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT

/.

CIP IN 1992

PROMOTING PARTNERSHIP IN AGRICULTURE

THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER

--ANNUAL REPORT

..

Bibliographic compilation: Cecilia Ferreyra / Text: Ana Maria Perez Garland / Art: Ruben Gutierrez, Cecilia Lafosse, Anselmo Morales /
L1yout: Marco Sheen / Photography: Jesus Chang / Photomechanics: Rufino Failoo / Printing: Victor Ayme, Pedro Chavez,
Godofredo Lagos, Demetrio Quispe, Hector Rojas / Coordination: Emma Martinez

lnside matter printed on recycled paper.

CONTENTS

Introduction
3

Feature Stories

International Cooperation

45

1992 Review
51

Scientistsfrom Cuba's Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones (INIVIT) work closely

with CIP colleagues to improve sweetpotato production on the island.
Thanks to this partnership, Cuban sweetpotato growers bave been able to establish a
large-scale sex pheromone program to control hea1!J infistations
of sweetpotato weevi~ the number one pest of this crop. The insect became
unmanageable in Cuba after pesticide imports dropped offfallowing the collapse of
the former Soviet Un ion.

Using simple, low-cost pheromone traps,farmers are now able to scout ahead.

By accurately monitoring pest infestation, they have reduced seasonal pesticide applications
ftom 15-20, to three. Further work on integrated pest management
far sweetpotato will seek to combine the use ofpheromones with other control components.
This will help farmers to increase productivity while lowering costs, far
better, more ajfordable products.

The new format of this CIP Annual Report reflects a commitment to refine the focus

NTRODUCTION

-.

and depth of CIP' s reporting to our man y partners worldwide. As of 199 3, we will
communicate our progress in two distinct volumes: the annual repoi:t, and a technical
report-published e_very second year starting late in 1993-that will provide detailed
information on each of our s1x research Programs and related eff~rts. The decision

to publish two separate reports responds to the need to fully reflect a growing range of
activities at the Center. These involve ongoing efforts to maintain and heighten the
progress of our crop commodity work, as well as a new initiative on natural resources
management in the Andes. We also hope to provide readers with a clearer idea of how
_CIP research responds to the issues of environment, gender, and equity, as well as to
the more traditional topic of crop productivity. For this 1992 Annual Report, we
have chosen the theme of partnership because it is the foundation upon which our
success has been built and a principle that will continue to guide our activities in the
future. The stories that ill ustrate this theme cover a range of scientific, agricultura!, and
institutional advances. The Report was produced against the backdrop of CIP's new
medium-term work plan, reviewed by the CGIAR in November i 992. This plan, which
will be formally inaugurated in January 1994, was developed parallel to the CGIAR's
active participation in the Ro Earth Summit, tackling the difficult relationship between
agricultura! productivity, environment, and population. In this context, the CGIAR
Centers as a whole have been faced with the challenge of adjusting their programs to
meet diminishing sources of funding. At CIP in particular, we continue to struggle
against the tide of highly unfavorable local inflation and devaluation conditions. CIP's
proposal for the medium term was designed to provide continuity, while expandingand strengthening the Center's operational capacity. Our medium-term objectives
include severa! concepts that are traditional to CIP's organizational culture. For example,
the plan emphasizes the successful strategy of partnership through collaborative research
networks, of which CIP now has six operating in the field. Recent economic analyses

of PRAPACE, one such network in East and Central Africa, showed a net return to
farmers of more than $54 million over 15 years. On a total research investment of $5.6
million, this represents a calculated rate of return of 91 O/o per annum. We believe that
these figures represent one of the highest rates of return ever recorded for a research
program in Sub-Saharan Africa. CIP will also continue to emphasize partnership with
farmers in the planning and execution of research. This report documents one such
effort in the high Andes which is helping to resolve problems caused by the Andean
potato weevil, the region's most important insect pest. As a result of this work, large
tracts of land that had been abandoned due to pest infestation are being put back in to
production. In 1992, CIP has confirmed the value of partnership through contacts
with advanced research institutions. The insect-resistant potato clone known as the
"hairy potato" plant, for example-developed in cooperation with Cornell University
and Italian researchers-has been recognized for the great economic and social benefits
it promises. We expect contract research to expand in the future as CIP seeks to improve
production using the new tools of biotechnology. These efforts already in elude collaborative endeavors with advanced institutions, national programs, the private sector, and
NGOs. New to the medium-term plan is our Andean ecoregional
Hufiert Zandrtra. C!fYJ Drrr(fnr (nntr.:d. he!tn 1t_1

tt rmz,~(v

initiative, a program that will help conserve the vast genetic diversity
in the po~nr o/partnershp ! lm. ht dr.<1< ..'/ar.ratin

of the Andean highlands while seeking a reversa! of land and water

work on importan! JX>la/o 11irum with Steen Nielmr o(the

resources degradation in this threatened environment. The goal is to

Danish /mtitute of Plan! and Soil Science.

promote sustainable agriculture in an area stretching from Venezuela

to Argentina. Due to the complexity of these efforts, a research consortium has been
established to provide broad collaboration among national and international institutions, combining many areas of comparative advantage. This initiative will also involve
heightened partnership with fellow IARCs to cover the wide gamut of research needs
and provide transfer of applicable results to similar ecologies. Cooperation with the
governments of the countries in the region will support their efforts to align policies

with their concern for the preservation of the well-being of the people they serve. To
achieve the goals established in our medium-term plan, CIP has undergone an extensive
!

two-year effort of reorganization and priority setting. We have streamlined our research
program n 1992, reducing by almost 150/o our national and international staff and
establishing severa! new key positions. We have also consolidated the Center's regional
structure into smaller, more efficient operating units. In doing so, we are increasingly
relying on the strength that has been built up by our national partners through
collaboration over the past twenty-some years. Within this management strategy, the
research program has been reoriented from a predominantly d isciplinary structure to
one that is project-based. For heightened partnership within the institution, responsibility for research management has been decentralized; it now rests with six Program
Leaders and 25 Project Coordinators. By orienting research around projects with
carefully defined outputs, we are improving the integration of research, information,
and training activities at headquarters and in the regions. A new project-based budgeting
system will help to ensure that resources are allocated on the basis of program priorities,
with Program Leaders and Regional Representatives playing a major role in needs
assessment. To make better use of donor investments and further improve integration,
we are also reorganizing our financial management and establishing an on-line accounting system. In all these advances, our donors are of course fundamental partners.
Nonetheless, diminishing concerns for food security and commodity research in donor
countries will make 1993 the second consecutive year in which the CGIAR's budget has
been seriously reduced. At CIP, we continue to oelieve that food security and environmentare mutually dependent. At the same time, we share our donors' concerns for the
real and pressing needs reflected in Agenda 21, and are speeding up the implementation
of our environmental research to respond to them. We hope this report will help to

clarify the nature of our work in t~

a a, and will explai7

with productivity rmarch in prov '

lly its interdependence

~thez!:!;.~ ahead.
Director General

The patato growing areas in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire are along the Zaire-Nile Crest.

This majar watershed, rising to 2,500 meters above sea leve~ is notable for
its highly fertile volcanic soils. lts waters feed the Zaire and Nile Rivers as well as numerous
large lakes. These soil and climate conditions are very favorable to patato production.

Similarities with agroecological conditions in the highlands of Kenya and

Ethiopia allow easy transfer of technologies among the national
patato programs of the PRAPACE countries.

MAKINGA
MEASURABLE
DIFFERENCE:
THEAFRICA
EXPERIENCE

Food demands in Africa increase by 3-5% yearly, traditionally outstripping the ability of farmers to keep up. Though foreign assistance for
agricultura! development has been substantial, successes in Africa have
unfortunately been few. Enormous gains achieved in potato production
over the past 30 years in several countries of the Central and East African
highlands stand out as a notable exception: the increase of more than
1400/o surpasses that of any other crop. The potato has provided many
needy families with a vital so urce of nourishment, and equally im portant,
of income. The people of Africa owe this success largely to the efforts of
their national potato programs in collaboration with CIP researchers. A

In 1982, lhe national patato programs

of Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire joined
wilh CIP to form a collaborative re-

recent economic analysis shows an impressive 91 O/o return on the $5.6

million invested in potato research over the past 15 years; net benefits to

search network linking potala scien-

farmers are estimated at $54 million. Says Jose Luis Rueda, CIP scientist

tists in Central Africa. Uganda joined

formerly posted in Africa, "Key factors have been the introduction of high

in 1987, and in 1992, the network was

further expanded to include Kenya

yielding, improved potato cultivars that are tolerant or resistant to late

and Ethiopia, as well as an additional

blight and bacteria! wilt and with good storability, the development of

crop: sweetpotato.
The result is PRAPACE (Programme
Rgional d'Amlioration de la Culture

effective seed production systems, and the emphasis on farmer and staff
training."

From the outset, CIP researchers knew that strong national

de la Pomme de Terre et de la Patate

programs were essential if agricultura! research was to create significant

Douce en Afrique Centra/e et de /'EsQ,

impact on farmers' and consumers' welfare. By the time PRAPACE was

a partnership that facilitates the flow of

advanced breeding materials and scientific knowledge among African researchers. As in ali the CIP networks,

established in 1982, CIP's first special country project had already been
set up in Rwanda, in 1979. (A similar one would be founded in Burundi
in 1983.) The next step was to learn what farmers needed. It became clear

each member NARS takes !he lead in

conducting research for which il has a

that the varieties introduced from Europe during the past century were

comparative advantage. CIP's interdis-

no longer meeting their needs, since susceptibility to late blight and

ciplinary team of scientists in Africa

provides technical backstopping for
the network's activities.

bacteria! wilt resulted in very poor yields, if not decimation of the

crop.

"This was a case of starting from scratch, as no infrastructure

, existed," recalls Ken Brown, CIP's former leader of internati onal programs. "But within two years, the program was producing clean seed of
!

the most sought-after variety, Sangema, and by 1982 five new varieties had
been selected. Theywere named in the following year, and multiplied and
tested not onJy in Rwanda but also in Burundi and Zaire. Two of these
were subsequently dropped, but others are still in cultivation. The main
reason for their acceptability was their high yield and resistan ce to disease."
Harvesting a field of
Ndinamagara, Bunmdi's

Four years later, a similar experience was started io Burundi. "Although

most popular patato

late blight was as important as in Rwanda" continues Brown, "the

variety. Over 80% of

patato farmers in Burundi

overriding problem was bacterial wilt, a disease so severe that the potato

have 'adopted this highly

area had decreased drastically as disill usioned farmers abandoned the crop.

profitable clone. Devel.oped

Conventional wisdom indicated that clean seed would be the first step in

by the Mexican patato

program and distributed by
C/P, Cruza 148, as it was
original/y ca/led, is priud
far its high levels of
resistana to bacterial wilt.

restoring confidence. All potatoes grown in Burundi at that time were old
varieties introduced during the colonial era. Large amounts of germplasm
T

material were sent by CIP from Nairobi and Lima for screening. Rwanda
also contributed with varieties selected there." Of the many cultivars
introduced by CIP in Africa, two top the list: Cruza 148, a late-blight and
bacterial-wilt tolerant clone developed by the Mexican national potato
program, and Sangema, also tolerant oflate blight. To assess the impact
of the new planting material, a survey was conducted in 1992. Nearly 800
farmers from selected production zones in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire
were randomly sampled; an additional 100 farmers were canvassed in
Uganda. The vast majority of these growers had adopted CIP-introduced
cultivars, abandoning those previously planted. The five most important
ciiteria that they cited for adopting these clones were high yield, tast:e,
marketability, high stem count, and early maturity. Researchers were at
first surprised to find that farmers did not cite disease resistance as high

on their list of adoption criteria. Nonetheless, further analysis showed

that low yield and sensitivity to late blight and bacteria! wilt were given
as the main reason far abandoning old varieties. Despite the success of
these cultivars, CIP and its partners know that introduCtion and acceptance of disease-resistant material are just two components in the formula
With very small

far impact. A viable local seed program is fundamental far continued

investment, national

success. Disease-free seed is essential to controlling threats such as tuber-

programs have developed

"in-house" in vitro

borne viruses and bacteria! wilt. Furthermore, beca use tuber seed is bulky

laboratories where trained

and perishable, im proved cultivars cannot reach farmers without an

technicians can produce

effective distribution system. High-quality seed of the clones farmers want

high quality planting

materials far potato and
sweetpotato, the two
PRAPACE crops. In less

must be available when and where they need it, and at a price they can
affard.

The challenge of providing planting material has been taken up

by the national patato programs in PRAPACE. Rwanda has assumed the

than two years, this

laboratory produced enough

lead in seed production, now providing more than 30 times their original

basic seed to plant 40

output. Burundi and Zaire have built in vitro laboratories and greenhouse

hectares efpotatoes.

facilities to produce pre-basic seed tubers from the pathogen-free material

provided by CIP. The Ugandan program combines conventional, clonal
propagation methods with rapid multiplication of stem cuttings. For
quality control, ali the countries are using virus and bacteria! wilt detection
methods developed by CIP. The benefits of improved cultivars would
not have reached farmers if their national research programs had not
worked to create a strong, diversified base of activity. A 1992 CIP report
to USAID described the . work of the PRAPACE members: "National
programs have provided considerable effort for strengthening not only

l. Seed produced under strict con-

trol conditions, for instance in

vitro or in the laboratory, as compared to basic seed produced in
the field.

the members, but also other institutional partners. They have provided
in-country training in relevant areas of patato production, protection, and
storage, as well as making advisoryvisits to farmers and rural development

project sites. Staff of the national potato programs are well aware of the
The success of marshy vallry
potato production in the

need for strong linkages between research, extension, and development

organizations."

PRAPACE has allowed East and Central African insti-

PRAPACE countries
demonstrates the potato

tutions and researchers to develop their capabilit.ies while pooling re-

crop's compa.tibility with

sources to solve common problems. Though the network coordinator has

rice. Here, potatoes are

planted in the.four-month

been a CIP scientist to date, this position will soon be assumed by a

dry season .following rice.

representative from one of the member countries. CIP's commitment to

Farmers can harvest a

the network will continue, lending access to training, information data-

potato crop at 90 days

without fungicides because

ofthe absence oflate blight

during that period. Four

bases, and advanced genetic material. The Center will also continue to
promete on-site adaptive research and assessment of farm-level impact,
while catalyzing donor interest and support. As PRAPACE looks to the

C/P-introduced varieties

10

have proved very

future, special challenges lie ahead. Population cohtinues to grow, result-

suitable far these

ing in formidable demands on land and water. In certain areas of the

marshy conditions.

mountains of East and Central Africa, soil fertility is already threatened. lmproved technologies for
pota to and sweetpotato m ust not
only help farmers to increase yields
and income; special emphasis
needs to be placed on preservmg
and enhancing the long-term productivity of the environment. CIP
and PRAPACE will build on their
combined capabilities, working together to deliver benefits to the
farmers and consumers of Africa
while guarding the vital resources
upon which they depend.

TkP~PACE

e"~
!

Burundi Burundi's national program has assumed network

leadership far patato research in bacteria! wilt, virus control, and storage.
The Burundi basic seed production scheme is a model of environmentally
sustainable technology for the integrated control of bacteria! wilt. The
keys to the success of the . system are in vitro based production of
disease,free seed, a rotation system, and implementation of strict field
practices to prevent the accumulation of the pathogen in the soil. Using
these improved practices, levels of infestation have dropped from 600/o to
less than 1% during 1988-1990, and have been maintained since by
scientists in the national potato program.
-

Ethiopia When Ethiopia joined PRAPACE in 1992, it

brought five years experience in screening germplasm far late blight as

well as far heat and frost resistance and tolerance. Researchers there also
conduct agronomical, physiological, and on-farm studies far PRAPACE.
Meetings and trainng courses are currently setting the stage far future
work in this country.
-

Kenya Kenya also joined PRAPACE in 1992, assuming lead-

ership in research on potato germplasm management and distribution, as

well as on storage and processing. Training courses and meetings have
introduced PRAPACE to researchers in this country.
-

Rwanda Colleagues from CIP and Rwanda's national potato

improvement program began to produce advanced genetic materials in

1979 and Rwanda is now a leader in developing improved cultivars. A
number of these have been used in other PRAPACE countries. More than
18,000 genotypes have been tested and 14 varieties have. been released. In
recent years, national patato production has increased by 4 7.5% and yield
has risen by 40%. Rwanda carries responsibility within the PRAPACE

network for research on the control oflate blight and other fangal dis~ases,
as well as for seed tuber production and training.
!

Uganda Uganda set upa patato research program in 1968.

However, political turmoil in the 1970s and early 1980s seriously disrupted these efforts. In 1987, the national program joined PRAPACE. A
CIP scientist was posted to Uganda two years later to reestablish the basic
seed program at the Kalengyere Research Station. This site produced 75
tons of basic seed in its first two years, increasing to 120 tons by 1991.
Currently, Uganda has an active program for introduction and testing of
new varieties, both on-station and in farmers' fields. Within PRAPACE,
Uganda's responsibilities include potato seed tuber production, breeding
for the lowlands, integrated pest management, and true patato seed
research.
-

Zaire Though funds for the national program have been

limited, Zaire has produced and distributed 20-30 tons of pre-basic seed
yearly since 1980. This capability will increase notably with the new tissue
culture laboratory that has been set up at the Mulungu Research Station.
Nearly 800/o of the Zairian farmers surveyed in 1992 plant at least one of
the three CIP-introduced varieties released in the country. In the
PRAPACE network, Zaire assumes research on patato seed tuber production, agroecological factors, and agronomy.

