Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Contents
Director General's Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CIP Board of Trustees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CIP Establishment and Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CIP Donors 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation of Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CIP Research Summary 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Collection and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrust I
Maintenance and Utilization of Germ Plasm ....
Thrust 11
Control of Fungal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrust 111
Control of Bacterial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrust IV
Control of Viral Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrust V
Control of Nematode and Insect Pests . . . . . . .
Thrust VI
Thrust VII - Agronomic Management; Stress Physiology ....
Thrust VIII- Post-Harvest Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrust IX - Seed Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regional Research & Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Training Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social Science Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publications by CIP Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research and Consultancy Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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iii
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
1
5
15
21
27
33
43
53
59
65
71
77
91
95
99
103
109
ii
,,
..
Richard L. Sawyer
Director General
International Potato Center
Representatives of
newspapers, magazines,
radio and TV obtain
first hand information
about Cl P's potato
research during a tour
conducted by the
Director General
(center) following a
September 1978
press conference.
iv
Board of Trustees
vi
Core
Special
Project
IBRD/IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australian Development
Assistance Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands Government . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium Goverment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X
X
Inter-American Development
Bank (IDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ford Foundation
x
vii
Thrusts ...
The term "Thrust," as used by the International Potato
Center, is based on the meaning of the word ". . . to extend,
as in growth."
It is an appropriate term for CIP's actionoriented, progressive research program. "Thrust" is also used
in coordinating CIP's framework of projects into convenient
research goals.
Five research departments administratively
serve as units for grouping personnel and for allocating project
funding.
"Thrusts" integrate the various research disciplines
essential for a successful team approach for solving production
problems.
viii
Thrust I -
Thrust 111 -
Thrust IV -
Thrust V -
Thrust VI -
plantlets derived from multimeristem cultures has been developed for maintaining pathogentested stock with only one transfer
per year. Encouraging results have
been obtained in low-temperature
eradication of the potato spindle
tuber viroid.
storage
A socioeconomic survey of 80
farmers was conducted in Peru's
central coast to determine the role
of seed quality in subsequent yield
and profitability of crop.
of
xii
Thrust I
Collection and Classification of Tuber - Bearing Solanums
Taxonomic Identification
I - 1.
Summary
of pnm1t1ve
Species
2n
Number
Percent
24
24
24
24
659
181
70
65
8.6
2.3
0.9
0.8
S. x chaucha
S. x juzepczukii
36
36
585
200
7.6
2.6
S. tuberosum
spp. andigena
spp. tuberosum
48
48
5,606
117
72.8
1.5
S. curtilobum
60
222
2.9
7,705
100.0
S.
S.
S.
S.
stenotomum
goniocalyx
phureja
ajanhuin
No. of Accessions
Country
Bolivia
Peru
Classified
Total
Collected
82
63
121
117
145
238
The Pacific Ocean laps at this central Chilean shore where wi!d potato plants may be
found growing between the rocks or in sandy soils. The importance of primitive
potatoes growing in this specific area is that they may contain desired characteristics
of lowlands adaptability plus a certain amount of salt tolerance.
One of CIP's
objectives is to expand growing of potatoes in tropical lowlands. Additionally, a salt
tolerance factor may be of use to the plant breeder who seeks to develop a potato
variety that will grow under very poor or saline sot! conditions.
Thrust II
Maintenance, Distribution and Utilization of Tuber- Bearing Solanums
Additional frost-resistant material was tested under field conditions in Peru, Bolivia and Mexico.
A wide range of clones produced
good yields under high altitude
cold conditions.
A number of
seedlings survived a temperature
drop to -8 C in Mexico.
Screening breeding material for
resistance to bacterial wilt, late
blight, PVX, PVY and PLRV continued.
Clones with single and
multiple disease resistance were
selected with increasing frequency
as a result of previous rigid selection of parental material. Improved
resistance to combinPd root-knot
nematodt> and Pseudomonas has
been developed.
Resistance to
certain insects by entrapment on
glandular hairs was further evaluated.
Maintenance and Distribution
It is the responsibility of CIP
to maintain a world collection of
potato germ plasm in a usable
form.
Some 8,400 samples of
primitive cultivated potatoes were
planted in late 1978 for field
maintenance near Huancayo in the
Peruvian highlands. Included were
639 new entries recently collected
in Colombia and Ecuador.
For
security, tuber samples of each
clone in the collection are stored
at two sites in Peru and one in
Colombia.
The collection comprises 7 4 percent tetraploid, 13
percent diploid and 13 percent
triploid and pentaploid samples.
A computer program that utilized 19 morphological characteristics was used to identify 3,014
duplicate entries from a sample of
5,448. In addition, 1,672 of 3,580
cultivars were tentatively identified
as duplicates on the basis of plant
and tuber characteristics. About 80
percent of 4,686 duplicates consisted of groups of two to five
Detailed morphological
cultivars.
comparisons as well as electrophoretic analyses of proteins and
esterases are being conducted prior
to the elimination of any duplicate
cultivars.
Agronomic Selection
Table 11 - 1.
Pedigree, average yield and number of clones selected per family from
a population of 20,000 seedlings grown at La Molina in a 90-day period from planting
to harvest.
Family
Pedigree
377873
377200
377928
377950 *
377896
377887 *
377922
N503.165 x 1356.3
(P6C1.16 x LB) x LB bulk
DT0-2 x R614.5
Anita x DT0-28
R258.21 x P2C6.2
N568.7 x R704.1
2001.10 x R646.1
Yield
tons/ha
61.2
53.5
49.4
44.8
44.1
41.7
40.5
No. of clones
5
7
10
30
38
88
48
* Potentially useflJI for propagation from true seed because of yield, vigor and uniformity.