RESCUING
THREATENED
NATURAL
RESOURCES IN
THEANDES

CIP is helping national programs in the Andes rescue precious natural

resources from the growing threats of soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, contamination, and poor water management. These threats are
directly related to three overriding problems in the area: poverty, rapid
population growth, and failure of government policies to bring about
change. The Andean ecoregion was once home to one of the world's

Waru-warus in Puno
demonstrate the advantages

efcoupling traditional

most renowned cultures. Today, it is among the world's most fragile

environments. Half of its more than 30 million inhabitants gain their

technologies with improved

sustenance through farming. This extensive mountain area stretches

patato varieties to augment

over nearly 7,000 km through seven Latin American countries: Argentina,

the sustainability of
agricultura! production in

Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Over 800/o of the currently

the Andean ecoregion. Tbe

available agricultura! land in the Andean ecoregion is steeply sloping, with

crops in the background

diverse soil types and variable patterns of climate and water supply.

were lost to flooding. while

those in the fareground
flourished using this age-old
drainage ~stem.

Farming systems, as a result, also vary considerably throughout the

zone. CIP's efforts in this area began in 1991 with an initiative, in
partnership with national programs in the region, to collect and conserve
the lesser known Andean root and
tuber crops (ARTC), threatened
with extinction. Though this work
is directly associated with the Cen,t:er's comparative advantage m
germplasm management, CIP directors and researchers realized that
it was not enough. Since then, several international workshops have
been held-with the participation
of national program colleagues

from diverse disciplines and fields of interest-to determine appropliate

courses of action. The result: a multi-disciplinary research consor um
with the open and flexible participation of interested institutions, projects,
and individuals to address key research components of the Andean
agroecosystem. CIP will take the lead in managing this consortium,
contributing in its areas of research expertise. Activ exchange will also be
sought with fellow IARCs in appropriate areas of comparative advantage.
In order to better support the initiative, the Center will strengthen its
capabilities in natural resources management while seeking to transfer
viable results to similar agroecologies such as the mountains of Central
Africa. At heritage sites representative of major agroecologies in the
ecoregion, CIP will catalyze work at the community and watershed level
on important Andean agroecosystem components. This research will
include mapping and analysis of agroecozones, analysis of agricultura!
and environmental policies, studies on pasture and animal components,
food systems research, development of alternative land-use systems, maintenance of biodiversity, nutrient cycling research, modeling, and human
resources development. Information links among researchers will be
enhanced through INFOANDINA, a communications network created
by CIP. Contin uing work on the biodiversity of Andean root and tuber
crops will lay the groundwork for their evaluation, improvement, and
further utilization to generate food, employment, and income in needy
areas. Traditionally a mainstay in the sustenance of generations in the
Andes, these crops may also have tremendous potential elsewhere.

to Vietnam, where
it is a high-value

A~~

product used to

produce

of ARTC's

transparent

potential dsewhere

noodles, consumed

is the case of achira

throughout East

(Canna edulis), a

Asia as a luxury

crop whose special

food on special

qualities have

occas1ons.

taken it from

its

Andean home

1
Achira' s secret
giving noodles

is in i ts starch,

the exceptionally

the only one

high tensile

known that

strength that is

compares to

critica! to Asian

mungbeart

consumers.
starch,

Produced in simple "factories," these noodles are

set to dry on roofs and along roads,

and then sold to

customers at
attractive prices in
area.s where starch
extraction and
noodle proccssing
have become major
sources of income
for people who own
as little as 500
square meters of
arable land.

"So simple a child can do it" describes well the type of

strategies CJP has sought far integrated management of
the Andean patato weevil. Indeed, children are importan!
members of the fam ily production team.

16

Here, a young boy collects weevils from damaged tubers in a

storage area. He will take them to a local field
day, where catches wzll be compared and prius awarded.

CIP IN THE ANDES:

NEWTOOLSTO
FIGHT A FAMILIAR
PEST

In the Andes, where potatoes are perfectly adapted to their mountain

home, this crop is prey to an equally well adapted pest. A daylight view
of half-moon shaped leaf damage with no culprit to be found attests to
the nocturnal feeding habits of the Andean patato weevil (APW). The
weevil-dark brown in color-is virtually invisible against the Andean
earth, where it hides by day at the plant's base, under a clu:ip of soil. If
found, it further resists extinction by "playing dead." These traits make it

The Center's objectives in conducting

research on natural resources man-

difficult to detect the pest early in the patato season, when the weevil is
in its adult stage of development and traditional control measures are

agement in the Andean agroecosystem are two-fold:

most effective. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been

to direct concerted attention to the

developed by CIP scientists to provide Andean farmers with effective new

outstanding needs of this area

tools for protecting crops from the familiar insect. CIP's IPM strategy for

through a broad-based research

consortium, and
to explore modes of collaboration
that will heighten CIP's capabilities

the Andean weevil is made up of severa! components which, used in

combination, drastically reduce infestation and damage. Without IPM,
damage from weevils at harvest can reach 50%; using CIP's components,

in resources management research.

infestation has been brought clown to 140/o and should reach 5% within
CIP's goals in the Andes include:

two years. This not only means greater yields, but also a tremendous
promoting a holistic research approach fer achieving sustainable,

reduction in insecticide costs and related hazards. The first step in CIP's

economically viable agricultura!

IPM program was to understand the Andean patato weevil's well-adapted

activity,
improving human welfare in the
qrea, and
contributing to improved manage-

life cycle, which parallels the planting, growth, harvest, and storage cycle
of its host. The pupae develop in cocoon-like chambers in the soil until
the onset of the spring rains, also the signa! for farmers to plant. The rains

ment of the natural resource base.

trigger the emergence of the adult weevils. As the patato plant grows, they
In embarking on this endeavor, !he
Center brings to bear years of experi

feed on leaves and flowers befare laying their eggs in debris in the soil.

ence in !he development of compo-

Their larvae hatch just in time to enter maturing patato tubers, where they

nen! technologies fer the farming systems of the Andes. This is the story of
ene such experience.

live comfortably until harvest time. When tubers are harvested, the
weevil larvae are about to enter their pupal stage. These may remain in

the potato field-where their chambers protect them against moisture loss,
soil particle pressure, and most predators until the next planting--or be
transferred to storage inside damaged tubers, later entering the soil under
the storage area. At planting time, the newly hatched adults migrate to the
patato fields and.begin feeding. Though these weevils do not fly, migration
toward food often takes place at huge distances, pest-wise, from the
field. CIP researchers began their APW management pilot program in
the picturesque village of Chinchero, near Cuzco, Peru. There, they found
that farmers tended to view larvae and adult weevils as two distinct pests.
Once farmers knew these were one, they were quick to understand more
about controlling them. In Chinchero, villagers use lanterns at night to
capture adult weevils, catching their prey off guard. At harvest, the
By spreading tubers over a

potatoes are piled on a cloth and carried to the farmer's house, where they

large sheet efplastic, these

are sorted to eliminate damaged tubers. Chickens are allowed to eat any

fanners prevent larvae.from

entering the ground.
Chickens are then allowed
to eat the escapees, there/Jy
breaking the life ryde efthe

larva that escape onto the cloth, thus preventing their entry into the soil.
Larvae that reach the pupal stage in the field can be destroyed by breaking
up the soil, destroying the pupal soil chambers. Farmers are also warned

highly damaging weevils

about the risk of abandoning infe&ted fields, or allowing volunteer patato

and turning them into a

plants to grow among other crops. Volunteer plants can serve as unwilling

source efhigh-protein feed.

hosts to future generations of the pest, far outweighing their comparative

benefit as extra sources of food. A recently developed component of
this IPM strategy can strike the pest at all stages of its life cycle, including
the most vulnerable, the pu pal.Ata high Andean laboratory in Chinchero,
technicians work together in a CIP-INIA (Instituto Nacional de lnvestigacion
Agrria) collaborative project to refine methods far producing and dis-

tributing the natural biological control agent Beauveria brogniartii, a

fungus that infects larvae, pupae, and quiescent adults. The naturally

occurring Beauveria brogniartii fungus grows easily on wheat, oats, barley,

or rice. B. brogniartii can also be grown in the nutrient-rich liquid captured
!

from boiled rice or barley. When used against pupae developing in their
soil chambers, characteristic popcorn-like structures are formed in the soil,
attesting to the victim's demise. Farmers benefit most when the pest's life
cycle is broken at this stage, and demonstrations have shown that pupae
infestation under storage areas is reduced by 990/o when damaged potatoes
are stored over B. brogniartii. In stores, a carrier-fungus and grain mixture
is incorporated into the topsoil in the storage area, or the liquid carrier
This figure illustrates the lije
rycle of the Andean
patato

weevi~

and its

can be sprayed directly on the soil befare piling on damaged tubers. To

expand the usefulness of B. brogniartii, researchers are presently experimenting with use of the liquid spray during the active adult stage of the

correspondence to
seasonal rycles. The diagram
helps farmers to identifj
the threat to their crop

weevil. One of the most important considerations. for technicians

promoting the B. brogniartii technology is to keep production methods
simple and low-cost. The carriers used are inexpensive and easy to handle.

at each stage of
development, and to apply

For production of the liquid spray, sterilizing of the carrier-a necessary

appropiate control measures

step to produce abundant growth of the fungus-is done in large covered

in a time/y fashion.

pots. Stones brought from the field hold the lids in place, ensunng
thorough sterilization. In the case of the prepared
grain mixture, it is presently distributed to farmers
in exchange for equal amounts of untreated grain.
As the technique spreads, local production methods
will be sought. Already, surrounding communities are electing representatives to attend weevil control training sessions at Chinchero. They return to
their communities to set up programs, instructing
other farmers in the procedures they have learned.

Near Chinchero, one group of farmers had stopped growing pota.toes

altogether for three years, hoping
that this sacrifice-would banish An<lean Potato Weevil from their fields.
It did not, and they are now receiv-

ing assistance from their neighbors.

Farmers in Cajamarca
impar/ the knowledge
acquired from CIP to

Similar programs are also underway in Cajamarca, near Peru's northern

border, as well as in H uancayo, northeast of Lima. Farmer feedback has
been fundamental in the development of these practices. Farmers are

neighboring patato
producers. Farmers have

choosy, and they want results. But the methods proposed must fit their

learned that '7y sharing

means and ends. For example, among the practices tested was the use of

their know-how, the benefits

are multiplied.

plastic-lined trenches around the potato storage area to keep adults from
migrating to the field; anotherwas the cultivation ofinsect-repellent plants
around potato fields. These practices were not accepted. Plastic fof the
trenches is expensive; and the extra effort of sowing and caring for plant
borders may have been perceived as too much work for too little gain.
Perhaps it was simply that the other alternatives were more compatible
with farmer preferences. Today, farmers in the Andes are fighting the
potato weevil using CIP's methods because they have learned that the
technologies work. They are spreading the word among themselves
through demonstrations and field days, becoming teachers of their
neighbors to multiply the benefits. CIP researchers will continue to help
them gain ground, promoting similar IPM control programs throughout
the Andean highlands. In Chinchero, CIP has confirmed that commtmity
participation in the development and transfer ofIPM strategies is the key
to helping farmers become as well adapted as their prey.

1k1~StoMj:

Farmers in many countries of the Middle East and N orth Africa are

1~~1~

accustomed to choosing from a variety of chemical products to help them

f)~c~u-jL

combat patato tuber moth (PTM), one of the most highly damaging
patato pests in warm tropical co.untries. Unfortunately, most of these
products are highly toxic pesticides that must be used in large quantities
if they are to do their job. Without control in tropical countries, PTM
damage can reach 1000/o. The moth likes the heat, and throughout
production and storage cycles as temperatures go up, pesticide applications must be increased. When the effectiveness of the pesticides wears
clown dueto evolving resistance in the predators, farmers must apply even
greater doses, or must seek new, stronger chemical agents. Since 1982,
CIP has sought ways to turn the tables on chemical use in Tunisia, testing
and promoting integrated components that will allow farmers to control
patato tuber moth more effectively-and at lower financia! and social
costs-than they can using toxic chemical pesticides. In 19 87, Parathion,
a highly toxic chemical that was widely used against PTM, was outlawed.
In its place, private companies are already providing Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt), a bacteria that is extremely effective against the pest when sprayed in
fields or stores. Other techniques in CIP's IPM package include a

granulosis virus (GV)-also used as a spray-sex pheromones, natural predators, and agronomic practices such as hilling, extra irrigation, and early
harvest. With the help of these methods, participating farmers in Tunisia
have been able to reduce chemical use considerably. CIP's IPM strategies are moved from the experiment station to Tunisian farmers' fields
through research in which growers' identification of needs and preferences
serves as the guiding factor. Based on the information gathered, researchers combine tested techniques into control "packages," offering

them to farmers according to their particular needs and c1rcumstances. "I try to do more listening than telling," says Aziz Lagnaoui, a
CIP IPM specialist currently working to promote these techniqu s

in

Tunisia, as well as in Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. Though the wo

in

Tunisia shows promise for neighboring countries, success depends on

many additional factors such as client-oriented national research systems,
appropriate government policies, and access to
control methods. CIP will continue to work
Tubers are sorted

closely with national programs to overcome the

up to three times

existing barriers, extending the gains experi-

befOre storage to
eliminate inftsted

enced in Tunisia to farmers and consume.ts in

potatoes.

need of safe, economical solutions to their food

problems.

'
Bamboo roofing is prepared
to prevent pest entry
into stores and to luep
the heat down.

Tubers are coated

with Bt or GV,
then stored under
20 cm

ofstraw.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:
ATOOL FOR
BUILDING
ALTERNATIVES

Increases in global population and environmental threats bring the future

closer to our doorstep every day. lt takes only six years to produce the
growth in population that took thirty years at the beginning of the
century. Yet arable land, water, and other resources, rather than increasing,
are being dangerously depleted. By 2025, it is estimated that close to

Sustainable Development

850/o of our global village-population-wise-will be concentrated in the

Through Poverty Alleviation

developing countries, where food needs and poverty are greatest. Just to
The production of food and other basic commodities in developing coun-

keep pace, we must at least double food production for these countries by

tries is closely linked with three

2010. Yet by then the ratio of land per-capita will have diminished

interrelated problems: poverty, environmental decline, and population

considerably. Though scientific research has provided us with numer-

growth. This triad of problems defines

ous tools for advancement, these tools are often double-edged. Among

the development challenges facing the

them, chemicals have enabled farmers to fend off man y of the pests that

world today.

threaten our food supplies. But pests develop resistance. As they become
The way forward is through economic
development aimed at broad-based
poverty alleviation. Historical experience shows that raising the productiv-

stronger they are able to overcome our attacks with new and better
defenses, and the "pesticide treadmill" emerges, with more and more
chemicals-and investment-needed to do the job. The chemicals that

ity of rural economies is the key to this

process. Because peor people spend

protect our sources of sustenance today may not only threaten our health;

up to 80% of their income on food,

they can also be harmful to many of the co-inhabitants of our enviran-

success in reducing poverty depends

critically on rising real wages and on

ment, and to the balance u pon which its continuity depends. Furthermore,

declining real prices for tood, and

equity problems resulting from top-heavy distribution of benefits favor

these in turn hinge on increasing agri-

big producers, and make it increasingly difficult for resource-poor farmers

cultura! productivity. Research to generate agricultura! technologies that increase producti.vity while conserving
natural resources are thus central to
the whole development process.
"Food for the Future"
Consultative Group on lnternational
Agricultura! Research
1993

and consumers to get by. As pressures created by population, poverty,

resource degradation, and pollution increase, the challenge to find new
and better means of providing food and income looms larger and more
staggering than ever. When we look ahead and explore the benefits that
science can offer us, our vision must grow increasingly wider, taking
in many more a:ngles than it may have in the past. Technological

advancement must be carefully balanced with measures that will e11sure

equity, environmental protection, and sustainability; and above all, rapid
action must be taken. While the dock ticks away toward imminent
dangers to our planet, CIP scientists are working to put together integrated
management components that will provide developing country fayners
and consumers with better, more resistant crops. These will produce fuore
stable sources of income and nourishment while promoting equitable
Research director

distribution of benefits and protecting or even enhancing natural re-

Peter Gregory analyzes a

sequencing gel with C!P

sources. In this research, CIP foresees that biotechnology will play an

molecular biologists to

increasingly important role, complementing and accelerating the work

iden tify sequence divergen ces

among virus isa/ates.

being done in related fields. The following is an interview with Dr. Peter
Gregory, our Deputy Director General for Research, on the application
of biotechnology at CIP and its future in contributing to the Center's
efforts to improve the well-being of present and future generations.
-

~ Though the word "biotechnology" rings of very innova-

tive techniques, at CIP it has been used for sorne time in what may be
considered surprising circumstances. Could you tell us about these?
-

P.G. Biotechnology at CIP covers a range of techniques, not

just "high-tech" ones. We are using very advanced molecularapproaches

in areas like genetic engineering2 and gene mapping; but there are much
Applied biological science, including tecbniques that use living
organisms or substances from
these organisms to make or modify a biological product or to improve plants, animals, or microorganisms for specific uses.
2 Technologies (including recombinant DNA technologies) used by
scientists to isolate genes from an
organism, manipulate them in
the laboratory, and insert them
into another organism.

simpler techniques that play a vital role at CIP and in our partner
countries. In vitro storage of germplasm collections is one example, used
for safekeeping of gene banks. In vitro micropropagation is another; this
technique has revolutionized potato seed tuber production in many parts
of the world. And then there are the very low-cost serological and
molecular techniques we use for detection of viruses and other pathogens.
Through training and information dissemination, we have been able to

Development of molecular probes far the NASH test includes cloning of

viral genomes and screening ofselected sequence .fragments.

This virus detection technique helps CIP ensure that the germplasm it
distributes to partner countries is .free ofdiseases.

adapt virus detection methods for routine use in developing countries,

thus helping our national partners to considerably reduce the disease load
on planting materials.

Q: What is your vision of the future of molecular biology3 at

CIP, and how has this role evolved in recent years?

-

P.G. Molecular biology at CIP is complementary to sorne of

the conventional approaches we're pursuing. In recent years, there have

been explosive advances in molecular biology. Constant vigilance is
needed to pinpoint breakthroughs that can help us and our national
partners. Though we're increasing our iri-house expertise, we will still rely
heavily on cooperative agreements with advanced laboratories, su ch as the
ones we currently have with Plant Genetic Systems in Belgium, Cornell
University in the USA, and INTA in Argentina. Networking with such
laboratories helps us and our national partners to keep abreast of adva,ces,
and reduces the need to build elaborate facilities. Meanwhile, the advanced
laboratories are made more aware of practica! agricultura! problems in
developing countries that they might help salve. At CIP, molecular
biology is already playing a vital role in germplasm characterization-in
the form of isozyme analysis-and n enhancement and breeding work. I
foresee substantial increases in incorporating molecular techniques foto
these areas in the fu ture.

Q: Could you describe the advances CIP and its collaborators

have made so far in the application of molecular biology for solving the
3 A branch ofbiology dcaling with
the ultirnate physicochernical organization of living mattcr, especially with the molecular basis of
inheritance and protcin synthesis.

problems of CIP's developing country partners?

-

P.G. In collaboration with Cornell University, we have been

using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or RFLPs as they are

called, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, or RAPD, techniques

to "fingerprint" the DNA of patato. This increases our speed and
efficiency in eliminating duplicate germplasm in the laboratory, and
represents a majar advance over the previous, more laborious approaches
based on morphological characteristics. We and our collaborators have
also developed RFLP- and RAPD-based techniques to help in germplasm
enhancement and breeding work. The transfer of useful genes from wild
patato species to cultivated types is a very important approach to patato
Farmers in Vietnam have
used biotechnological
techniques since the early

improvement, but it has been under-exploited. This is often because the

desired trait may be strongly linked with undesirable wild traits, such as
poor agronomic characteristics. Breaking these linkages by conventional

1980sfor rapid
multiplication o/planting

means requires a great <leal of field work. Molecular approaches offer great

material using rooted

savings in effort and time. RFLP and RAPD analyses help us screen for

cuttings. Tbese cuttings are

grown in home-made
banana-lea/ "pots," and
then transplanted to seed

appropriate combinations of traits in the laboratory by correlating DNA

"fingerprints" with the desired combinations of traits. A good illustration is the King Baudouin Award-winning work done with Cornell

beds. Once they have

developed su.fficiently,

University to transfer multiple insect pest resistance from the wild patato

they can be moved to the

species Solanum berthaultii to cultivated types. The basis for the resistance

field. Rapid m ultiplication

allows farmers to renew
their crop with
diseasefree stock.

is the presence of tiny glandular trichomes, or hairs, on the foliage. This

was achieved through conventional breeding, and thus negative agronomic traits that are closely linked with the trichomes-such as long
stolons-are also present, RFLP analyses are now helping us to rapidly
identify progenies with active trichomes that don't carry the negative
traits. We are also using RFLP and RAPD to develop gene "maps." This
technique, known as marker assisted selection (MAS), provides an efficient
method of identifying desirable genes va their linkage to easily detectable
markers. We have already mapped genes for resistance to bacteria! and

virus diseases. Ultimately, we should be able to use these maps to select

desirable genes from one plant and insert them into another. Though this
is a long-term prospect, the specificity of transferring only desirable genes
should provide a major advantage over conventional methodologies. CIP and its collaborators have had notable success in the area of
genetic engineering. We have used Agrobacterium vectors to transform

plants for resistance to several pests and diseases, including transfer of

coat protein genes for potato virus resistance, introduction of chimeric

genes to produce antibacterial proteins, and transformation with Bt toxins

to combat potato tuber moth. In sweetpotato, a simple transformation
method using Agrobacteri'um has already demonstrated the introduction
and expression of foreign marker genes in certain genotypes. This process
will be used initially to develop improved resistance to sweetpotato weevil,
the most important sweetpotato pest worldwide.

Q; There is sorne concern-and even indignation-about the

possibility that the transformed organisms that will eventually be released

4 The process of genome modification of an organism through the
incorporation and assimilation
of foreign DNA using recomhinant DNA technology.
5 A living structure or organism in
which the tissues are of varied
genetic origin, sometimes as a.result of grafting.
6 The safe application of biotechnology in its broadest sense, and
the policies and procedures
adopted to ensure this.
7 Plants whose hereditary DNA has
been transformed through the addition of DNA from a source
other than the parental germplasm, using recombinant DNA
techniques.

and propagated may carry unpleasant surprises. What is CIP doing about
this?
-

P.G. We are very sensitive to these concerns. We have carefully

6

studied the biosafety issues involved in testing transgenic plants, and

are in strict compliance with international biosafety standards and regulations. Furthermore, we have recently established a biosafety committee
whose members include in-house as well as non-CIP experts. We're also
helping to prepare national programs to handle these materials safely.
We will try to ensure that field testing of transgenic plants is conducted
with the guidance of biosafety groups in our partner countries.

Sorne critics also claim that the interest of the IARCs in

patenting their products is the first step toward the creation of monopolies. How are CIP and its partners approaching the question of patents
and copyrights?
P.G. CIP is closely monitoring policy development on these
issues within the CGIAR system. We ate dealing with certain situations
on a case-by-case basis, seeking appropriate advisory inputs from experts
in the World Bank, the CGIAR Secretariat, and from legal specialists in
Tbe crops of the fature may
depend heavily on
biotechnological tools in
keeping 11p with growing
food n_eeds. Sophisticated

public institutions. The delibera to ns prod uced at the Rio Earth Summit
and the agreements recorded in Agenda 21 are also helping us. Our
guiding principie is to protect developing country researchers from
limitations imposed upon them by others.

techniques devewped

in the laboratory will help

us to provide accessible

What do you see as the most promising advances we can

expect from biotechnology in CIP's research agenda for the next ten years?

solutions far developing

country farmers

P.G. Conventional potato and sweetpotato breeding will be

and consumers.

strongly complemented by intensive use of RFLP and RAPD techniques.

One of the most dramatic spin-offs will be a major improvement in our
ability to tap the enormous biodiversity of potato and sweetpotato. Only
a very small fraction of the valuable genes found in wild species has been
utilized to date. We'll see a very different picture ten years from
now.

Gene mapping, and our ability to isolate and transfer specific

genes, will become so advanced that a major revolution in potato and

sweetpotato improvement will take place. With this approach we could,
for example, take an existing locally adapted potato in a developing
country or region and "plug in" specific traits from other potatoes to
improve productivity or reduce pesticide use in that region.

29

o~

CtPW~~~g~~,~~

A~~~A~

H~t~1112

"Since the early 1970s, CIP has led an international effort to develop safe
alternative pest control practices. Among these are the use of environmentally
friendly bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and the rearing and release of
numerous predators and parasites. In addition, since 1977, CIP has
ll'.ht 1fng ilinubuutn .t\Warb
nfthr Cfini.sultattlle <iiruup on :Jntcnmt tonnl
,AgTin !lt urnl 1lii-cnrcl1

been at the forefront of an effort to develop host plant resistance.

CIP recognizes that the development of host plant resistance, when
combined with existing integrated pest management (IPM) controls,

iJJh, :Juiunat lonal Potan <d'entor- (fi]j)

""~'"" ,,r~ Ir\. .....t..,whd. "'" --.,---.\ ruwltl..s
H...d."'"' host pl-.t
Ju\

-t"'" ,...

plttl.to

u.... _..t...,,t ., .....mk&.1:ion. u ~~lhi.n

u.. .i.-1...pu,

wh.k:J... MUf;14W.,
-A- ~-ll'lll-&.n

1;1<l\.M\.bu

should provide a safe, effective, and sustainable solution to insect

pest problems.
"The host plant resistance work has led to a hybrid potato
population (dubbed by the media as the."hairy potato") with
resistance to a range of insect pests, including potato tuber moth,
aphids and the colorado potato beetle. The resistance of the
so-called hairy potato is derived from a wild diploid potato species

(Solanum berthaultii) with high densities of glandular trichomes. The

trichomes (longstalked and shortstalked) trap and kili insects as they
try to feed or reproduce. This is the first recorded instance of a wild
species being used to produce an insect-resistant potato for human consuinption.

The new hybrids were developed by an international consortium of researchers.

"CIP's role has been that of an initiator,
catalyst, and research partner. By any
standard, this represents an outstanding
accomplishment ... particularly so when
considered in terms of its scientific value,
collaboration with nacional agricultura!
research systems (NARS) and other research
. organizations, and scale of actual and
potential impact on the resource-poor farmers
and low-income people, on sustainability of
production systems, and on the environment."
CGIAR Technical Advisory Committee
August 1992

1
"Bernardo A. Houssay" lnteramerican Sciences Award
Tbe lnteramerican Board far Education, Science and Culture of the

'
PREMIO
INTERAMERICANO
DE CIENCIAS

Organi2.ation efAmerican States (OAS) Awards

"BERNARDO A. HOUSSAY"

Professor Carlos M Ochoa

FJCmrrjoln1erumorlr.;"'10
pma ltt l!ilm:acl611, la CW11dn y la Cldtum
tk la Of'Wll!lzacitin drl los /!Rad(JS A111f!ric1111os
0/0'8'1d[

the Priu corresponding to the year one thousand nine hundred and
ninety one in the area ofAgricultura! Sciences far bis important
contributions and exemplary and continuous work in the preseruation
ofpotato biodiversity,far recognizing the importance of maintaining
germplasm banks as tools far the preservation ofour genetic heritage,
and far the discovery of wild potato species and the droelopment

ef new varieties ef this species.

1
"Equipping potatoes with designer genes is
only part of Ochoa's work. His real !ove is
stalking the wild potato-tramping the
Andean outback in quest of the holy grail of
potato geneticists. These slender, often
beautifully flowered plants, with their
minuscule, usually inedible tubers, are useless
for food but priceless for science. Each
species represents a genetic treasure house.
Of the 230 species known to exist only in the
wild, Ochoa has discovered 80, more than
any man in history."

The Washington Post

December 1992

UPWARD:
BRINGING RESEARCH
CLOSER TO PEOPLE

Bringing women into the research process as ful! partners-be they

scientists, extensionists, farmers, or consumers-was one of the original
objectives of UPWARD, the User's Perspective with Agricultura! Research
and Development network established by CIP in 1989. "We decided that
the household, the primary unit of technology users, would be the best
focus for the project," says Robert Rhoades, first project coordinator. "In
Asia there was a substantial grou p of women researchers qualified for the
work. 1 remember the first workshop when these young researchers, mostly
female, carne in; they were so dynamic, so fresh, so anxious to shape their
own destiny. Looking back, it is incredible to me what they have been able
to do with only a little bit of money for each project." One

the

strategies that is used to achieve this low-cost research effectiveness i the

funding of MS and PhD work at universities throughout Asia. UPWARD
coordinators have found they are able in this way to fulfill their objectives,
at the same time contributing to the realization of researchers' academic
goals focused on real needs in diverse settings. Today, UPWARD research stretches across Asia. It covers food systems in China and Nepal,
cultivation systems in Indonesia, socioeconomic and ethnobotanical
studies in Sri Lanka, farmer practices in Thailand, and processing in West
Java and Vietnam. In the Philippines alone, UPWARD does wo rk on
A Mission Statement

genetic resources, production, economics, marketing, consumption, nu-

UPWARD seeks to make sweetpotato

trition, and home gardening. The present UPWARD coordinator, G ordon

and potato agricultura! research and

Prain, further explains the process: "The UPWARD network is part of an

development responsive to needs

and circumstances by building user-

alternative approach to agricultura! research that is gaining grou nd . lt

sensitive food-systems research

seeks to reverse dominant 'top-downism' by initiating the research process

capacity among Asian professionals

and by supporting the integration of
this research within technical programs.

with the perspectives of users, to better identify needs and opportunities

and jointly design solutions." Network outreach is supported through

lnterest in gaining the users' perspective on research needs and application

brings UPWARD close to the household throughout much ofAsia.
Here,family members participate in the harvesting ofa women's gene bank
in the southern Philippines.

This gene bank serves as a center of conservation and varietal

experimentation. Also, it assists in the dijfusion of cultivars among neighbors,
relatives, and communities. On Sundays, it becomes a gathering place; as the
women weed, they dscuss community and other ssues.

an active research dissemination strategy. UPWARD has a total of 217

associates, compi:ising 76 researchers in Africa, Europe, and North and
South America, as well as 141 in Asia. Though UPWARD also studies
potato food systems, sweetpotato is the principal commodity. One of the
developing world's most widely distributed and versatile crops, sweetpotato adapts easily to a range of cropping systems, making it a good
candidate_for diversification and intensification of food systems. Sweetpotato has commonly been used asan alternative staple in upland farming
systems and home gardens, and as a sequential crop in lowland systems. Because of the complexity of theseJood systems, the involvement
of users in understanding and improving them is vital. "The opportunity to conduct diagnostic studies with users," says Prain, "is in itself a
major learning experience for many researchers." Because this approach
is not new to CIP, he knows that inculcating the new perspective in
scientists who have extensive training and experience in more conventional approaches is a task not to be underestimated. In this sense, the
program development phase ofUPWARD was as much about developing researchers as about developing a research agenda. One example
of UPWARD's strategy in action is the case of community gene banking
in the village of Mombam, in Bukidnon Provihce of the southern
Philippines.
-

Living Gene Banks "So that 1 will be remembered," said the

Mombam village woman as she donated a piece of land for a community

root-crop conservation project sponsored by UPWARD. Among the crops
involved in this initiative, sweetpotato plays a key role because of its
importance for food, medicine, and market. Her colleagues in this
undertaking, a group of 19 women known as the "Industrious Mothers,"

are associated through kinship, friendship, business, and religion. The

women have divided their living gene bank into rows. In each of these
rows, they grow varieties of sweetpotato, taro, lutia, cassava, and yam
collected from market associates, friends in other villages, and relatives.
Each participant applies her own beliefs and traditions in selecting
planting material and maintaining her plot. The women are encouraged
to expand the selection of cultivars in their sections; in 1992, at the end
of the first season, they were awarded prizes for the greatest root crop
diversity within rows, as well as for the greatest sweetpotato diversity. The
lndustrious Mothers understand that conservation is a long-term effort.
They are persisting because they believe these crops are essential to their
well-being. The community gene bank project grew out of previous
research on the "memory banking" of indigenous knowledge associated
with traditional crop varieties. According to Prain, "this concept was
Elaborately designed
sweetpotato fiels in the
northern Philippines

developed in specific complementarity tb the idea of a gene bank, on the

argument that knowledge of varieties and the ecology and culture of their
production and use evolves along with the germplasm and illuminates

may include lettershapes

and triangles; they are

and gives context to that germplasm. This knowledge can help us to better

said to assist in drainage,

understand and utilize the germplasm now and in the future. At the same

but are a/so preparedfar

derorative and even
romantic reasons.

time, the kinds of environmental and socioeconomic changes that

threaten to erode genetic diversity also threaten to erode knowledge or
'memories' about germplasm. There is urgent need to conserve
both." The concept is a particular example of UPWARD's focus on
involvement or integration of local knowledge and perspectives in agricultura! research and development activities in order to make these more
effective and relevant. In the southern Philippines, when researchers
documented indigenous knowledge of sweetpotato cultivars, their uses,

and associated production and cultural practices, they found that there
are distinct differences in how women and men relate to the crop.
Although sweetpotato is known as a woman's crop; women and men
divide the work. Men are responsible for land preparation, planting, and
pest management. Women take care of weed control, and also haryest,
process, and sell the product. Though both men and women select for
appearance, taste, and texture, women have more diverse criteria for variety
selection, including considerations for medicinal and processing quality.

The Dalwangan village project has allowed UPWARD to evaluate

the comparative effectiveness of gene banking efforts among male and

female community groups. The work of the Industrious Mothers was
compared with a parallel undertaking by a male-dominated, tribal authority. The males formed an organization called "Livelihood for the Peo ple,"
made up of male elders anda number of youths. Planting is done primarily
by the youths, though women are called upan for assistance in weeding,
harvesting, and identifying varieties. The market orientation of the males
has led to a distinct evol ution of this gene bank. Contrary to the

origlrta:~

communal intention, management of the plot is now carried out by the

land owner, under whose control it has evolved into an evaluation plot
for accessions having commercial potential.