Yield
kg/plant
Families
Yield
tons/ha
6.4
6.2
4.2
4.4
1.1
10.3
1.62
1.54
1.52
1.47
1.45
1.43
53.5
50.9
50.2
48.6
47.8
47.1
Population average
12,000 seedlings
1.26
41.7
Frost Resistance
Breeding
Group
Crosses
Yield
kg/plant
II
Ill
IV
v
* tbr
= s.
tuberornm; neotbr
= S.
= S. phureio..
.56
.47
.43
.40
.39
Clone
no.
Yield
kg/plant
374110-7
375577-5
375089-32
375057-45
374080-5
375089-6
375512-24
375089-31
375528-2
375579-15
Willa lmilla, local control
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.7
Materials
Crosses
Seedlings tested
Resistant seedlings selected
La Molina
202
21,383
2,862
Regional
23
3,894
573
Total
225
25,277
3,435
Disease Resistance
The diploid species S. phureja,
S. stenotonum, S. sparsipilum,
S. chacoense and S. microdontum
are being used to form a wide base
gene pool for resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas
solanacearum. Over 7 ,000 seedlings
have been screened for resistance
to bacterial wilt; 7 5 families were
screened for root-knot nematode
resistance. Clones combining both
resistances have been selected and
crossed to tetraploids adapted to
the lowland tropics. From these
crosses, 120 tetraploid clones have
been selected for further observation for both wilt and root-knot
nematode resistance. This population also contains an input of late
blight, PVX and PVY resistances.
A population of 6,850 seedlings in 40 tetraploid families
derived from S. phureja with
resistance to bacterial wilt as
well as tropical adaptation were
screened for resistance to bacterial wilt and late blight. From
this work, 51 clones were selected
and are being multiplied for international testing. From the same
population, 35 percent of 2,462
seedlings survived under severe
bacterial wilt conditions in Costa
Rica.
Sixty-two of 132 clones
selected for resistance yielded 1 kg
per plant or more; the maximum
3. Agronomic characteristics
and tuber quality are evaluated;
4. Immunity to PVY and/or
PVX is confirmed by grafttesting;
5. PLRV resistance is confirmed by field infection
trials during two seasons
under the high temperature
environment at San Ramon.
Results from two groups of
material were obtained in 1978.
In one group, screened for PLRV
resistance, 329 out of 1,260 seedlings survived to the clonal selection
From these, 44 clones
stage.
Table II - 6.
PLRV.
Seedlings
Parents *
X
1.
2.
3.
4.
+Y
Total
no.
Symptomless
percent
103
24
147
53
9.7
45.8
48.3
34.0
14
32
37
7.1
53.1
10.8
100
107
110
49.0
43.0
44.5
+LR
66.1168/24 x VDl-144
VD 4628 x 62.47/20
Bl 61- 74-167 x Schwalbe
Bl 61-74-167 x Bl 54-121
Y +LR
1.
2.
3.
71.254/54 x 62.47/20
VD 72.33/22 x 62.47/20
VD 8749 x 62.47/20
X +LR
1.
2.
3.
67.104/16 x 8750 B
70,90111 x VD 4667
70.90/11 x VD 4668
Parents no. 3 and 4 WPre obtained from the Foundation for Plant Breeding, Wageningen,
the Netherlands. All other parents were obtainerJ from the Max. Planck Institute, Cologne,
Germany.
10
Nematode
In breeding and selecting improved potato populations a continuing effoli was made to increase
the use of wild species to bring the
valuable genetic traits they possess
into cultivated populations. Various
combinations belonging to the species Solanum phureja, S. chacoense
and S. sparsipilum, and S. andigena
tetraploids were crossed to select
genotypes resistant to the rootknot
nematode,
Meloidogyne
incognita acrita. Results indicate
that cettain crosses are more
compatible than others (Table
II - 7 ).
From this research about 850
immune clones were selected for
resistance to root-knot nematode.
The same gene pool also had a
high frequency of genotypes showing resistance to both root-knot
nematodes and Pseudomonas bacteria (see Thrusts IV and VI).
Table II - 7.
Families derived from inter- and intra-specific crosses of diploids and
tetraploid Solanum species used for resistance to J\rleloidogyne incognila acrita.
Ma I e
Female
parents
spl *
3
3
20
spl
chc
phu
adg
chc
phu
parents
Total
families/genotypes
adg
49
17/846
4/264
35/3566
49/1806
49
105/6482
14
-~-------------------
26
TOTAL
* spl
22
-------s.
spars;pilum; chc.
s.
<:haN>rn.-;e;
phu
12
==
S. phunJja;
aidq
S. andif{ena
Table 11 - 8.
Field infestations of potato leafhopper adults on S. tuberosum ( tbr),
S. tuberosum x S. berthaultii (tbr x ber), and S. berthaultii clones in trials at Ithaca,
N. Y., 1978.
Average no.