Memory and gene banking

research show that indigenous knowledge can supply irriportant information on cultivar characteristics and environmental adaptation, general and
specific uses, farmer preferences, and cultural practices. At the same time,
it demonstrates how community gerie banking supports the ongoing
preservation and use of valuable genetic resources. The gender orientation
of the research has enabled us to determine that women-at least in
Bukidnon, and by extension in many similar areas-play a vital role in

the maintenance and transmission of knowledge and germplasm. As in

the Mombam village experience, UPWARD's user-based diagnostic studies
continue to create the foundation for a move from user perspective to
user participation. "In general," says Prain, "UPWARD' s efforts hinge on
promoting partnership between 'local experts' and 'global experts'; that
is, between men and especially women whose livelihoods depend on
applying practical principles to highly particular and often very difficult
ecological situations, and those within the global scientific community
who try to develop principles for broad application." Sweetpotato
emphasizes in a very stark way the need for this partnership. The crop,
frequently grown in marginal environments, has received relatively little
research attention at the global level. At the same time, the marginal
environments are the least understood by the scientific comm unity.
Because they su pport millions of poor farming families, the threat to the
stability of these marginal areas is growing. The type of partnership
Sweetpotato's use as a

proposed by UPWARD is urgently needed to ensure the sustainability of

diversification crop in

endangered environments. Covering the gamut from genetic heritage

lowlandfarming systems is
shown here. In Sri Lanka,
sweetpotato is grown in
rice fields in

"eff"years,

through production systems to processing methods, UPWARD researchers will continue t explore the nature of knowledge as a means of
contributing with their users-perspective approach to the design, produc-

when there is not enough

rain far the rice crop.

tion, and adaptation of technology. Only in this way can research meet
real needs in developing countries, and be readily adopted by those who
must apply it.

lJPWA~.l)',,, 'tCUJ4

~~..nA~,

~-

homegardens in Nepal,

noodle inaking with sweetpotatoes

sweetpotato variety evaluation

in Vietnam, and

and classification in Irian Jaya,

low-cost, village potato processing in China.

SUICIDE SEEDS:
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS
PROVIDEA
BREAKTHROUGH
IN TPS USE

In the coastal desert of lea, 300 km from CIP's headquarters experiment

station at La Malina, farmers invited representatives from the Peruvian
patato program and the lnternational Pota to Center to eval uate their trials
1

with TPS, or true patato seed. The growers in lea-a grou p of entre preneurs who had become enthused about TPS technology and its potentialused seed provided by CIP to grow seedlings for transplanting to the field.
The goal was to embark on a commercial venture, providing plantlets to
local growers from CIP parental lines. Though it wasn't the first time the
farmers experimented with TPS, they were witnessing sorne unexpected
developments. Contrary to past experience, all the seeds in their seed beds
had germinated at once, making it difficult to transplant the seedlings fast
enough.

According to N oel Pallais, a CIP physiologist who has studied

TPS planting systems for ten years, these farmers were used to sowing seeds
Annual patato production from TPS-

-.-

derived materials in developing

with defense mechanisms. "Patato seeds are undomesticated," says Pallais,

countries is presently estimated al

"they are equipped for survival in the wild. In nature, small-seeded species

200,000 metric tons. The bulk of the

like the patato survive by being 'smart.' They wait to germinate until they

production is in China, a pioneer in

modern TPS use.
CIP's TPS technology is being tested
and adapted by 45 national programs
according to Patricio Malagamba,

are signalled that temperatures are favorable and rains are well under way.''
The farmers in lea, accustomed to this behavior, had expected slower, less
uniform development.

"Most new seeds are not able to germinate,"

continues Pallais, "because they have inhibitors that need to be progres-

head of propagation and crop management research al the Center. Bangla-

sively denatured. Over time, they also become more permeable to water

desh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia,

and oxygen.'' To increase the chances of species survival, even after

Nicaragua, Peru, the Philippines, Sri

Lanka, and Uganda are among the
countries where local interest and
probability of success are highest.
:

prolonged hydration TPS doesn't geminate uniformly. The delay produced by seed dormancy helps young plants to avoid being overcome by
competitors with an advantage for capturing nutrients, like weeds with
deep roots.

1 TPS is produced in berries on the

pota.to plant.

Since 1976, CIP scientists have explored the use of TPS as

a substitute for traditional, tuber-based planting methods. Though they

feel that potential for direct seeding exists, they realize that true sred's
undomesticated nature makes this a long-term goal "Only a su cicle
seedling would lack the protection to wait it out until conditions are
favorable," affirms Pallais. "How else could potato have invaded and
successfully coldnized ecological niches from Lake Titicaca to Patagonia
on one end, and through Central and North America on the other?"
Pallais predicts that genes from "suicide seedlings"-which are inherently
present in small proportions in most TPS progenitors-will eventually be
used to breed vigorous TPS that when sown will germinate quickly, and
The example of Nicaragtlll
eloquently illustrates
true seed's potential In
1992, the market was

evenly. Meanwhile, to make true seed practica}, dormancy must be dealt

with. What made the difference in lea? The seed had been treated at
CIP to break its natural dormancy, resulting in unexpectedly rapid and

jlooded with potatoes

producedfrom 5 kg ofTPS

vigorous growth. In the past, a hormone known as gibberellic acid (GA)

donated lry C/P. Clase to

was used to circumvent TPS dormancy. Yet though plants will germinate

40% of the tubers marketed

were grown from true seed.

with GA, they often perform poorly during subsequent seedling development. This provides a stumbling block to farmers who need <lepen able
planting material with good yields. CIP researchers have overcome the
potato's strategy for survival in the wild by making seeds "believe" that
conditions are ripe for germination. The differences they have achieved
in seedling development representan enormous improvement (more than
10 times) over previous experiences using GA. And the techniques are
simple. Hybrid seed of selected clones-CIP's most popular female TPS
parent is known as Serrana-is dried and stored at 30 C for about 12
months with very low humidity (30/o seed moisture content). High
temperature and low moisture allow TPS to after-ripen fully before
sowing. Says Pallais, "We call it 'after-ripening' when we mature seeds
to break dormancy in storage; after-ripening is the key to optimum

Andean farmers have used TPS far generations

to renew their crops. They know that by storing seed from
one season to the next they will obtain good results.

Here, seeds are being macerated. Though this

techn ique is sometimes used to break dormancy, it makes TPS
less resistan! to subsequent storage.

performance."

Scientists at CIP are targeting these advances for appli-

cation in selected areas of the tropics where alternatives to tuber-based

planting schemes are needed to make potato production feasible. In many
areas of the tropics, the availability of high-quality tuber seed is limited
by factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions for clrnal
multiplication, transportation problems, scarcity of storage facilities, and
import restrictions. Yet these regions often have climate conditions that
make potato planting possible year round. True seed allows farmets to
plant when they want, at the same time avoiding many tuber-borne
diseases that are prevalent in warm climates. CIP's TPS strategy has
already achieved significant impact in many developing countries. But to
spread the success, the availability of high-quality true seed must be
increased. For the past nine years, the Center has collaborated with INIA

(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias) in Chile to build TPS

production capacity. Seed from the INIA program has been used by
countries such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Sri Lanka.
lt is also used by a prvate company in the USA, ESCAgenetics, as well as

by the farmers in lea, Peru. But to meet the rapidly growing demand, many
more partners must join in this initiative. CIP is encouraging NGOs and
prvate companies in countries where TPS shows promise to follow the
lead in what has proved to be a viable business effort. In lea, three
months after the first visit the entrepreneurs invited CIP researchers to
return. They now had results to show, and theywere pleased. Despite initial
problems they had faced in coping with the unexpectedly rapid seeJling
growth, farmers harvested an average of 15 tons per hectare; and they now
that these yield levels can be significantly raised in the future by apprng
improved agronomic techniques. "Now they are going for broke," says

Pallais. "They're thinking about expanding to 500 hectares." The growers

in ka foresee that TPS will give them independence from traditional
highland seed sources, allowing them to plant two crops a year. They also
know that the high genetic and sanitary quality of true seed will result in
much better yields. According to one farmer involved, "The progenies
have proven their potential and the system works. Now it's a matter of
aiming better to hit the mark." These people know that the potato is a
valuable crop, both in economic and nutritional terms. They believe that
One ofthe main sources 'Of
true seed continues

TPS will enable them to produce healthy, hardy potato crops, and to share
the benefits with many more farmers and consumers.

to be INIA, Chile. Ths

national program
collaborates closely with
CIP to make high-quality
seed available to interested

TPS production in countries such

people and programs.

as Egypt and India is booming.

Using CIP technques and

hyrids, many prvate enterpri=

have taken up local produdion
of TPS in nursery beds to meet
the growing demand.

43

TPS UPDATES

Farmers in Lembang, Indonesia, report a 500/o reductioy in

fungicide use since the introduction of improved TPS progenies from

br.

Preliminary estimates show 750/o savings in fungicide costs for farmers who
use TPS; this represents $180/ha-roughly 100/o of total production
-

cos~.

TPS can play an important role in emergency situations,

rs it

did recently in a drought that affected Peru's major potato produ~ing

regions. The national potato program reports excellent results using TPS
in rustic, high-altitude greenhouses. In Ayacucho, a highland area, more
than 2,000 subsistence farmers are growing potatoes from TPS seedlings.
-

Experiences with TPS in Nicaragua have resulted in yields!ree

times better than those obtained with tuber seed. Participating far ers'
production costs were reduced to less than half, compared to _traditional
planting methods based on imported seed. According to Don Cristobal
Cruz, a farmer fromJinotega, this is the "poor people's potato." Imported
seed is expensive; with TPS, small-holders can expect big profits hile
supplying high-quality seed to their neighbors at low prices.
-

Egyptian potato farmers also see reduced costs as the key

consideration in switching from their usual seed tubers to seedling tubers

derived from TPS. Surveys and budget analyses of farmer trials show a
highly favorable rate of return for farmers using seedling tubers: for every
dollar invested in TPS-based potato production, they recover $2.86,
compared to the $1.68 they get using tuber seed.
-

In cooperation with CIP, the government of India is aifing

to double potato production using true potato seed families. By the year
2000, production of this crop is expected to reach 30 million tons with
yields per hectare estimated at 20 tons. To meet this goal, India will
establish three centers for hybrid TPS production.

INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION

CIP's research strategy is faunded on the belief that the Center's impact
is directly tied to and dependent on the strength of its partner programs
in technology development and transfer. Regionally-based CIP scientists
have the ongoing responsibility of supplying both technical and organizational advice to national research institutions to improve the transfer
of viable technologies that will increase the practica! impact of their own
and CIP's research. To improve the Center's capacity to support
national programs and the people they serve, in 1992 extensive discussions
were held on ways of heightening the integration of CIP's efforts worldwide, thus increasing their effectiveness. The result was the establishment
of a new research structure, headed by the Deputy Director General far
Research and with the assistance of an Associate Director far lnternational
Cooperation. CIP's regional structure was consolidated, reducing the
number of regional offices from eight to five. Measures were also taken
to improve infarmation management and exchange bet~een CIP's headquarters and regionally posted staff. Under this new organization, all
research carried out in the regions is managed and reported within the six
research Programs (detailed infarmation on these activities can be faund
in our 1993 Technical Report). However, much of the technical assistance
offered by CIP's staff is not fully reflected there. This work will be
highlighted in the fallowing sections.
-

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) The LAC regional

office, established in Lima in 1992, consolidates two farmer regional

offices: South America, and Central America and the Caribbean. The area
of responsibility of this office falls into three major zonal divisions: the
Andean zone, non-Andean South America, and Central America and
the Caribbean. Three of the countries in the Andean Zone-Bolivia,

Ecuador, and Peru-have bilateral projects in partnership with Clli' In

Bolivia, the PROINPA project (Programa de Investigacin de la Papa) has
made major advances in the identification of potato clones with imprf ved
resistance to late blight as well as to the main insect pests of the highlands.
These clones are presently under evaluation in on-farm trials for final
selection and variety release. With CIP support and su pervision, two
Bolivian staff scieotists have received advanced degree training, successfully completing their Masters degrees in breeding and physiology at
the Universidad Agraria, Lima. They have now returned to Bolivia -to
continue work in PROINPA. In Peru, the SEINPA project (Semilla e

Investigacin en Papa) has intensified efforts to organize farmer seed

multiplication associations for increased dissemination of improved seed
derived from project activities. lt is also encouraging the participation of
the prvate sector in seed multiplication activities. The FORTIPAPA
project in Ecuador (Fortalecimiento de la Investigacin y Produccion de Semilla

de Papa) completed its first full year of operation in 1992. To finalize the
operational plan, a number of diagnostic surveys were carried o ut to
provide detailed information on the needs of potato farmers. lfhis
information will be used to target activities more precisely. The fi rst in
a series of on-farm experiments was also set up to test technologies
aimed at overcoming production bottlenecks and improving the use of
seed. Man y activities in the LAC region are su pported through the three
CIP research networks in the area: PRECODEPA (Central America and
the Caribbean), PRACIPA (the Andean zone), and PROCIPA (the rest of
South America). Our Regional Representative liaises closely with these
networks, supplying technical backstopping, germplasm, and short-ferm
training. In 1992, a number of new varieties from CIP germplasm lwere

released by countries in the region. Panama released CIP-bred IDIAP-92

and Guatemala named ICTA XALAPAN, selected from CIP breeding
Ongoing coordination of

materials, while Paraguay and Nicaragua named TPS hybrids bred by CIP.

C/P's decentraliz.ed research

program requires close,
day-to-day interaction
among the Center's

In Peru, three TPS progenies were released: two hybrids and one openpollinated progeny. Also in Peru, six new sweetpotato varieties derived
from the collaborative breeding program with the University of Tacna

researchers worldwide. This

interchange is aided by
electronic communication

were released. These last cultivars were all selected far salt toleran ce,. a
necessary trait in the Peruvian coastal soils.

systems far rapid,

cost-effective research
integration, management,
and monitoring. Here,

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) In 1992, CIP's

contribution to national program development in this region caneentrated on the following three areas: patato seed production, sweetpotato

Roger Cortbaoui, in charge

ofinternational

planting material production, and integrated control of patato tuber

cooperation, converses with

moth (PTM). CIP's regional personnel continued to backstop private seed

colleagues at C/P's annual .

program meeting and

production initiatives in Egypt, Tunisia, and Jordan. In these countries,

revie'lJJ at headquarters,

help was also provided far the development of national seed production

Lima, Peru.

systems integrating in vitro, screen-house; field, and storage operations. In view of the growing demand far true
patato seed in Egypt, the Aegean Agricultura! Research lnstitute (AARI) in Turkey began TPS production in 1990 in the Bozdag area, with support
from CIP. AARI has made contacts with private
companies in Egypt to explore the possibilities of
marketing "Turkish TPS." In Egypt, two CIPintroduced sweetpotato clones were multiplied and
distributed to selected farmers who traditionally sell planting materials to
neighboring producers. Through this "informal" system, the clones
NCSU 925 and 1135 will cover clase to 500 ha in 1993. Following the

positive results obtained with granulosis virus (GV) for the control ofITM
at the farm level, production and processing of this biological insect cicle
were accelerated in both Tunisia and Egypt. The Tunisian national
research institute (INRAT) and the Egyptian Ministry of Agricultufe in
Tanta have adapted CIP-generated GV production techniques and will
start small-scale distribution of the product to farmers in 1993.
-

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) CIP's regional responsibilities for

East and Southern Africa as well as for West and Central Africa were
consolidated in 1992 through the Sub-Saharan Afric office based in
Nairobi. In Cameroon, research was aimed at finding new varieties to
overcdme the problems of late blight, which can be devastating at high
altitudes, and bacteria\ wilt, active at mid-elevation altitudes. In 1992, the
essential requirements for a basic seed multiplication scheme were put in
place and the first significant quantities of seed were produced. In
September, five new varieties were officially named and released from
material already under multiplication in the seed scheme. In East
Africa, new varieties were named in Burundi (three), Ethiopia (two), and
Rwanda (six). All of these countries have benefitted in the past from
bilateral projects executed by CIP. A majar component of these projects
is the organization of seed m ultiplication schemes to enable national
programs to evaluate new genetic materials supplied by CIP, and to rapidly
move selected varieties to the commercial sector. In Uganda, the
western highlands are now functioning as a seed producing area and
attention has moved to the mi-elevation zone around the capital,
Kampala, where the majar demand for the patato crop is generated.
Though bacteria! wilt is a potential problem in these areas, new varieties
coupled with proper cultural measures are producing an economically

viable crop on the research stations. Throughout the whole of East

Africa, extensive studies were conducted on the role of sweetpotato in the
economy. The crop is more widely grown in these countries than elsewhere
in Africa, and therefore merits special attention. Uganda in particular i~
the largest producer on the continent. The PRAPACE netwcirk, operating in East and Central Africa, has been instrumental in contributing
to enormous gains in patato production among its partner countries.
-

South and West Asia (SWA) The most interesting even.: to

take place in India, where CIP has its South and West Asia regional office,
was the rapid progress toward producing TPS in quantity. In 1992,
approximately 35 kgs were produced by a local organization in East
Bengal. CIP staff aided in this project by providing training, technical
advice, and parent plants. Scarcity of seed is still the principal bottleneck
to wider use of TPS technology worldwide. The new TPS so urce in India
opens the way for more countries to use this technology. Four countries
in Asia have now officially named TPS varieties: Bangladesh (three), India
(one), Indonesia (four), and the Philippines (one). Indonesia has officially
named one clona! variety from CIP material, appreciated for its earliness
and cooking quality.
-

East aild Southeast Asia and the Pacific {ESEAP) Indonesia

is an important center of biodiversity for sweetpotato. In 1992, with CIP's

increased emphasis on this crop, the regional office-previously located at
Bandung-was transferred to Bogor; climatological conditions there are
more favorable to sweetpotato research. Potato activities are centered at
the liaison office in Lembai:ig. Two lndonesian assistants have been
working in Bandung on the adaptation and spread of TPS technology,

one studying economic aspects of the technology and the other agronomy.
They have now completed all their thesis requirements and will shortly
depart for England to complete their PhDs. Vietnm, among the
poorest countries in the region, continues to have notable success in
application of CIP technologies for potato production. These

ave

frequently been adapted to the specific socio-agronomic conditions there,

and spread rapidly among farmers because of their entrepreneurial outlook. In China, the CIP resident scientist has maintained the policy of
frequently visiting research institutions and universities throughout the
country. As a result, CIP has many important collaborative projects.
Breeding and selection is prominent among them; this country has been
the largest global user of CIP germplasm. In 1992, a new variety with
resistance to late blight was released. Two CIP research networks operate
in Southeast Asia: SAPPRAD is primarily concerned with the transfer of
tested technologies, while UPWARD seeks to increase the application of
s.ocial science in agricultura! research to explore and apply the users'
perspective.

CIP's Finances and Administration in 1992

1992 was ayear of transition throughout CIP. Modified levels of funding---below what had been projected in the Center's previous medium-term plan-and the continued impact of severe devaluation/inflation imbalances in Peru called for adjustments in
management practices to guarantee the Center'~ continued operational efficiency. At the same time, the path was being paved
far entry into the newmedium-term planning period, which will commence in 1994.
To bolster the Center's operational strength, CIP continued to seek management training for selected senior staff. We also tollowed through on the recommendations of the Third Extemal Management Review, continuing to implement a participatory management strategy reflected in our new organizational structure. Two Deputy Director General positions were created, one tor Research and another for Finance and Administration; each has clear responsibilities and lines of command. The role of the
Management Committee--composed of the Directors, the Controller, the Executive Officer, and two Program representatives on
a rotational basis-was fortified. In the program area, research responsibility was distributed among six Program Leaders and
24 Project Leaders. A Program Committee was established, with the participation of Program Leaders and the Heads of the
Training and lnformation Departments as well as the Directors as ex officio members. The contributions of the Program Committee go beyond strictly programmatic issues, covering budget allocation among Programs and priority setting recommendations
for intemational positions at the Center.
Until 1992, CIP's operational structure was based on Departments as the main budgetary units. By the end of the year, a new
project-based budgeting system was fully in place, facilitating Program Leaders' direct control of their respective areas of responsibility. A multi-user on-line computer system was introduced to permit immediate access by Program and Project Leaders
to information on the budgetary status of their activities. This system also represents an important management tool for the Directors in monitoring research expenditures and the overall progress of Center activities.

..

In 1992, the Controller's Office was thoroughly reorganized to provide more administrative effectiveness and heightened integration with Program management at the headquarters and regional levels. To facilitate this process, and to avoid duplication of efforts, an integrated accounting system was introduced. Together with the on-line computer system, this will help to consolidate
administrative procedures at CIP's headquarters and regionalbffices. The full implementation of this system will be achieved
gradually as the necessary equipment is acquired, resulting in considerably reduced administrative costs. The necessary electronic communications systems are already being developed by the lnformation Department.
The Executive Officer's Office was also streamlined for more effective operation. A computerized system was introduced in the
Logistic Support Unit to offer faster, more efficient service to the Research Programs and other administrative units, providing
. on-line information on the availability of items as well as electronic purchase requests.
The increased effectiveness achieved through these measures has permitted reduction in personnel costs, with an eye on maximizing program potential. At the same time, special attention has been given to human resources management, to ensure that
the pressures of current financia! constraints do not have negative repercussions on the Center's program and objectives, and to provide the maximum possible well-being for staff.

C/P's head of Finanas and Administration, Jos Vall~Riestra,

discusses operational meas11res far heightenr effectiveness with
rolleagues from the adm in istrative area.

CIP Finances in 1992

The following tables and figures summarize CIP's finances
in 1992. Our complete, audited tinancial statement is

published separately, and can be requested from the Controller's Office, CIP headquarters, La Molina.
Year ended 31 December
1992

1991

Cash and short-term deposits

3,341

1,135

Accounts receivable
Donors
Other

4,934
450

4,248
609

Inventaries

800

761

lnvestments

622

218

Prepaid expenses

533

912

19,359
(9,596)

19,317
(9,124)

20,443

18,076

119
900
1,553
3,004
705

217
1,160
1,136
1,288

6,281

3,801

9,763
2,107
2,292

10,193
1,537
2,545

14,162

14,275

20,443

18,076

Balance Sheet (US$000)

Assets

Property, plan!, and equipment

Accumulated depreciation
Total Assets
Liabilities and Fund Balances
Liabilities
Bank overdraft
Short-term loan
Accounts payable and other liabilities
Payments in advance from donors
Provision for severane indemnities
Total Liabilities
Fund Balances
Capital lnvested in Fixed Assets
Capital Fund
Unexpended Fund Balance
Total Fund Balances
Total !,.iabilities and Fund Balances

Core Expenditure in 1992

Research Pro9rms 5
Personnel 64%
Administration 16%
Supplies & Services 27%

Research Support15o/c

Travel7%

lnformation 7%
Training 4%

Other 2%

by unit of expenditure

by activity

....,:

Contributions by Donar in 1992

Donor*

Core

Complementary

United States of America

European Economic Community
Sweden .
Canada
Switzerland
Japan
lnter-American Development Bank
World Bank
United Kingdom
Denmark
Netherlands
ltaly
Germany
Austria
France
Norway
Finland
Belgium
Australia
China
Spain
Korea
India
Mexico
Philippines
lntemational Development Research Centre
Rockefeller Foundation
OPEC Fund for lnternational Development
United Nations Development Program

2350
1385
1302
1216
1185

457

Total Contributions

19
2328

1064
1023

222

1000
863
749
570

418
540
335
313

198
193
181
152
80
70
60
25
10

180
126
260
275

69
360
388

Though CIP does not seek personal donations, a special mention is made here of Mr. Ignacio
Gonzalez-Alvarez, one of
Mexico's leading potato farmers
from Leon, Guanajuato, who
since 1991 has pledged $500
yearly to support potato research at CJP. Mr.GonzalezAlvarez has successfully applied CIP in vitro and greenhouse techniques in developing
a seed program that supplies
high-quality tuberlets to local
farmers and the industry. He
has a/so been a pioneer in the
adoption of IPM measures for
the control of potato tuber
moth-the main constraint to
potato production in Len-participating active/y in this research in his own fields.

5
373

148
21
12
15,287

5,238

Ranked by levels of core contribution in US$000.

Contributions in 1992

Unrestricted Core 66%

Complementary 26%

Restricted Core 8%

CIP Research in 1992

CIP's extensive research collaboration brings together a
range of partners worldwide. The following is a summary of
CIP's research activities in 1992, and of the principal places
and institutions involved. Aside from these, however, vast
numbers of farmers, national program colleagues, extension

specialists, private and public sector representatives, and

others participate in and contribute to the realization of the
Center's research objectives. More complete information on
these activities and the partners involved can be found in our
1993 Technical Review.

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Program 1: Production Systems

Characterization of constraints and opportunities for patato production

Yield-gap analysis

Ecuador - INIAP

Farmer participation in clona! evaluation

Bolivia - PROINPA

Characterization of sweetpotato constraints and opportunities

Sweetpotato characterization

Africa Southeast Asia India - CTCRI

Users Perspective with Agricultura! Research and Development

(UPWARD)

Asia China Netherlands - Wageningen U

Adaptation and integration of patato production technologies

Varietal adaptation to diverse agroecologies

Bolivia - PROINPA Chile - INIA North China Peru - U Tacna

Philippines - MMSU

Adaptation of cultivated diploid patato species

USA-NCSU

lntercropping

Tunisia - ESH

Expanding production to new regions

Burundi - ISABU Dominican Republic - MA Santo Domingo

USA - U Georgia

Adaptation and integration of sweetpotato production technologies

Varietal adaptation to diverse regions

Sustainable cropping systems

Africa Asia Cameroon - IRA China - GAAS Egypt - MA

India - CTCRI Peru - INIA
South China - CAAS, JAAS

Evaluation of the impact and sustainability of pota/o production technologies

lmpact assessment

Indonesia - LEHRI Peru - INIA Tunisia - INRAT

Pesticides and sustainability

Ecuador - INIAP, MA
Bolivia

Demand for varietal adaptation

USA~ Comell

U, MoSU McMaster U

Program 2: Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Patato col/ection and characterization

Collection, characterization, conservation, and distribution

In vitre conservation
Germplasm improvement for use in marginal but sustainable
agricuiture

Peru - CERRGETYR/U Cuzco USA- USDA

Ecuador - INIAP Peru
Chile - U Austral

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Potato germplasm enhanceinent, application of molecular technology

Germplasm enhancement

ltaly - ENEA Peru

Genome mapping and application of marker technology

Japan - Kobe U USA - Cornell U

Patato genetic engineering for pest and disease resistance

Austria - ARCS Chile - CUC ltaly- Viterbo U, U Naples

Peru USA - LSU

Sweetpotato co//ection and characterization

Collection, characterization, conservation, documentation,
distribution, and evaluation

Argentina - INTA Bangladesh - TCRC, BARI Brazil - CNPH,

EMBRAPA China - XSPRC Mexico - INIFAP Paraguay- IAN
Peru

In vitre conservation and virus eradication

Austria - ARCS Peru USA - Cornell U Venezuela - FONAIAP

Indonesia - UPWARD

Collection and evaluation of indigenous knowledge

Sweetpotato germplasm and molecular technigues

Combining traits using conventional techniques in diverse
agroecologies

China - GAAS, JAAS Indonesia - CRIFC Japan - JICA Peru

Utilization of wild relatives of sweetpotato

Peru

Molecular techniques for sweetpotato improvement

Japan - Nagoya U Peru

Andean root and tuber crop collection and characterization

Germplasm management in farmers' fields (in situ)

Bolivia Peru - INIA, U Cuzco

Development of a network for ex situ conservation

In vitre conservation and distribution

Bolivia Ecuador Peru

Ecuador Peru - UNMSM, U Ayacucho

Pathogen eradication and seed production

Ecuador - INIAP Peru - INIA, U Cajamarca, U Huancayo

Commodity systems analysis

Bolivia Ecuador - U Ambato Peru - NGO

-----~~~~---

Program 3: Disease Management

------

Control of pota to late blight (Phythopthora infestans)

Breeding and screening for resistance

China - SAAS Colombia - ICA Mexico - INIFAP Peru - INIA

lntegrated control

Bolivia - PROINPA

Fundamental host-pathogen research

Ecuador - FORTIPAPA, U Quito Kenya - KARI

Netherlands - IPO Peru - INIA Philippines - UPLB

lntegrated control of potato bacteria/ wilt

Development of resistance

China - CAAS England - RES-UK ltaly - IAO Peru

Brazil - CNPH, EMBRAPA Indonesia - LEHRI Philippines - DA

lntegrated control

Kenya - KARI, ISABU Peru

Fundamental research for control strategies

Combining resistances to potato viruses and fungi

Development of virus- and viroid-resistant materials

France - INRA Peru - UNA Poland - IZ, IPR Tunisia - CPRA

Breeding for early blight resistance

Peru

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Selection of combinad resistance to viruses and fung

Argentina - INTA Brazil - CNPH, EMBRAPA Cameroon - MA

Central America & the Caribbean Colombia - ICA East"Africa Kabete RS, Mau Narok RS Ecuador - INIAP Egypt -MA
Ghana - CSD Mali - MA Nigeria Paraguay - MA
Peru - INIA Uruguay- CIAAB, INIA PROCIPA
USA- Cornell U Venezuela - FONAIAP

Control of field and storage diseases of potatoes

Development of resistance to soft rol and blackleg

France - INRA Peru - UNA

lntegrated control of Erwinia diseases

Belgium - U Gent Chile - INIA Scotland - SCRI Tunisia - ESH

Control of soil-bome fung

Peru- INIA

Detection and control of potato viruses

Resistance to PLRV

Peru - U lea Scotland - SCRI

Detection of viruses and viroids

Bolivia - PROINPA China - U lnner Mongolia Peru

Epidemiology of PVY

Tunisia - INRAT

ldentification and control of sweetpotato viruses

Detection, identification, and eradication of viruses

Peru USA- NCSU

Resistance to viruses

Israel - Volcani Center Peru - UNA

Control of acterial and tungal diseases ot s_weetpotato

Etiology of fungal and bacteria! diseases

Kenya - NAL Peru - UNA USA- LSU

Resistance to diseases

Peru Southeast Asia - SARIF

Peru- UNCP

Diseases common to sweetpotato and potato

Molecular approaches for detection and control of pathogens
Genetic resistance and probe development

Peru

Viroid detection with probes

Peru- UNA

~ Genome structure

Peru England - U Birmingham

Pathologv of Andean root and tuber crops other than potato and sweetpotato
Detection and characterization of viruses

Peru - UNMSM, UNA

Program 4: lntegrated Pest Management

Potatoes withresistance to major-insect and mite pests
Development of resistan! genotypes for potato tuber moth and
leaf-miner flies

Peru USA- UNDP

Potatoes with glandular trichomes

Peru USA- Cornell U

Transgenic potatoes with insect resistance

Field evaluation of resistan! plants

Belgium - PGS Peru

Peru

lntegrated methods for control of potato tuber moth .

Generation of technologies

Colombia Dominican Republic Peru USA- UNDP

Core Research Expenditure in 1992

Producton Systems
14%
Germplasm Management
and Enhancement 14%
Disease,Management
26%
lnsect and Nematode
Management 12%
Propagaton, Crop
Management 27%
Postharvest Management,
Marketing 7%

SSA23%
MENA6%
SWA11%
ESEAP38%

by Region

by Research Program

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Use of sex pheromoriesand granulosis virus

Bolivia Dominican Republic, Mexico - PRECODEPA Colombia,

Peru - PRACIPA

Applied field management

Bangladesh - TCRC, BARI Bolivia - PROINPA Colombia - ICA

Dominican Republic Egypt Kenya - KARI Morocco - INRA,
IAV Tunisia - CPRA, INRAT Venezuela - FONAIAP Yemen YGPPP, SPPC, AREA

lntegrated methods for contrl of sweetpotato weevil

Development of resistance
Use of sex pheromnes

Asia Peru USA - Miss U

Cuba Dominican Republic USA- UFLA

Biological control

Peru

Applied field management

Bangladesh - TCRC, BARI Burundi Cuba Dominican

Republic India Kenya - ICIPE, KARI Philippines - VISCA,
UPLB Uganda

lntegrated methods for control of sweetpotato nematodes

Development of resistance

Peru

Applied field management

Peru - U Cuzco, farmer co-op

lntegrated methods for control of Andf3an pota to weevil

Development of resistance
Cultural and biological control methods

Peru- INIA

Applied field management

Bolivia - PROINPA Colombia - ICA Ecuador - INIAP,

FORTIPAPA, FUNDAGRO Peru

Peru- INIA

lntegrated methods for control of patato yst nematode and false root-knot nematode
Crop rotation schemes

Peru (Cajamarca, Cuzco, Puno)

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Applied field management

Bolivia PROINPA Ecuador - INIAP Peru - INIA PRACIPA

Program 5: Propagation and Crop Management

Propa ation of healthy clona/ otato planting materials in diverse agricultura/ systems

Research support to in-country basic seed programs

Bolivia PROINPA Burundi ISABU Cameroon - IRA

Colombia - ICA Ecuador - INIAP, FORTIPAPA India - CPRI
ltaly IAO Paraguay IAN, SEAG Peru SEINPA Philippines PCARRD Uganda Venezuela - FONAIAP West Africa

Sexual patato propagation

Breeding for improved TPS families

Argentina INTA Chile INIA China SAAS, YNU India

ltaly - U Naples Kenya Peru

TPS agronomic adaptation to diverse agroecologies

Cameroon IRA China CAAS Egypt India CPRI

Indonesia - LEHRI Jtaly - IAO Monserrat - CARDI Morocco IAV Nicaragua MA Paraguay - JAN Peru SEINPA, INIA
Philippines Sri Lanka Tunisia - CPRA Vietnam

Studies on TPS production

Bangladesh - TCRC Chile - INIA India CPRI Indonesia LEHRI Peru Turkey - AARI

Sweetpotato production through mproved management technques

--~~----~-----------------~

Crop management praclices

Burundi ISABU Cameroon IRA China - UCRI, GAAS Peru UNALM Philippines

Studies on tolerance to abiotic stresses

China - UCRI, GAAS Egypt Peru - U Tacna Philippines

Peru UNA

58
Management of forage-type sweetpotatoes

Maintenance, nternat9!1al distributon, and monitoring of performance of advanced patato germplasm_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _-1

On-going activities (PRUGs)

India Kenya Peru Philippines

Mantenance, intematonal distrbuton, and monitorng of performance of advanced sweetpotato germplasm

-------

On-going activities (PRUGs)

India Kenya Peru Philippines

Abotic stresses and patato crop !!!_anage_m_e_nt_ _ _ _ __ _ _ __

- -- - - -- - - - - - - - 4

Breeding fer improved tolerance to abiotic stresses

Bolivia PROINPA Chile - INIA Peru U Tacna Philippines

Southeast Asia

Agronomic research fer potatoes grown under stress

Egypt MA Peru - UNALM Philippines - PCARRD Uganda MA USA- U Georgia

Program 6: Postharvest Management, Marketing

Expanding utilization of patato in developing countres
---------------~

Low-cost storage of table and seed potatoes

Egypt - MA India - CPRI Kenya - KARI Netherlands Wageningen U Philippines - UPLB Thailand - Chiang Mai U

Patato breeding for processing

India - CPRI Peru - INIA Philippines PCARRD, Benguet U

Marketing and demand for potatoes

Bangladesh England - Oxford U Netherlands - Wageningen U

Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela - PRACIPA USA- IFPRI

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner lnstitutions

Patato processing

Guatemala - ICTA Peru - Centro de Ideas

Product development for sweetpotato in deve/oping countries

Evalualion and distribution of elite sweetpotato materials for
processing

Peru - INIA, UNALM USA- NCSU

Marketing of and demand for sweetpotatoes

Argentina - IESR/INTA China - CNCQS, CAAS Netherlands Wageningen U Philippines - PCARRD SAPPRAD Peru INIA USA- Stanford U

Processing of sweetpotato

Burundi - ISABU Cameroon - PDA, IRA China - SAAS India CTCRI Kenya - KARI, U Nairobi ltaly - FAO Peru - llN,
UNALM Philippines - PCARRD, UPLB SAPPRAD USA UNDP, Cornell U West Africa - KARI

Many of our donors contribute complementary or restricted

core funds for specifically designated research topics. In the
case of complementarily funded initiatives, these often fall outside the bounds of the Program activities listed above. Technical assistance efforts aimed at fortifying national program capabilities- in particular CIP's Special Country Projects and
Activity

Networks-are among these complementary activities. CIP's

new initiative on Andean natural resources management is
also funded largely from complementary sources. A list of the
outstanding complementary activ~ies on CIP's agenda and
their donors in 1992 folfows.