Clone
Species
Kennebec
Superior
Katahdin
A444-9
PCB 4-42
PCB 4-103
Pl 265858-36
tbr
tbr
tbr
tbr x ber
tbr x ber
tbr x ber
ber
Seasonal total
(12 plants)
235
192
182
87
85
21
2
a
ab
ab
c
c
d
e
3.0
1.8
1.0
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.0
a
ab
abc
be
be
be
c
adults/3 plants *
26
July
35.5
28.5
24.5
14.8
23.8
3.0
0.0
a
ab
abc
c
abc
d
e
10
Aug
99.5
69.8
66.5
28.8
28.5
6.8
0.5
a
ab
ab
c
c
e
f
23
Aug
99.8
92.3
90.0
43.3
34.8
11.0
1.5
a
a
a
b
b
c
d
Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at
P
0.05 by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Empoasca {abae
12
July
Thrust Ill
Control of Important Fungal Diseases of Potatoes
Late Blight
(Phytophthora infestans)
No. of
Program
No. of seedlings
Tested
Selected/
Percent
Late blight
breeding
143
37,970
Lowland
tropics
100
23,039
607/3
95
2,960
230/8
106
2,041
138/7
Bacterial wilt
Wild species
15
families
13,115/35
Figure 111 - 1.
Symptoms of Wart
(Synchytrium endobioticum) on 8-weekold potato seed! in gs.
Figure 111 - 2.
Symptoms of Wart
(Synchytrium endobioticum) on 12-weekold transplanted seedlings .
.
17
Figure 111 - 3.
Glynne-Lemmerzahl
Test: Susceptible variety "Yungay"
(left) compared to resistant (degree 3)
variety "Mariva." Note symptoms of
late necrosis at base of sprout of
"Mariva" caused by Synchytrium
endobioticum.
endobioticum.
Scale
Percent of clones
Disease rating
12
Early necrosis l
late necrosis ) resistant
18
22
5
6
Strong reaction
Very strong reaction
intermediate
susceptible
18
50
stenotonum.
..
S. endobioticum.
..
Figure 111 - 4.
Tubers of
the "An tarqui" variety
showinci protubP.rances re
suiting from infection by
Angiosorus solani.
19
zo
Thrust IV
Control of Important Bacterial Diseases of Potatoes
Bacterial Wilt
Field plots were established
in Huanuco, Peru (2,300 meters)
where bacterial wilt and late blight
are endemic problems, to retest the
dual resistance of earlier selections.
Following initial screening of 66
clones for late blight resistance,
16 clones having a blight rating of
four or less (1 - 9 scale) with yields
Table IV - 3.
Number of isolates of
Clone
Yield
kg/plant
Biovars
Origin
MS 27A.3
MB 5.49
MS 82.60
MB 6.11
MB 6.25
MB 5.24
"Ticahuasi" {control)
1.39
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.75
1.38
Total
Potato
Solanaceous plants
and weeds
Musa spp.
23
55
87
10
21
5
2
21
3
10
0
46
26
Total
54
62
30
13
159
Table IV - 2.
Selected Solanum spp. resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum isolate
013, race 3, under greenhouse conditions (25-31C).
Solanum spp.
buibocastanum
chacoense
dcmissum
jam.rsii
jamesii
polytrichon
stenotomurn
stenotornurn
stoionij(ru m
stoloni(erum
sogarandium
sparszpilu m
*
Accession
no.
Pl 243511
CIP 760917.1
Pl 160221
CIP 760476 *
Pl 275266
Pi 275241
OCH 3520
OCH 3571
Pl 161178
Pl 161170
Pl 230510
CIP 760147.7
Number
plants tested
Percent
resistant plants
40
32
9
41
72.5
81.3
77.8
92.7
78.6
82.9
85.8
92.4
75.0
84.3
70.0
91.0
14
64
7
13
16
38
20
11
Previously reported, GIP Annual Report 1976, to be resistant to race 1 isolates 052 and 060
of P. solanacearum.
11
13
10
11
12
13
100
90
80
70
60
50
4(:
30
20
10
0
3
10
11
12
13
Erwinia Diseases
Ficiun; IV - 4.
lnfectivity titration
with fivP levels of inoculum of Erwinia
chrysanthemi (levels 3, 4 and 5 can be
seen on cc;ntral uncut tuber).
Tuber
half .'.)n lr:ft is n:sistant clone OCH 5875
a11d the cut tulwr on right is susceptible
clone OCH 6214.
OCH 58 75
OCH &214'
25
the development
symptoms.
of
"blackleg"
Thrust V
Control of Important Virus Diseases of Potatoes
Potato
27
euphorbiae.
An international regional t1ial
for testing PLRV resistance in
clonal material was started dming
the report year. Field books supplied to cooperators provided full
details of procedures, experimental
designs, as well as data sheets.
Tubers of some of the best breeding lines with resistance to PLRV
were sent to the CIP regional
programs from the Scottish Plant
Breeding Station and the MaxPlank Institute. Many lines also
had single gene resistance to PVY
and/or PVX.
Countries participating in the trials are Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, India, Korea,
Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Tunisia, Turkey and Zambia.
Table V - 1. Potato leaf roll virus symptom expression in seedling families following
individual aphid transfer (Expts. 1 and 2) and by shaking distribution (Expt. 3).
700921
700031
703256
701028
720031
700042
700039
701520
720027
"Renacimiento"
Expt. 1
Expt. 2
5.2
1.4
5.9
8.4
14.0
23.0
20.9
58.5
84.3
74.8
100
6.5
21.1
36.5
56.6
87.8
86.9
100
28
Ex pt. 3
2.7
3.3
15.0
11.2
13.8
23.6
21.5
69.3
84.2
100
100.