Donors

Special Country Projects

Burundi
PROINPA
SEINPA
FORTIPAPA
Uganda

MAE Belgium
COTES U
COTESU
COTES U
USAID

Networks
UPWARD
SAPPRAD
PROCIPA
PRACIPA
PRECODEPA
PRAPACE

MDC Netherlands, IDRC

AIDAB
BID
IDRC
COTES U
USAID

Otheis
ARTC exploration, conservation, and utilizalion
Fortification of global sweetpotato research
Natural resources management in Andean agroecosystems

Aside from these activities, severa! governments provided

funding in 1992 to alfow Associate Experts to contribute to

GTZ, COTESU
Germany, OPEC, FICAH, Dutch Embassy Lima
IDRC, Rockefeller, USAID

CIP research in their respective areas of expertise, among

them Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

CIP Training in 1992

The responsibilities of CIP's staff
members posted at our various regional
offices involve ongoing collaboration in
support of national program needs.
Sorne of this is carried out through the
activities listed below. However, much of
CIP's support is rendered in less
tangible, day-to-day exchange. This
figure indicates the overall distribution of
CIP training resources dedicated to
strengthening partner programs in our
client countries in 1992, including person
year allotment as well as formally
conducted courses and specialized
training at headquarters.

Training Expenditure by Region in 1992

HQ16%
LAC 10%
SSA37%
MENA2%
SWA 11%
ESEAP24%

Specialized Training
ProgramfTopic

Participants

Participants' Home Countries

Program 2: Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Tissue culture

17

Burundi, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, ltaly, Nepal, Peru,

Tanzania, Uganda

Breeding & genetic resources

Czechoslovakia

Genelic material testing: sweetpotato

Peru

Sweetpotato germplasm characterizalion and evaluation

China

Germplasm management

Burundi

Program 3: Dlsease Management

Virology

Burundi, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, llaly, Peru, Sri Lanka

Pathology

Peru

Bacteriology

Bolivia, Chile

lntegrated pes! management

Cuba, India, Peru

Biocontrol of insects

Colombia

Program 4: lnsect and Nematode Management

Electrophoresis methods

Peru

Program 5: Propagation and Crop Management

UseofTPS

Peru, Uganda

Seed patato production

Burundi, Ecuador

Agricultura! communication

Bolivia

Statistics

Burundi

Other

. Courses and Workshops

Program, Tltle, and Topics

Duration

Countries represented

Partner lnstitutions

Program 1: Production Systems

On-farm participative research (FPR) workshop
basic elements of farmer participative research,
methodological tools, on-going projects,
training of others

9 days

Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,

Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru

SDC,SEINPA

ln-country workshop: Sweetpotato in the food systems

of Tanzania
development of common goals and procedures far a
baseline agroeconomic survey on sweetpotatoes,
formulation of budget and workplan

4days

Tanzania

GTZ

Socioeconomic aspects of patato and sweetpotato

researcti: lnterdisciplinary experiences & methods
overview al approaches and methods to bring
farm-level information into research projects

5days

Burundi, Rwanda

Sweetpotato workshop for West & Central Africa

recommendations to address constraints of regional
scope and common interest (with Program 5)

3days

Cameroon, Ghana, lvory Coas!,

Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo

Workshop on seed systems

curren! problems in country seed systems, strategies
and technologies far overcoming them (with Program 5)

1 week

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,

Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand

SAPPRAD

ln-vitro germplasm management

in vitro production & conservation of patato,
sweetpotato, and other tropical crops

2 weeks

Latin America

CIAT, IBPGR

Workshop on interdisciplinary col/ection of

sweetpotato germplasm and indigenous knowledge
germplasm collection, exchange of knowledge on
varieties, and production systems

2 weeks

Indonesia

UPWARD

Local knowledge and global resources: lnvolving users

in germplasm conservation and evaluation
collection, conservation, and evaluation of germplasm
with user participation

5 days

Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines,

Vietnam

UPWARD

ln-country traning course: Bacterial-wilt detection

technques
lectures, field visits, laboratory practicals to test
samples collected from visited areas

4days

Philippines

NPRCRTC, RES-UK . .

Seed patato production in bacterial-wlt infected areas

practica! methods using IPM techniques (with
Program 5)

1 day

Philippines

DAI

Program 2: Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Program 3: Disease Management

Program, Title, and Topics

Duration

Countries represented

Partner institutions

Latin America

PRECODEPA

2weeks

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Thailand

SAPPRAD

2 weeks

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,

Phttippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
UK,USA

SAPPRAD

5days

Bangladesh, China, India,

Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Peru,
Philippines, Vietnam

ln-country sweetpotato course: Planting material

production

3days

Burundi

ln-country patato production course

transfer of improved technologies through lecturas,
practicals, and visits to farmers'_fields and local
experiment station

5days

Nigeria

ln-country potato production course

improved agro-techniques, seed production principies,
and production methods through farmers' yarietal
improvement program (highlands and lowlands); TPS
production, potato diseases and pests and their
control, storage methods

6days

Uganda

Patato production for lowlands

principies and technologies, including use of suitable
varieties, for the lowlands

5days

Uganda

ln-country course on sweetpotato

improved ability to advise farmers on sweetpotato
technologies (for extension workers)

1 week

Uganda

ln-country course on sweetpotato production

1 week

Egypt

ln-country course on TPS

TPS as an altemative technology fer supply of healthy
seed

4days

Peru

Program 5: Propagation and Crop Management

Patato production training course

SAPPRAD monitoring tour; Lowland patato production

experiences, problems, research strategies, plans for
lowland potato production
Seed patato production in bacterial-wilt infected areas
(see Program 3)
lnternational training on sweetpotato variety eva/uation
protocol and strategy for evaluating elite sweetpotato
clones
Sweetpotato workshop for West & Central Africa
(see Program 1)
Workshop-cx1 seed systems
(see Program 1)
Workshop on TPS use in South Asia
TPS research, genelic improvement, advances in
seed produclion, seed quality
Seed patato production & inspection in China
(see Program 3)

Burundi SP

PRAPACE, Uganda
SP

GTZ

SEINPA

Duratlon

Countries represented

Partner institutions

Continuous

Peru

INIA

ln-country course on sweetpotato processng

situational reports, technological developments,
advice on technological aspects of processing
sweetpotato (included visits to processing units)

4days

China

Sweetpotato food processing

starch and noodle production in small-scale
processing unlts

6days

China

Program, Tltle, and Topics

SEINPA
seed production and improved productivity of patato in
Peru (47 seed-potato production related activities
including courses, seminars, and field days;
participants included 201 technicians, 1,640 farmers,
and 184 students)

Program 6: Posthaivest Management, Marketing

400

Training Activities in 1992

300
200
100
80
60
40
20

- - Group Trainlng - -

rJ

Particlpants

- - Academic Training - Countries Represented

Program, Title, and Topics

Duration

Countries represented

Partner institutions

Computer technology for personnel who do research

on patato and sweetpotato
basics of computer word-processing and data
spread-sheets

4days

Burundi

Burundi SP

Regional course on statistics and the use of MSTAT-C

for data analysis
hands-on, intensive computer course on MSTAT-C

2 weeks

Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda,

Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire

CIMMYT, CIAT,
PRAPACE

Statistical methods for patato research and writing of

research reports
general statistical methods, statistics computer
programs

11 days

Ecuador

FORTIPAPA, SDC

Communication workshop on the patato crop

improved written, oral, and visual communication
capabilities for diffusion of agricultura! technology
(16 professionals fro!TI 7 PRECODEPA countries)

1 week

Latn America

PRECODEPA

lnternational workshop on interdisciplinary teamwork

in sweetpotato research and development projects
interdisciplinary approach to constraints on
sweetpotato production and use (28 participants)

5days

Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines,

Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka

SAPPRAD, UPWARD

SAPPRAD annual meeting

presentations by SAPPRAD countries, annual reports,
development of workplans for the next year, decisions
on policy issues affecting the program (53 participants)

2days

Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New

Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka,
Thailand

SAPPRAD

lnternational workshop on Andean agroecosystems

state of the art on management of Andean
agroecosystem, priority work areas, cooperation
among Andean countries

4days

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Ecuador, Germany,
ltaly, Kenya, Peru, Switzerland,
USA, Uruguay

Workshop on the biodiversity of Andean root and tuber

crops
development of planning matrix for special project on
the subject, using the participative planning method

5days

Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru

Other
Communication

lnternational workshops and network meetings

lnformation at CIP in 1992

Publishing by CIP Staff
In 1992, CIP's program-information planning system was designed to ensure that Center publications are strictly aligned
with program-defined priorities. Sorne important publications
in 1992 were produced through collaborative contracts,
among them Sweetpotato: An untapped food resource by
Dr. Jennifer A. Woolfe, printed by the Cambridge University
Press, U.K., and La papa: Produccin, comercializacin y programas by Dr. Douglas Horton, produced by the Edltorial
Hemisferio Sur, Montevideo, Uruguay. The newly streamlined
output of publications and training materials to meet programmatic goals is complemented by the publication of numerous
joumal articles and book chapters authored by CIP staff during the year. A complete listing of CIP publications can be obtained in our 1993 Technical Report, or by contacting the lnformation Services Unit.

Communications Networks

An essential objective of CIP's information strategy is to improve the Center's communication systems for the efficient
management of decentralized operations. At CIP headquar-

ters, the computer network was extended from 80 to 150 users. Client-server computing, exploiting four small VAX and
PC servers, now offers rapid on-line access to the financia!
management system (CIPFIS) and to a dedicated scientific
data base facility. The newly updated CIPFORUM introduces
practica! and cost-saving desk-top services such as interna!
electronic mail, fax via CGNET, and INTERNET linkages.
Similar services are progressively being implemented for CIP
regional offices and national partners. In the Andean ecoregion, INFOANDINA is ensuring that effective electronic linkages are available among the national programs and intemational organizations participating in the consortium for
Andean agroecosystem research.

Scientific lnformation Services

In 1992, CIP's lnformation Unit maintained the high quality of
services provided to national scientists while increasing the
number of users by 22%. Approximately 750 scientists benefitted frorn searches or selective dissemination of information
(SDI), designed to help keep national scientists updated on
relevant research developments.

Selected CIP Publications

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. Annual Report 1992. Lima, Peru: CIP.

taller, Lima, Peru, Sept. 1991. Lima,

Peru: CIP.

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. CIP

1994-1998. The lnternational Patato
Center's medium-term proposal. Lima,
Peru: CIP.

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. Sustainable management of natural resources in the Andean ecoregion. Lima,
Peru: CIP.

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992.

Compendio de enfermedades de la
batata. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. Synopsis, conclusions and recommendations. lnternalional workshop on the Andean Agroecosystem. (Also in Spanish.)
Lima, Peru: CIP.

Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. Patato Tuber Moth Baculovirus (BCP), a

powdered biological insecticide. (Also in
Spanish.) CIP Training Bulletin CIP-1.
Lima, Peru: CIP.
Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992. Seis
nuevas variedades de camote para la
costa peruana. Tacna, Peru: Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre
Grohmann; Lima, Peru: CIP.
Centro Internacional de la Papa. 1992.
Semilla sexual de papa en Latinoamerica: Trabajos presentados al

Cisneros, F.H. 1992. El manejo integrado

de plagas. Research Guide 7. Lima,
Peru: CIP.
Espinoza, N., R. Lizrraga, C. Sigeas,
F. Buitrn, J. Bryan, and J.H. Dodds.
1992. Tissue culture: Micropropagalion,
conservation, and export of patato
germplasm, 2nd Edition. (Also in Spanish.) Research Guide 1. Lima, Peru:
CIP.

Fano, H. and A. Achata. 1992. Mtodos y

tcnicas de la investigacin en finca: La
experiencia de las Ciencias Sociales en
el CIP. Research Guide 20. Lima, Peru:
CIP.
Fano, H. and M. Benavides. 1992. Los cultivos andinos en perspectiva: produccin y utilizacin en el Cusco. CIP; Cen
tro de Estudios Regionales Andinos
"Bartolom de las Casas." Lima, Peru:
CIP.
Fernndez-Northcote, E.N. 1992. Tamizado
de plntulas de papa para resistencia a
los virus X e Y mediante la tcnica de in
oculacin masal con pistola asperjaoora
(IMPA). Research Guide 37. Lima,
Peru: CIP.
Fuglie, K., H. Ben Salah, M. Essamet,
A. Ben Temime, and A. Rahmouni. 1002.
The development and adoplion of integrated pest management of lt!e patato
tuber moth, Phthorimaea opercu/ella
(Zeller) in Tunisia. Social Science

Department Working Paper Series 19917. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Heling, Z. and B.F. Song. 1992. Seed potato production in China: Report of a
workshop. From the Workshop held in
Huhehaote, China, 13-19 July. 1992,
Huhehaote, China: lnner Mongolia Uni
versity Press.
Hermann, M. 1992. Andean roots and tubers: Research priorities for a neglected
food resource. (Also in Spanish.) Lima,
Peru: CIP.
Hermann, M. et al. 1992. Bibliografa sobre
races y tubrculos andinos. Lima,
Peru: CIP.
Hermann, M., V. Casali, C. Nieto, J. Estrella,
and C. Arbizu. 1992. Bibliografa sobre
races y tubrculos andinos (excepto
Solanum spp. e lpomoea batatas).
Lima, Peru: CIP.

Platina, Chile: INIA-Estacin Experimental La Platina.

Janssen, W., C. Crissman, G. Henry,
M. Lpez Pereira, L. Sanint, and
T. Walker. 1992. Papel del CIAT, el
CIMMYT y el CIP en la investigacin
agrcola de Amrica Latina y el Caribe.
From the meeting held in Cali, Colombia, June 1991. Cali, Colombia: CIAT.

Schmiediche, P. 1992. The taxonomy of

wild potato species and their use in
breeding. Research Guide 27. Lima,
Peru: CIP.
Scott, G.J., S. Wiersema, and P.I. Ferguson
(eds.). 1992. Product development for
root and tuber.crops. V.1: Asia. From
the lnternational Workshop on Root and
Tuber Crop Processing, Marketing, and
Utilization in Asia, Baybay, Philippines,
held 22 Apr. 1 May 1991 . Lima, Peru:
CIP.

Jayasinghe, U. and C. Chuquillanqui. 1992.

Uso de plantas indicadoras para la deteccin de virus de pap. Research
Guide 21. Lima, Peru: CIP.
Kabira, J.N. and P.T. Ewell (eds.). 1992.
Curren! research for the improvement of
potato and sweetpotato in Kenya: Proceedings of a KARl/CIP technical workshop on collaborative research held in
Nairobi, Kenya, Nov. 1991. Nairobi,
Kenya: CIP.

Horton, D. 1992. La papa: Produccin,

comercializacin y programas.
Montevideo, Uruguay: Editorial Hemisferio Sur; Lima, Peru: CIP.

Lizrraga, R., A. Panta, N. Espinoza, and

J.H. Dodds. 1992. lissue culture of lpomoea batatas: Micropropagation and
maintenance. Research Guide 32.
Lima, Peru: CIP.

Huamn, Z. 1992. Systematic botany and

morphology of the sweetpotato plant.
(Also in Spanish.) Technical lnformation
Bulletin 25. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Nolasco, J. 1992. Diagnstico del sistema

de produccin y comercializacin de la
papa en la Repblica Dominicana.
Working Paper 1992-1. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Huamn, Z. 1992. Morphologic identification of duplicates in collections of lpomoea batatas. (Also in Spanish.) Research Guide 36. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Raman, K.V. and J. Alczar. 1992. Biologi

cal control 'o! potato tuber moth using
Phthorimaea Baculovirus. (Also in
Spanish.) Training Bulletin No. 2. Lima,
Peru: CIP.

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

(INIA); Centro Internacional de la Papa
(CIP). 1992. El camote, nueva alternativa agrcola para Chile: conclusiones y
acuerdos del seminario/taller. From the
Workshop held 3 Oct. 1991, La Platina,
Chile. Serie La Platina-INIA no. 35. La

Sala, F. 1992. Diffusion of agricultural information from the lnternationaJ Potato

Center: A case study. Lima, Peru: CIP.

Reynso Tantalen, D. 1992. Usos y programas de mejoramiento gentico del

camote (lpomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) en
Japn. Reporte final de la visita a Japn
del 1 Sept. -18 Oct. 1992. Lima, Peru:
CIP.

Scott, G.J., J.E. Herrera, N. Espinola,

M. Daza, C. Fonseca, H. Fano, and
M. Benavides (eds.). 1992. Desarrollo
de productos de races y tubrculos.
V. 2: Amrica Latina. Taller Colaborativo
sobre Procesamiento, Comercializacin
y Utilizacin de Races y Tubrculos en
Amrica Latina, Villa Nueva, Guatemala,
8-12 Apr. 1991. Lima, Peru: CIP.
Swindale, A. 1992. Sistemas de produccin
de batata en la Repblica Dominicana:
Comparacin de dos zonas agroecolgicas. Social Science Working Paper Se
ries 19922. Lima, Peru: 01P.
Tapia, M. 1992. Bibliografa sobre tubrculos, races y cormos andinos subexplo
lados. Lima, Peru: CIP.
UPWARD. 1991. Sweet potato cultures of
Asia and South Pacific. Proceedings of
the 2nd Annual UPWARD lnternational
Conference. Los Baos, Philippines:
CIP.
.

Woolfe, J.E. 1992. Sweet potato: An untapped food resource. UK: Cambridge
University Press.

Board of Trustees
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

, PROGRAM COMMITIEE

Chairperson
,. Chairperson
Dr. Lindsay lnnes
Dr. Stachys Muturi t
Deputy Director
. Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja ;
Scottish Crop Research lnslitute
Dr. Durward Bateman
Dundee, United Kingdom
Dean
Dr. Stachys Muturi t
College of Agriculture and
Agricultura! Consultant
Lite Science
Nairobi, _Kenya
North Carolina State University
North Carolina, USA
Dr. Klaus Raven
Professor
Dr. AHonso Cerrate
Universidad Nacional Agraria
Executive Director
Lima, Peru
Instituto Nacional de
Investigacin Agraria (INIA)
Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja ;
Lima, Peru
Nalional Centre fer Research in
Biotechnology
Dr. K. L.,Chadta;
lndonesian lnstitute of Sciences
Deputy Director General
Bogor, Indonesia
(Horticulture)

lndian Council fer Agricultura!

Dr. Hubert G. Zandstra
Research
Director General
New Delhi, India
lntemalional Petate Center
Lima, Peru
. Dr. Franz Winiger t
Head
Department of Petate
. Produclion
FAP Zurich-Rechenholz
Zurich, Switzerland

t Until April 1993

t As of May 1993

AUDIT COMMITTEE

NOMINATIONS COMMITTEE

Chairperson
. Dr. Klaus Raven

Chairperson .
Dr. Klaus Raven

. Dr. Aureliano Brandollnl t

Florence, ltaly

Dr. K. L. Chadha ;

Dr. Toshihiro Kajiwara

Japan Plan! Proteclion
Associalion
Tokyo, Japan
Ms. Martha ter Kuile;
CIDA Representativa
Canadian Embassy
. Guatemala City, Guatemala

Dr. Shen Jinpu ;

Deputy Director
. Chinese Academy of Agricuftur
Sciences
Beijing, People's Republic of
China
Dr. Stachys Muturi ;
Dr. Franz Winiger ;

"CIP's Board of Trustees is responsible fer the overall direction

and performance of the center.
lts members indude scientists
and research managers from
.partner countries, each of whom
serves in a personal capacity.
Three members are selected by
!he Consultalive Group on lnternalional Agriculture. There are
two Peruvian representalives,
ene selected by the Nalional
Agrarian University and !he other
by !he Ministry of Agriculture.
The Director General serves as
an ex oficio member. Board business is roulinely handled through
!he Executive, Program, and
Audil Committees."
CIP's Strategic Plan

CIP Staff in 1992

DIRECTORS
Hubert Zandstra, PhD, Director General

Peter Gregory, PhD, Deputy Director General fer Research

Jose Valle-Riestra, PhD, Deputy Director General fer Finance

and Administration

Kenneth J. Brown, PhD, Senior Advisorfor Management

of lntemational Cooperation

lnternationally Recruited Staff

The following is a listing of CIP's intemationally recrulted staff
and the positions they occupied in 1992. During the year,
CIP's move to project-based research management resulted
in a re-ordering of the person year allocation. The priority setting process that was initiated in late 1991 and continued
PROGRAM LEADERS
Productlon Systems
Thomas S. Walker, PhD

REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES

West and Central Africa

(regional office closed in 1992)
Carlos Martin, PhD, Cameroon
South and West Asia

Central America and The Caribbean

(regional office closed in 1992)
Osear Malamud, PhD, Colombia t

East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Disease Management
Edward R. French, PhD
lnsect and Nematode Management
Kandukuri V. Raman, PhD

Sub-Saharan Africa
Sylvester Nganga, PhD, Kenya

Propagation, Crop Management

Patricio Malagamba, PhD

Middle East and North Africa

Roger Cortbaoui, PhD, Tunisia

Departments

Carlos Arbizu, PhD, ARTC Consultan!

Fermin de la Puente, PhD, Germplasm Collector

Breeding and Genetics

Humberto Meridoza, PhD, Geneticist, Head
of Department
Primo Accatino, PhD, Breeder, Chile
Edward Carey, PhD, Breeder
Enrique Chujoy, PhD, Geneticist, the
Philippines
T.R. Dayal, PhD, Breeder, India
11 Gin Mok, PhD, Breeder, Indonesia
Haile M. Kidane-Mariam, PhD, Breeder,
Kenya
Juan Landeo, PhD, Breeder

Genetic Resi>urces
'Jt

Postharvest Management, Marketing

Gregory J. Scott, PhD

Latin Americe and the Caribbean

Osear Hidalgo, PhD

Germplasm Management
and Enhancement
Ali Golmirzaie, PhD

throughout 1992 also helped to refine the person year distribution. The new organization of staff by program, fully in
place by the end of 1992, will b~ reflected in next year's
Annual Report.

Ali Golmirzaie, PhD, Geneticist, Head of Department

Michal Hermann, PhD, Andean Crop Specialist, Ecuador*

Zosimo Huaman, PhD, Germplasm Curator
Carlos Ochoa, MS, Consultan!
Bode Trognitz, PhD, Geneticist
Kazuo Watanabe, PhD, Cytogeneticist

Nematology and Entomology

Parviz Jatala, PhD, Nematologist, Head of
Department
Aziz Lagnaoui, PhD, Entomologist, Tunisia
Nicole Smit, MS, Associate Entomologist,
Tunisia*
Luis Valencia, PhD, Entomologist,
Colombia*t

Mahesh Upadha, PhD, India

Michael Potts, PhD (until April),

Indonesia
Peter Schmiediche, PhD (from May),
Indonesia

China (regional office closed in 1992)

Song Bofu, PhD, China

Pathology
Luis Salazar, PhD, Virologist, Head of Department
Hossien El-Nashaar, PhD, Bacteriologist
. Gregory A. Forbes, PhD, Mycologist,
Ecuador
Upali Jayasinghe, PhD, Virologist
Maddalena Querci, Dot. Bici., Associate Scienlist
Linnea G. Skoglund, PhD, Mycologist,
Kenya

Physiology
Patricio Malagamba, PhD, Physiologist,
Head of Department
Helen Beaufort-Murphy, PhD, Physiologist
James E. Bryan, MS, Senior Seed Specialist

Cario Carli, lng. Agr., Seed Physiologist,

Kenya
Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD, Scientific Associate, Egypt
Jukka Korva, MS, Agronomist, Ecuador*
Noel Pallais, PhD, Physiologist
Frederick Payton, PhD, Agronomist,
Dominican Repub/ic t
Michael Potts, PhD, Agronomist,
lndonesiat
Social Science
Thomas S. Walker, PhD, Economist, Head
of Department
Alwyn Chilver, MS, Associate Expert,
Indonesia*
Charles Crissman, PhD, Economist,
Ecuador
Peter Ewell, PhD, Economist, Kenya
Adhiambo Odaga, PhD, Geographer,
Cameroon
Jurg Schneider, PhD, Associate Expert,
Indonesia t
Research Support
Fausto Cisneros, PhD, Entomologist, Head
of Department
Francisco Muoz, PhD, Head of Quito Station, Ecuador
Victor Otazu, PhD, Superintendent of San
Ramon Experiment Station
Training
Fernando Ezeta, PhD, Head of Department

lnformation
Carmen Siri, PhD, Head of Department
. James Bemis, PhD, Senior English
Writer/Editor t
Christine Graves, MA, Senior English
Writer/Editor
Hernan Rincon, PhD, Head of Communications Unit
Directors' Offices
Office of the Director General
Edward Sulzberger, MS, Assistant to the DG
Office of the Deputy Director General for
Finance and Administration
William A. Hamann, BS, Assistant to !he
DDGF&A
Office of the Deputy Director General for
Research
Pons Batugal, PhD, Technology Transfer
Specialist
Jose Luis Rueda, PhD, Andean Natural
Resources Management Coordinator
Special Country Projects
SEINPA, Peru
Efrain Franco, MS, Economist, Team
Leader
FORTIPAPA, Ecuador
Alberic Hibon, PhD, Economist, Team
Leader
PROINPA, Bolivia
Andre Devaux, PhD, Seed Specialist, Team
Leader

Nicole Bezeneon, 1.R., Associate Expert

Nelson Estrada, PhD, Breeder
Javier Franco, PhD, Nematologist
E. Fernandez-Northcote, PhD, Virologist
Joanne Parker, PhD, Fung Mycologist t
Greta Watson, PhD, Human Ecologist

Burundi
Donald Berrios, Agronomist

Uganda
Lyle Sikka, MS, Consultan! on Seed Tech. nology
Networks
PRAPACE
Marco Soto, PhD, Coordinator, Rwanda
SAPPRAD
Eufemio T. Rasco Jr., Coordinator, the
Phi/ippines
UPWARD
Gordon Prain, PhD, Anthropologist, Coardi
nator, the Philippines
Controller's Office
Carlos Nio-Neira, CPC, Controller
Osear Gil, CPC, Interna! Auditor
Office Of The Executive Officer
Cesar Vittorelli, Agr. Eng., Acting Execuve
Officer
drian Fajardo, MS, Executive Officer (on
sabbatical)

'

Nationally Recruited Staff

At the end of 1992, CIP's nationally recruited staff at headquarters and in the regions included close to 600 people.
This figure represents an 11% reduction in comparison to the
outset of the year, brought about by the Center's need to adDepartments

just to severe budget constraints while ensuring that basic

program requirements are not i:ompromised. The following is
only'a partial listing of our nationally recruited staff, whose
contribution is fundamental to CIP's successful operations.

Pamela Jean Lopez, MS, Breeder, the

Phlippines
K.C. Thakur, PhD, Breeder, India

Breeding and Genetics

Walter Amaros, MS, lng. Agr., Associate Geneticist
Jorge Espinoza, MS, lng. Agr., Associate
Geneticist
Hugo Gonzlez, lng. Agr.;Agronomist, Chile

Alberto Salas, lng."Agr., Taxonomist

Roxana Salinas, lng. Agr., Biotechnologist

Nematology and Entomology

Genetic Resources
Fausto Buitron, lng. Agr., Tissue Culture Coordinator
Gisella Orjeda, MS, Biologist

270

Jesus Alcazar, MS, lng. Agr., Agronomist

Alberto Gonzales, MS, Phytopathologist .
Erwin Guevara, lng. Agr., Agronomist
Maria Palacios, Biol., Biologist

Staff in 1992

lnternational

, National

t>athotogy
Christian Delgado, MS, Biochemist
Hebert Torres, MS, Jng. Agr., Agronomist
Jase Luis Zapata, MS, Plant Pathologist,
Colombia
Physiology
Vilma R. Amante, MS, Horticulturist, the
Philippines
Faustino B. Aromin, MS, Agronomist, the
Phi/ippines
Rolando Cabello, lng. Agr., Asst. Agronomist
Nelly Fong, MS, Nutritionist
MS Kadian, PhD, Agronomist, India
John Kimani, MS, Agronomist, Kenya
Joseph Koi, MS, Agronomist, Cameroon
Social Science
Cherry Bangalanon, MS, Family Resource
Management, the Philippines *
Hugo Fano, Economist
MS Jairth, PhD, Socioeconomist, India
V.S. Khatana, PhD, Socioeconomist, India
Margare! Ngunjiri, MS, Sociologist, Kenya
Maricel Piniero, BS, Human Ecologist, The
Philippines
Virginia N. Sandoval, PhD, Anthropologist,
Asst. Coordinator, the Philippines *
Victor Suarez, BS, Statistician
Jnge Verdonk, Ir., Nutritionist,
the Phi/ippines *
Research Support
Lombardo Cetraro, Biologist, Field & Greenhouse Supervisor, San Ramon
Roberto Duarte Piskulich, Greenhouse Supervisor, La Malina
Lauro Gomez, Acting Supervisor, Huancayo
Hugo Gayas, lng. Agr., Supervisor, Yurimaguas

Abilio Pastrana Ramirez, Accountant, San

Ramon
Mario Pozo, Eng. Agr., Field and Greenhouse Superintendent, La Malina
Miguel Quevedo, Jng. Agr., 011-station Field
Supervisor, Cajamarca

Alberto Monteblanco, CPA, Accountant

- Treasury Unit
. Luz Correa, CPA, Accountant
Sonnia Solari, Chie! Cashier

Office Of The Executive Officer

Training

- Auxiliary Services

Nelson Espinoza, Training Specialist

Americe Valdez, MS, lng. Agr., Training Material Specialist

Monica Ferreyros, Supervisor

lnformation

. - Equipment and Maintenance

Gustavo Echecopar, Jng. Agr., Supervisor
- Foreign Affairs Liaison

- Communication Unit

Marcela Checa, Liaison Officer

Jesus Chang, MS, A.V. Section Coordinator

Logistics

- Computer Unlt

Lucas Reao, CPC, Supervisor

Arturo Alvarez, Local Purchasing and General Services Officer
Jorge Luque, MBA, Warehouse Officer
Jase Pizarra, lmportations Officer

Anthony Collins, Coordinator t

Jorge Palomino, VAX and PC Support
- lnformatlon Unit
Fiorella Sala de Cabrejos, Coordinator
Martha Crosby, BA, Librarian
Cecilia Ferreyra, lnforrnation Services
- Statistics Unit
Beatriz Eldredge, Research Data Base Assistant
Alfredo Garca, Coordinator
Controller's Ottice
Miguel Saavedra, CPA, General Accountant
Rebeca Cuadros, Accountant
Edgardo De Jos Rios, CPA, Accountant
. Vilma Escudero, BS, Accountant
- Accounting Unit
Eliana Bardalez, CPA, Accountant
Jorge Bautista, BS, Accountant
Blanca Joo, CPA, Accountant
Eduardo Peralta, Accountant
- Budget Unit
Monica Merino, Accountant

..

- Personnel and Labor Relations

Guillermo Machado, Supervisor t
Estanislao Perez Aguilar, Paymaster
Martha Pierola, BS, Social Worker
German Rossani, MD, Medica! Officer
- SeCurity
Aldo Tang, Comdt., Supervisor
Jorge Locatelli, Coordinator

..

- Transportation
. Carlos Bohl, Supervisor
Hugo Davis Paredes, Chie! Vehide Maintenance
Jacques Vandernotte, Chie! Pilo!
Percy Zuzunaga, Co-Pilot
- Travel
Ana Maria Secada, Supervisor
Visitor's Office
Rosa Rodriguez, Head of Visitar Services

t
t

Staff who joined during !he year

Staff who left during !he year
Staff funded by special projects

The CGIAR: A Global Agricultural Research System

CIP is a member of the Consultative Group on lntemational

Agricultura! Research (CGIAR), an assocation of public and
prvate sector donors that supports a worldwide network of
agricultura! research centers. Together, the 18 CGIAR centers have more than 1,800 scientists representing 60 nationalties stationed in 40 developing countries, where they work
closely with national partners to promete sustainable agricul. tura! advances. Their research involves crops that provide
75% of food energy and a similar share of protein requireCIAT
lntemalional Center for Tropical Agriculture
Cali, Colombia
Developing germplasm in beans, cassava,
tropical forages, and rice for Latn America,
and resource management in the humid
eccsystems.
CIFOR
Center for lnternational Forestry Research
Bogor, Indonesia
Conserving and improving the productivity
of tropical lores! ecosystems.

'

CIMMYT
lnternational Maize and Wheat lmprovement Center
Mexicc City, Mexicc
lncreasing the productivity of resources
committed to maize, wheat, and trilicale in
developing countries.