Potato Spindle
Tuber Viroid (PSTV}
Efforts were directed to improving diagnostic techniques suitable for rapid, accurate detection
of PSTV.
The use of Scopolia
sinensis as an indicator host was
not reliable under test conditions
at CIP, Lima. Electrophoresis was
found to be more reliable than the
Yang and Hooker tomato test,
although a combination of electrophoresis and the tomato test are
in routine use. Generally it was
essential to grow both potato and
tomato plants at temperatures
above 25 C to ensure adequate
concentration of viroid for screening purposes.
Novel Viruses
Antisera, Serology
and Electron Microscopy
Maximum infected
sap dilution that
gave a + reaction
.
Virus
APLV (Hu)
PVX (Xcl
APMV (type)
PVS (Andean strain)
PVY (ordinary strain)
10-6
10-6
10-6
10-5
10-3
1:2,000,000
1 :2,000,000
1 :32,000
1 :32,000
1:512
Detection
in
tubers
+
+
+
+
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-G
10-4
Latex
to
to
to
to
to
indicates a
univalent PVX
univalent PVS
univalent APLV
univalent APMV
polivalent P\,'.X +
PVS + APLV + APMV
PVS
PVX
APLV
APMV
16,000 *
1,000
64,000
1,000
16,000
256,000
128,000
64,000
Table V - 4.
ELISA values (00405) for
tests on multiple detection of potato
viruses.
Experiment
Viruses
PVX
PVY
PVS
APMV
PVX + PVY
PVS + APMV
32
>2.0
1.25
1.60
2.0
>2.0
>2.0
>2.0
>2.0
1.8
1.3
1.1
>2.0
>2.0
Thrust VI
Control of Important Nematode and Insect Pests of Potatoes
NEMATOLOGY
Influences of N - P- K fertilizer
levels were observed on the yield
of the common andigena variety
"Renacimiento" grown in a cyst
nematode infested field (Table
VI - 1).
The results of different levels
of N - P- K indicate that, in spite
of a uniform nematode infestation,
there was a significant yield re-
Table VI - 1.
Effect of N-P-K fertilizer
on the yield of "Renacimiento" grown in
a field infested with Globodera pallida.
Treatments (kg/ha)
Yield
kg/ha
160
160
320
320
0
0
320
0
400
200
400
400
0
400
0
0
200
400
400
200
400
0
0
0
29,680
26,950
26,580
24,680
9,080
17.480
8,390
8,910
34
Table VI - 2.
Differential
clones
Pathotype
P1 B *
P2A *
P3A *
P4A (Pa2l
P5S 1Pa3l
RiA
RiB
R2 A
RsA
(Roll
(Ro4)
mo2)
(Ro3)
s.
s.
s.
s.
Frequency
No.
%
6
1
13
20
1.9
11.5
1.9
25.0
38.5
1
3
6
1.9
1.9
5.8
11.5
52
100.0
multidissectum
kurtzianum
vernei GLKS
vcrnei (VT)2 62.33.3
None
tode infection.
Crosses involving
sparsipilum,
S. chacoense,
S.
phureja and selected lines of
the tetraploid, S. tuberosum ssp.
andigena, were tested for resistance
to Meloidogyne incognita acrita.
The 6,482 seedlings from these
crosses were each inoculated with
4,000 eggs of M. incognita acrita.
Two months later, roots were
removed and evaluated for nema35
Table VI - 3.
Percent immunity and resistance to Meloidogyne incognita acrita of
inter and intra-specific crosses of diploid and tetraploid and Solanum species.
Male
Female
parents
S. sparsipilum
S. sparsipilum
S. chacoense
S. phureja
Tetraploids
S. phureja
S. chacoense
96.8
34.8
28.9
parents
59.4
0.8 *
100.0 *
57.4
6.0
1.7
Tetraploids
Paternal
53.5
30.4
77.0
Maternal
71.2
24.0
44.9
1.7
1.7
incognita acrita.
Cross
No. of
ho-"
Res
Res
Sus
Sus
x
x
x
x
Res
Sus
Res
Sus
families
20
12
21
9
11
10
10
<1
No. of
35
51
2
10
19
51
0
0
<1
3
66
44
seedlings
1058
768
1370
819
36
l
Table VI - 5. Survival of Nacobbus aberrans in air dried soil.
-~
,:e
Source of inoculum
5 months
8 months
2.5
2.2
0.0
2.8
2.3
0.0
2.4
2.0
0.0
* 0 = no root galling to 4
1 month
= severe
root galling.
ENTOMOLOGY
Experiments at Rothamsted,
Cornell and CIP confirmed that
37
Figure VI - 1.
Parasitized
root-knot nematode eggs
showing fungal hyphae completely replacing embryo.
(Greatly enlarged)
38
Table VI - 6.
Flea beetle feeding damage and glandular hair density on adaxial
(upper) leaf surfaces of field plants.
Species
S.
S.
S.
S.
berthaultii
tarijense
polyadenium
tuberosum
No. of clones
Feeding holes/plant
9
1
7
4
75
112
233
9
7
3
59
Table VI - 7.
Mite damage to seedlings of Solanum berthaultii relative to the ocurrence of sticky tip hairs on the abaxial (under) surface of leaves.