IBPGR
lnternalional Board for Plan! Genetic
Resources
Rome, ltaly
Conserving genepools of curren! and potenlial crops and forages.

ments in the developing countries. The CGIAR, organized in

1971, describes its mission as: Through intemational research and related activities, and in partnership with national
research systems, to contribute to sustainable improvements
in the productivity of agricu/ture, forestry, and fisheries in developing countries in ways that enhance nutrition and we/1-being, especial/y among low-ncome people.
The other 17 centers and their focuses are:

." ICRAF
lmproving livestock production and livelntemational Centre for Research in
stock's contribution to sustainable agricul. tural production systems.
, Agroforestry
Nairobi, Kenya
ILRAD
Mitigating tropical deforestation, land deple- :: lnternational Laboratory for Research on
lion, and rural poverty through improved
, Animal Diseases
. agroforestry systems.
Nairobi, Kenya
ICRISAT
. Controlling majar animal diseases that serilntemational Crops Research lnstitute for
." ously limit livestock industries in Africa and
the Semi-Arid Tropics
elsewhere.
Hyderabad, India
INIBAP
Promoting sustainable agrictJltural produc. lntemational Network for !he lmprovement
. tion systems through improved productivity
of Banana and Plantain
._ and resources management of sorghum,
Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, and gro_undnut.
lncreasing the produclivity and stability of
IFPRI
.. banana and plantain grown on small farms
lntemational Food Policy Research lnstitute in developing ccuntries.

Washington DC, USA

IRRI
ldentifying and analyzing policies for meetlnternational Rice Research lnslilute
. ing food needs, particularly of the poorer
Manila, the Philippines
groups, within developing countries.
Generating and disseminating rice-related
llMI
knowledge and technology for short- and
lnternational lrrigation Management lnslilute . long-term environmental, social, and ecoColombo, Sri Lanka
nomic benefit.

ICARDA
Strengthening development, dissemination,
lnternalional Center for Agricultura!
and adoplion of lasting improvements in irriResearch in the Dry Areas
gated agrictJlture in developing countries.
Aleppo, Syria
, UTA
lncreasing the produclivity of farming syslnternational lnslilute of Tropical Agricultura
tems involving wheat, barley, chickpea, lenlbadan, Nigeria
tils, pasture legumes, and small ruminants
Contributing to sustainability and increase
in North Africa and West Asia.
in food production in the humid and subhuICLARM
. mid African tropics, focusing on maize, caslnternalional Center for Living Aquatic
sava, cowpea, plantain, soybean, and yam.
Resources Management
Manila, the Philippines
ILCA
lnternational Livestock Centre for Africa
lmproving production and management of
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
aqualic resources in developing countries.

. ISNAR
lnternational Service for National Agricul. tura! Research
The Hague, The Netherlands
Promoting institutional developmeni in national agrictJl!ural research systems.
WARDA
West Africa Rice Development Association
Bouake, lvory Coas!
lmproving rice varieties and production
methods among smallholder farm families
in mangrove and inland swamps, and in upland and irrigated condilions.

CIP's Global Contact Points

In 1992, CIP reorganized and consolidated its regional offices .
to provide more efficient management and fuller integration of
the Center's global activities. The following list indicates CIP's

principal contact points worldwide, by region. A more detailed

list, including current staff contacts, cari be obtained from the
office of the Associate Director for lnternational Cooperation.

"

Latin America and the Caribbean

Regional Office/Headquarters
Peru
lntemational Patato Center
Apartado 5969
Lima 100, Peru
Phone: (51-14) 35-4354/36-6920
Fax:
(51-14) 35-1570
Telex: 25672 PE
Cable: CIPAPA, Lima
E-mail: 157:CGl801
157:CGI043
ohidalgo@cipa.pe
UaisonOffice
Chile
Fidel Oteiza 1956 - Piso 12
Casilla 16487
Santiago 9, Chile
Phon~: (56-2) 225-2118
Fax:
(56-2) 225-8773
Telex: 242207 INIA CL
Research Stations
Colombia
Rionegro
e/o CIP-ICA (La Selva)
Apartado Aereo 128
742 Rionegro, Antioquia
Colombia
Phone: (57-4) 537-0161/537-0079
Ecuador
Santa Catalina
Phone: (593-2) 69-0990
Fax:
(593-2) 56-2286
E-mail: Internet: quito@CIP.org.ec;
sta-cata@cip.ec
Quito
Apartado 17-16-129-CEQ
Quito, Ecuador
Phone: (593-2) 55-4721/55-4726
Special Projects
Peru
SEINPA (CIP-INIA)
(same as CIP Headquarters)

Ecuador
, FORTIPAPA(CIP-INIAP)
(same phone/fax as Santa ~atalina AS)
E-mail: lpapa@cip.ec

Bolivia
PROINPA (CIP-IBTA)
Man Cesped 0239
Casilla Postal 4285
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Phone: (591-42) 49-506/49-013
(591-42) 45-708
Fax:
E-mail: CGl272
Internet: proinpa@papa.bo;
devaux@papa.bo
Networks

, PRACIPA
(same as PROINPA)
PRECODEPA
Apartado 322
Volean Chiriqu, Panama
PROCIPA
(same as CIP Headquarters)

Special Projects
Burundi
B.P. 75
Bujumbura, Burundi
Phone: (257-44) 2103 (Gisozi)
Fax:
(257~22) 4074 (Bujumbura)
Telex: 5030 BDI (via Hotel Source du Nil)
5092 (via FAO FOODAG BDI)
E-mail: CGl422
Uganda
e/o USAID
P.O. Box 7007
Kampala, Uganda
(256-41) 23-3417/3308
Fax:
Network
PRAPACE
B.P. 1218
Kigali, Rwanda
Phone/Fax: (250) 84761
Telex: 22510 TRAKIG Rwanda
Middle East & North Africa
Regional Office .

Sub-Saharan Africa
Regional Office
Kenya
P. O. Box 25171
Nairobi, Kenya
Phone: (254-2) 63-2054/63-2206/63-2151
Fax:
(254-2) 63-1499
Telex: 22040
Cable: CIPAPA, Nairobi
E-Mail: CGl265
Uaison Office
Cameroon
P. O. Box 279
Bamenda, Cameroon
Phone: (237-36) 3285
Fax:
(237-36) 3284/3893/3921
Telex: 5892KN
E-mail: CGl238
cip-bamenda
cip-bamenda@cgnet.com

Tunisia
11 rue des Orangers
2080Ariana
Tunis, Tunisia
Phone: (216-1) 71-6047
Field phone: (216-1) 53-9092
Fax:
(216-1) 71-8431
Telex: 14965 CIP TN
E-mail: CGI019

~'

"'

'

Uaison Office
Egypt
P. O. Box 17
Kalr El Zaya!, Egypt
Phone: (20-40) 58-6720
Fax:
(20-40) 33-0320
e/o Greenhouse Hotel
Telex: 23605 PBTNA UN
~

South and West Asia

Regional Office
India
IARICampus
New Delhi 110012, India
Phone: (91-11) 574-8055/573-1481
Telex: 3173140 FI IN
3173168 EIC IN
Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi
E-mail: CGI046
East and Southeast Asia & the Pacific

Regional Office
Indonesia
rloCRIFC
Jalan, Merdeka 147
Bogar 16111 , Indonesia

Phone: (62-251) 31-6264

Fax:
(62-251) 31-6264
E-mail: CGl193
Lembang Annex
Fax:
(62-22) 28-6025
E-mail: CGl120

Liaison Offices
Philippines
r)o IRRI
P. O. Box 933
Manila, Philippines
Phone: (63-94) 50235/50015-19,
ext. 248
Fax:
(63-2) 818-2087/817-8470
Telex: 40890 RICE PM
40860 PARAS PM
E-mail: CGl401 or IRRI

China

do The Chinese Academy of Agricultura!

Sciences
Bai Shi Qiao Rd. No. 30
West Suburbs of Beijing
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Phone: (86-1) 831-6536
Fax:
(86-1) 831-5329
Telex: 22233
222720 CAAS CN
Cable: AGRIACA
E-mail CGI030

Networks
SAPPRAD
(same as Philippines Liasen Office)
UPWARD
(same as Philippines Liasen Office)

--:~

~ of SAPPRAD
...,.~....... ..>.

2j

CIP Regions and Networks

Regional Office

Latin American
and the Caribbean

Sub-Saharan
Africa

'fJ

Country Liaison Office

11 and
Middle East
D South
and
North Africa
West Asia

East and Southeast Asia

and the Pacific

Acronyms
AARI Aegean Agricultura! Research lnstitute, Turkey

CNPH Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de

Hortalica,s, Brazil

GAAS Guandong Academy of Agricultura! Sciences, China

ABSP Agricultura! Biotechnology for Sustainable Productivity, MSU, USA

Cornell U Cornell University, USA

GlZ German Agency for Technical Coop

eration

AGCD Administration Generale de la

Cooperation a~ Development, Belgium
AIDAB Australian lntemational Development Assistance Bureau, Australian
Center for lntemational Agriculture
APW Andean patato weevil
ARCS Austrian Research Centre al
Seidersdorf
AREA Agricultura! Research and Extension Authority, Yemen
ARTC Andean roo! and tuber crops
AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and
Development Center, Taiwan
BARI Bangladesh Agricultura! Research
lnstitute, India
Benguet U Benguet State University, the
Philippines
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
CAAS Chinese Academy of Agriculture
Sciences

COTESU Cooperacin Tcnica Suiza

CPRI Central Potato Research lnstitute,
India
CPRA Centre de Perfectionnement et de
Recyclage de Practiques Agricoles de
Saida, Tunisia
CRIFC Central Research lnstitute far
Food Crops, Indonesia

GV granulosis virus

IAO lstituto Agronomico per l'Otremare,

ltaly
IARC international agricultura! research
center
IAV lnstitut Agronomique et Vtrinaire,
Morocco

CTCRI Central Tuber Crops Research

lnstitute, India

IBPGR lnternational Board far Plant Genetic Resources, ltaly

CTGS Cooperacin Tcnica del Gobierno Suizo, Switzerland

ICA Instituto Colombiano Agrcola

DA Department of Agriculture
DAI Development Altematives International, USA
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira e Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil

Chiang Mai U Chiang Mai University,

Thaland

ENEA Comitato Nazionale per la

Ricerca e per lo Sviluppo dell'Energia
Nucleare e delle Energie Alternative,
ltaly

CARDI Caribbean Agricultura! Research

and Development lnstitute, Trinidad

ESEAP East and Southeast Asia and the

Pacific, CIP region

CERRGETYR Centro Regional de Recursos Genticos de Tubrculos y

Races, U Cuzco, Peru

ESH Ecole Suprieure d'Horticulture,

Tunisia

ICIPE lntemational Centre of lnsect

Physiology and Ecology, Kenya
ICTA Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologa
Agrcolas, Guatemala
IDRC lnternational Development Research Centre, Ganada
IESR/INTA Instituto de Economa y
Sociologa Rural del Instituto Nacional
de Tecnologa Agropecuaria, Argentina
!FAS lnstitute of Food and Agricultura!
Sciences, USA

!ITA lntemational lnstitute of Tropical

Agriculture, Nigeria

FICAH Food lndustry Crusade Against

Hunger, USA

INIA- Peru Instituto Nacional de lnvestigacin Agraria

FONAIAP Fondo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias, Venezuela

INIA- Uruguay Instituto Nacional de Investigacin Agropecuaria

CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maz y Trigo, Mexico

FORTIPAPA Fortalecimiento de la lnvesligacin y Produccin de Semilla de

Papa, Ecuador

INIAP Instituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador

CNCQS Chinese National Centre far

Quality Supervision and Test of Feed

FUNDAGRO Fundacin para el Desarrollo Agropecuario, Ecuador

CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura

Tropical, Colombia

'

llN Instituto de Investigacin Nutriional,

Peru

INIA- Chile Instituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias

CIAAB Centro de Investigaciones Agrcolas A. Boerger, Uruguay

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IFPRI lnternational Food Policy Research lnstitute, USA

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations, ltaly

CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, USA

..

IAN Instituto Agronmico Nacional,

Paraguay

CSD Crop Service Division, Ghana

CUC Catholic University of Chile

INIFAN Instituto Nacional de Investigacienes Forestales y Agrcolas

Nacionales, Peru

..
,.

INIFAP Instituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Mexico

INIVIT Instituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones, Cuba
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INRA lnsttut National de la Recherche

Agronomique, France

INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa

Agropecuaria, Argentina

NGO non-government organization

NPRCRTC Northern Philippines Roo!
Crops Research and Training Center

ISABU lnstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Fund fer lnternational

Development

IZ lnstytut Ziemniaka, Poland

Oxford U University of Oxford, England

JAAS Jiangsu Academy of Agricultura!

Sciences, China

PCARRD Philippine Council fer Agriculture & Resources, Research & Development, the Philippines

JICA Japanese lnternational CooperationAgency

KARI Kenyan Agricultura! Research lnstitute
Kellogg The Kellogg Foundation, USA
Kobe U Kobe University, Japan

LAC Latn America and the Caribbean,

CIP region
LSU Louisiana State University, USA
MA Ministry of Agricultura
MAS marker assisted selection
McMaster U McMaster University,
Can ad a
MAE Belgium Ministere des Affaires
Etrangeres du Commerce Exterieur e
de la Cooperaton au Development

MDC Netherlands Minister fer Development Cooperation, the Netherlands

MENA Middle East and North Africa, CIP
region

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MFR Ministry of Foreign Affairs

..

SARIF Sukamandi Research lnstitute fer

Food Crops, Indonesia
SCRI Scottish Crop Research lnstitute
SDC Directorate fer Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid,
Switzerland
SDI selectiva dissemination of informa!ion
SEAG Servicio de Extensin Agrcola y
Ganadera, Paraguay
SEINPA Semilla e Investigacin en
Papa, Peru
SP special project
SPPC Seed Petate Production Center,
Yemen
SQM Sociedad Qumica y Minera de
Chile

PDA Provincial Delegation of Agricultura,

Cameroon

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa, CIP region

PGS Plan! Genetic Systems, Belgium

Stanferd U Stanford University, USA

PRACIPA Programa Andino Cooperativo

de Investigacin en Papa, CIP network

SWA South and West Asia, CIP region

PRAPACE Programme Rgional

d'Amlioration de la culture de la
Pomme de Terre et de la Patate Douce
en Afrique Centrale et de l'Est, CIP network

LEHRI Lembang Horticultura! Research

lnstitute, Indonesia

...

SAPPRAD Southeast Asian Program fer

Petate Research and Development, CIP
network

NCSU North Carolina State University,

USA

IRA lnsttut de Recherche Agronomique,

Cameroon

MoSU Missouri State University, USA

NARS national agricultura! research systems

IPR lnsttute fer Petate Research, Poland

SAAS Sichuan Academy of Agricultura!

Sciences, China

. NAL National Agricultura! Laboratories,

Kenya

IPO Research lnstitute fer Plan! Protection, the Netherlands

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MMSU Mariano Marcos State University,

the Philippines

Nagoya U Nagoya University, Japan

IPM integrated pest management

l'!

Rockefeller Rockefeller Foundation, USA

MSU Michigan State University, USA

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INRAT lnstitut National de la Recherche

Agronomique de Tunisie

Miss U Mississippi State University, USA

PRECODEPA Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, CIP network

PROCIPA Programa Cooperativo de Investigaciones en Papa, CIP network
PROINPA Proyecto de Investigaciones
de la Papa, Bolivia
RAPO randomnly amplified polymorphic
DNA
RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism
. RS research station
RES-UK Rothamsted Experimental Sta!ion, United Kingdom

TCRC Tropical Crops Research Center,

Bangladesh
TPS true petate seed
U Ambato Universidad de Ambato,
Ecuador
U Austral Universidad Austral, Chile
U Australia Australian National University
U Ayacucho Universidad Nacional San
Cristbal de Huamang, Peru
U Birmingham University of Birmingham,
England
U Cajamarca Universidad Tcnica de
Cajamarca, Peru
U Cuzco Universidad Nacional San
Antonio de Abad, Peru
U Gent University of Gent, Belgium
U Georgia University of Georgia, USA

U Huancayo Universidad Nacional del

Centro, Peru
U lea Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de
lea, Peru
U lnner Mongolia University of lnner
Mongolia, China
U Nairobi University of Nairobi, Kenya
U Naples Universit Degli Studi Di
Napoli, ltaly

UNA Universidad Nacional Agraria, Peru

UNALM Universidad Nacional Agraria La
Melina, Peru
UNCP Universidad Nacional del Centro
del Peru, Peru

UCRI Upland Crops Research lnstitute,

China
UFLA University of Florida, USA

USDA United States Department of Agr

culture
VISCA Visayas College of Agricultura,
!he Philippines

UNDP United Nations Development Program, USA

Viterbo U Universita degli studi della

Tuscia, ltaly

UNMSM Universidad Nacional Mayor de

San Marcos, Peru

Wageningen U Wageningen University,

!he Netherlands

UPLB University of the Philippines, Los

Baos

XSPRC Xazhou Sweetpotato Researcti

Center, China

U Quito Universidad Central del Ecuador

U Tacna Universidad de Tacna, Peru

USAID United States Agency fer lntern

tional Development

UPWARD Users' Perspective with Agricultural Research and Development,

CIP network

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YGPPP Yemeni/German Plan! Protec!ion Project

YNU Yunnan Normal University, China

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