Seedling
Sticky tip
Pl265857
Pl265858
P1310926
Pl310927
HHC 4422
HHC 4531C
HHC 4574
HHC 4727
11.6
10.5
14.0
35.4
12.2
17.3
15.1
9.9
3
6
8
0
0
0
18
11
9.9
20.9
14.3
14.4
11.6
10.0
54
60
4
Non-glandular tip
Pl 283069
Pl 310971
HHC 4538
HHC 4543
HHC 4562
HHC 4570
77
34
21
39
Figure VI - 2.
Relationship between
nymphal survival of the potato leafhopper and concentration of foliar
total glycoalkaloids from 12 Solanum
accessions in artificial diet.
2.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
suppression of salivation-ingestion,
the threshold concentration for
the glycoalkaloid, tomatine, was
between 0.01 and 0.05 percent.
These findings provide further
evidence of a causal role for potato glycoalkaloids in leafhopper
resistance.
3 ..
0.2
0.6
0.4
41
0.8
Thrust VII
Physiological and Agronomic Management of Potatoes
Adapted to Environmental Stress
Consumer Potatoes
from True Seed
Agronomic Studies
Table VII - 1.
Yields of open pollinated progenies directly seeded with Hue seed
under field conditions (El Asesor).
575031
Treatments *
kg/plot
M-1295-29
ton/ha
kg/plot
ton/ha
24.85
32.60
27.50
21.50
29.10
27.00
23.50
23.60
27.70
26.00
22.40
22.40
Seed covered
Seed covered
Seed covered
Seed covered
with
with
with
with
soil
sand
peat moss
peat moss and sand
26.10
34.30
28.80
22.60
Tuber Seed
"Renacimiento" (0.30m spacing)
K'"'
35.80
....
34 ..
rnj/
"
"
35.10
~
37.40\
Yield
Lima
Progeny
~
**
w726 x w5295.7
w729 x w5295.7
w231 x w5295.7
A-44
A-33
A38
U-252
U-254
374050.1 op
378158
378140
378175
R 13.7 x R 165.4
R 18.2 x R245.2
R 140.2 x R57.8
R 126.5 x R 142.1
San Ramon
14.91
12.64
16.92
15.06
9.92
7.28
25.67
23.78
17.56
29.87
42.34
12.10
15.35
10.21
18.95
12.64
45.62
37.20
26.38
31.20
Uniformity *
( t Iha l
-Waynesville
----
Hau Im
Tubers
6.35
7.73
16.58
21.42
8.50
12.17
8.03
11.21
6.24
7.74
12.50
10.50
22.08
11.75
12.92
11.25
7.25
11.25
10.91
9.14
13.45
17.28
6.14
5.85
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3.5
3
2
3
3
2
3.5
2
4
3
2
3
3.5
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3.5
3.5
3.5
22.83
"Kennebec"
"Renacimiento"
"Mi Peru"
30.34
20.75
= semi-uniform;
~j;)-~
~
45
= acceptable uniformity;
Table VI I - 3.
Yield of potatoes in tons/ha in mountain and jungle soils in Peru
with 160:160:80kg/ha of N:P:K.
Locations
Controls
w/out w/out
p
NPK
Bayovar
phosphate
JUNIN
Yanahallpa, pH 4.9
4.9
9.4
14.2
16.6
15.1
LA UBERTAD
pH 4.9
Huanchar, pH 7.2
Sta. Rosa, pH 6.7
Las Cruces, pH 5.7
5.3
9.5
9.9
9.4
9.9
15.1
13.3
15.8
17.2
25.6
25.8
26.9
19.9
33.6
31.6
30.8
20.8
32.1
33.9
32.2
32.2
31.6
32.7
30.0
CUZCO
Zurite, pH 6.2
Andenes, pH 6.7
3.2
6.4
10.8
16.0
13.1
19.8
14.8
17.7
15.1
21.0
14.4
17.0
18.9
CHANCHAMAYO
San Ramon
0.6
0.3
13.1
12.4
15.8
46
Table VII - 4. Potato yield, water and soil losses in Huancayo at 25% slope
(rainfall 400 mm).
Yield ton/ha
"Revolucion"
Treatments
Bare soil
...
:~osion
ton/ha
Runoff
Jo rainfall
9.4
Potato+ fallow
(rows with 25/o slope)
29
14.6
12
Potato + fallow
(rows contoured)
32
8.4
Potato + fallow
(green org. matter incorporated)
38
14.8
10
Potato+ fallow
with mulch
36
5.7
Table VII - 5. Crop rotation yields, water and soil losses in San Ramon (with 30/o
slope, rainfall, 1,405 mm).
Yield ton/ha
Treatments
Corn
Soybean
Potato
Bare soil
Corn + soybean + potato
(fallowed, burned)
7.9
...
10.5
Runoff
Erosion
/o rainfall
ton/ha
14.5
69
29
0.3
8.6
12.4
0.8
12.1
3.0
0.2
10.6
4.5
17.7
11.3
Pineapple + potato
47
Figure V 11 - 3.
Effect of two temperature regimes, 20C day, 15C night,
and 30C day and 20C night, on leaf
area and net assimilation rate of DT0-28,
a clone adapted to high temperatures and
"Merpata'.' a non-adapted clone. The
arrow indicates tuber initiation.
Physiological Studies
QT0-28
Merpata
,,.,'
""""
(20/15C)
.7
-.........
.6
.6 ~E
.5
.5 ~
"'"" -o
"'"'
.4
.4
31
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
30
.7
(ZO/l 5C)
"
"
:::'.
"'"'
c
4-
./
M--t--
10
+'
"'
"''
~
"'
+'
10
12
weeks
10
12
weeks
(30/20C)
,,.,
'
( 30/20C)
.7
QJ
QJ
.7
N
30
.6
"'E
.6
20.
.4
.5
:::'.
"'~
"'
4"'
--'
30
20
QJ
.5
.4
' : ;1-
.3
.2
"""
8
10
12
QJ
;;:,_
c
0
.3
10 ,. _ _ _ )(
'
"
'E
"
~
10
weeks
~-""'
10
12
.2
:;::;
.E"'
~
~
.1
"'
+'
QJ
weeks
Table VII - 6. Total dry matter (DM) and percent of total DM in tuber in El Asesor
and in San Ramon 2 months after planting. Data are the mean of four plants chosen
at random.
Varieties
..
DT0-28
Maria Tropical
N-567.8
N-568.7
N-570.5
N-574.1
65-ZA-5
Ticahuasi
Antarqui
Ma riv a
Revolucion
Si pen a
Merpata
Mi Peru
Renovacion
Yungay
San Ramon
78
90
103
133
76
53
173
212
222
234
352
294
188
201
104
172
188
78
92
99
126
200
136
106
159
152
194
102
304
140
89
116
49
San Ramon
44
62
5
4
51
2
3
5
7
1
0
0
0
0
2
Drought. Tolerance
Apparently S. tuberosum cultivars posses higher drought avoidance whereas species such as
S. acaule and S. commersonii
possess higher drought tolerance.
Thus, at 25 percent relative humidity, 5 C, S. acaule was desiccated
in 150 hours to the same degree
as "Kennebec" in 300 hours.
Cold Tolerance
An increasing understanding of
the anatomical and physiological
basis of frost resistance is being
obtained through research at the
University of Minnesota supported
in part by a contractual arrangement with CIP.
Anatomical differences related
to frost hardiness (-2.5 C to
-5.5C) varied in selected Solanum
species. Observations were made
on 2-month-old plants of 26 wild
species as well as seven cultivars
of S. tuberosum.
Among the various anatomical
parameters studied, the number of
palisade parenchyma layers, the
Table V 11 - 7.
Classification of tuber-bearing Solanum potatoes in terms of frost
resistance and cold acclimation.
Categories
Species
(examples)
Before
Treatment*
After
Treatment **
Group I: frost
resistance and
able to cold
harden
S. acaule
(Oka 3885) ***
S. commersonii
(Oka 5040)
-6.0
-4.5
-11.5
S. sanctae-rosae
(Oka 5697)
S. megistacrolobum
(Oka 39141
- 5.5
5.5
-5.0
5.0
S. oplocense
(Oka4500)
S. poly trichon
(Pl 184773)
-3.0
8.0
-3.0
6.5
S. tuberosum
-3.0
3.0
S. stenotomum
(Pl 195188)
-3.0
3.0
9.0
S.
Improving
Potato
Productivity
52
Thrust VIII
Development of Post- Harvest Technology and
Improvement of Nutritional Quality
Post-Harvest Technology
Table V 111 - 1.
Quality of potatoes leaving storage after 140 days as influenced
by the quality entering storage.
...
Adobe*
Wood
Plastic
Screen
Open stable
Room in adobe house *
Mean loss
Net loss
25
50
46.3
44.4
42.0
39.7
40.9
42.9
66.3
61.8
62.7
64.5
63.2
67.9
15.5
15.5
42.7
17.7
64.4
14.4
53
Table VI 11- 2.
Distribution of potato production according to ecological zone and
amount of land planted to potatoes on 45 farms.
Percentage I kilos
No. and
category of
producer
Home
Seed
Consumption
Processing
23.4 *
167 *"
15.4
1, 157
14.5
12,414
76.6
545
21.1
1,576
1.8
2,375
1.1
83
33.6
895
25.2
1,346
15.7
2,325
26.2
698
7.3
392
2.7
398
Seed
Sale
Ware
Other
Total
Valley floor
Small-scale
0.5 ha
12 Medium-scale
0.5- 2.0 ha
12 Large-scale
2.0 ha
13.5
1,008
39.5
33,765
45.6
3,412
41.4
35,386
3.3
247
2.8
2,325
100.0
712
100.0
7,483
100.0
86,265
2.9
154
0.3
50
26.6
710
47.4
2,529
50.0
7,395
3.9
105
3.2
164
7.2
1,080
100.0
2,668
100.0
5,333
100.0
14,813
Intermediate and
high zones
Small-scale
0.5 ha
8 Medium-scale
0.5- 2.0 ha
4 Large-scale
2.0 ha
3
9.7
260
14.0
748
24.1
3,565
* Percentage of harvest.
Paddle
Processing
Based on preliminary experiments in small-scale processing of
potatoes, a pilot system has been
developed to fit the requirements
for a simple type of processing.
Efforts pointed to equipment design
and operating conditions for obtaining potato flour from dried
potato and white chufio. Maximum
capacity envisioned is for 1,000 kg
per day of fresh potatoes. Facilities
and equipment have been developed
for the following steps in processing:
storage, washing, cooking, peeling,
cutting and drying.
Simple potato
washing machine.
in addition to deterioration
quality of the product.
in
Nutrition
56
Rustic seed store using indirect light to control sprout growth. This simple unit has
a capacity of 1,500 kg and has been used successfully for up to 6 months in the
Peruvian highlands. It is also giving encouraging results for 3-4 months under high
temperature lowland tropical conditions. Similar structures show promise in hill
potato producing areas of the Philippines and Central Africa.
57
58
Thrust IX
Seed Production Research for Developing Countries
f
Seed Production
Receiving
country
No. of
cultivars
USA
Kenya
9
6
Brasil
10
11
6
18
12
18
11
12
14
8
Mauritius
Turkey
No. of
samples
12
18
1
10
27
Spain
3
3
China
31
5
6
51
Germany
India
Bolivia
France
Ecuador
2
18
Days
en route
15
6
28
25
11
6
8
8
15
60
Socioeconomic Aspects
3000
2000
1000
Fertilizer cost (US$)
100
300
200
61
400
500
(US$)
3300
3050
2800
2550
2300
120
140
160
Figure IX - 3.
200
180
(US$)
4000
3200
2400
1600
./
150
180
62
210
63
tist.
Several technical advisory
visits to Argentina resulted in plans
for storage and industrial processing of potatoes. Development of a
southern, subregional zone (Brazil,
Argentina, Uruguay and Chile) was
pursued and a training course held
in November.
Region
Iii
II
IV
Region V
Region VII
69
Training Program
"'-
REGION II
Mexico, Central America
and the Caribbean
REGION 111
Tropical Africa
An
inter-regional one-week
seminar on post-harvest technology
at Islamabad, Pakistan, included a
3-day visit to the Kaghan Valley
during harvest of the summer crop.
Fifteen potato scientists from
Pakistan, two from Afghanistan and
one each from Egypt, Syria, Turkey,
Bangladesh and Nepal attended.
The "Institute for Research on
Storage and Processing of Agriculture Produce," Wageningen, the
Netherlands, provided a storage
consultant. The seminar included
position papers and country papers
to highlight the problems of harvesting, handling, storage and
marketing. Several scientists from
the countries of Region V participated in training activities and
seminars in other countries.
REGION IV
Middle East and North Africa
C I P
CODES
N A ME
COUNTRY
T R A I N
NG
S C H0 L A RS H I P S
DEGREE
UNIVERSITY
DATE
START/END
I N
1 9 7 8
SUPERVISING
SCIENTIST
N 0 T E S
Amoros, Wa 1 ter
Peru
MS
U N A
A (a)
Bolivia
MS
A (a)
Ca 1ua, Luis A.
Peru
MS
U NA
UNA
S (a)
Landeo, Juan
Peru
PH. D
14isconsin
Lazin, Michael
USA
MS/PH.D
Corne 11
A (a)
Lecaros, Jose M.
Peru
MS
S (a)
Munoz, Francisco
Vasquez, Victor
Ecuador
Peru
PH. D
MS
U NA
Corne 11
U N A
(a)
S (a)
11-76/09-78
05-76/12-78
10-78/10-80
07-76/07-79
04-76/05-79
08-77/08-79
01-77/12-79
10-78/09-80
Mendoza
Heterosis
Huaman/Jatala
Nacobbus Resistance
Mendoza
Inheritance of Earliness in
Tetrapoloid Potato
Hanemann
Ewing
Mendoza
Plaisted
Estrada
Andigena Populations
Jatala
Franco
Nematology/Entomology
:;;:
A (a)
Alcazar, Jesus
Peru
MS
UNA
A (a)
Astocaza, Eve! io
Peru
MS
UN A
Canto, Manuel
Peru
PH. D
Corne 11
A (a)
Lazaro, Monica
Peru
MS
S (a)
Valencia, Luis
Peru
PH. D
UNA
Queensland
(a)
06-78/06-80
11-78/11-80
06-78/06-81
02-77/03-79
08-78/08-81
Brodie
Meloidogyne Resistance
Franco
Blood
Fribourg
Virus Studies
Pathology
A (a)
Abad, Jorge
Peru
MS
U N A
A (a)
Beltran, Vi Ima
Peru
MS
U NA
S (c)
Camacho, Jesus
Mexico
MS
Chapingo
S (c)
Cartin, Luis
Costa Rica
MS
Chap ingo
S (a)
Ciampi, Luigi
Chile
PH. D
Wisconsin
S (a)
Granada, Gustavo
Colombia
PH. D
Wisconsin
S (a)
Hidalgo, Oscar
Peru
PH. D
N C S U
A (a)
Mandujano, Juan
Peru
MS
U NA
S (a)
Moreira, Arturo
Bolivia
MS
U N A
..
'\,
03-76/10-79
03-76/12-78
01-77/07-78
01-77/07-78
10-78/12-78
08-78/09-81
01-78/12-80
01-77/12-78
04-76/08-78
'
French
French
French
Bacterial Wilt
French
Bacterial Wilt
Sequeira
Bacterial Wilt
Echandi
Pathology
French
Jones/Fribourg
..
ii.
..
s (d)
Santillan, Frankl in
Ecuador
MS
UNA
S (a)
Untiveros, Demetria
Peru
MS
U NA
S (a)
Velupillai, Malarmagal
Sri Lanka
MS
Florida
06-77/06-79
01-77/07-78
04-78/08-80
Fri bourg
Ecuadorian Viruses
Turkensteen
Thecaphora Resistance
A. A. Cook
Bae te r i a 1 \4 i 1t
Booth
Storage
Shaw
Processing
Physiology
;:;;
A (a)
Peru
MS
UNA
A (b)
Bernal, Miguel
Peru
MS
UNCP
A (a)
Cabello, Rolando
Peru
MS
UNA
A (a)
Peru
MS
UNA
A (b)
Gerra, Cayo
Peru
MS
UNCP
P (a)
Glas, Tjaart
Hal land
Post-Doc
C I P
A (a)
La Torre, Braulio
Peru
MS
UNA
A (a)
Peru
MS
U NA
S (a)
Manrique, Luis
Peru
PH. D
P (a)
Sattelmacher, Burkhard
Germany
Post-Doc
C I P
S (a)
Vega, Ulises
Peru
MS
UNA
A (a)
Villagarcia, Margarita
Peru
MS
UNA
10-78/01-79
07-78/06-79
07-78/12-78
01-76/12-79
09-78/08-79
09-77 /02-79
01-78/12-79
01-78/06-79
09-77/12-80
09-78/06-80
09-78/12-78
01-77/12-78
01-77 /06-81
04-77/12-78
02-78/12-79
A (a)
Peru
MS
Hawaii
UNA
A (a)
Peru
MS
UNA
A (a)
Rodriguez, Mario
Peru
MS
UNA
Vi 1lagarcia
Ferti 1 ization
Glas
Drought Resistance
Shaw
Processing
Accat i no
Fe 1 i pe/Mora 1es
Erosion
Shaw
Nutrition
Meyer
Trap i ca 1 Soi 1s
Seed Production
Bryan
Vi 1 I aga re i a
Fertilization
Glas
Salinity
Accatino
Vil lagarcia
Phosphate Fertilization
Vi 1lagarcia
Achata, Adolfo
Peru
MS
UNA
08-78/09-80
Monares/
Ma 1a mud
Agro-Economic Studies on
Seed Production
Tardieu, Francois
France
PH. D
I NA F
01-78/08-80
Horton/
Accat ino
Vargas, David
Peru
MS
UNA
01-78/12-79
Monares
Agro-Economic
Taiwan
PH. D
Birmingham
04-77/09-79
Ochoa
(a)
s (b)
Taxonomy
S (a)
SCHOLARSHIP TYPE:
A - Student Asst.;
S - Full;
P - Post-Doc
FUNDING:
(a) Core;
( b) I DRC;
(c) BID/Core;
(d) German
REGION VI
REGION VII
Southeast Asia
76
3,950 meters);
Western
Slopes
(3,450-3,950 meters); and, High
Zone (above 3,950 meters).
Land
slope increases and
number of crops diminishes above
3,450 meters.
Maize is seldom
grown above this altitude. Cropping
systems, tillage and cultural practices and yields differ between the
eastern and western slopes of the
valley between 3,450-3,950 meter
altitudes. Potatoes are most important on the eastern slopes. In the
High Zone, above 3,950 meters,
crop production is extremely
hazardous and nearly all cropland
of Mantaro Valley
in Peru
Valley floor
3,000-3,450 m.
Figure SSU - 1.
Agro-ecological zones of
Figure SSU - 2.
eco\ogica\ zone.
\Je9 .-Y
~3%)
73
Table SSU - 1.
Valley Floor
Small
Farms
Intermediate
Medium
Farms
Eastern
Slopes
Western
Slopes
High
Zone
Total
Mantaro
Valley*
80
46
61
59
63
67
Percent farmland
in potatoes
24
17
39
22
57
25
1.0
0.2
10.9
1.9
1.9
0.7
1.8
0.4
1.4
0.6
2.3
0.6
87
8
83
87
13
95
52
6
74
47
2
36
21
0
28
63
7
67
4.4
2.1
6.4
4.7
4.9
5.2
3.1
2.0
4.4
2.9
5.2
3.9
11
8
74
3
60
44
21
3
56
7
57
30
Table SSU - 2.
Principal constraints as a percent of total potato production as perceived by farmers in Mantaro Valley.
Valley Floor
Small
Farms
No problem reported
Technical problems
Frost
Drought
Pests
Diseases
Hail
Others
Socioeconomic problems
Lack cash
Others
Total
intermediate
High
Zone
Total
Man taro
Valley*
Medium
Farms
Eastern
Slopes
Western
Slopes
35
31
34
37
33
13
9
'14
19
5
8
12
9
22
6
9
7
12
26
14
11
8
2
16
16
10
9
8
8
3
33
7
7
8
5
8
5
4
2
7
6
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
Figure SSU-3.
Average chemical fertil
izer application by agro-ecological zone
and farm type (kg/ha).
116
IDlill
95
lnI
[J.
69
94
Pz05
K20
72
...
,. .
45
34
...
...
...
...
!'"""
48
...
34
...
...
38
36
...
10 12
10
Medium
Small
VALLEY FLOOR
East
West
INTERMEDIATE ZONES
High
Zone
BZ
2.
2. Significant statistical differences (at the 1 percent and 10 percent level) emerged among yields
from different commercial seed
sources at the two locations.
...
83
84
"!';:
price, an input with such variability in quality, the use of government inspected seed potatoes can
be expected to be limited.
Seed Distribution
Table SSU - 3. Variable cost and relative importance of inputs for potato producers
in the Mantaro and Canete Valleys.
Mantaro Valley
Inputs
Valley Floor
Ware
Seed
Total variable cost (US$) *
Percent purchased inputs
Average yield (t/ha)
Percent 1>f inputs in total variable cost
Seed
Fertilizer
Manure
Pesticide
Labor
Mechanization
Animal source of energy
Total
Canete Valley
Intermediate High
zone
zone
732
31
6.9
786
25
34
12
4
6
35
36
4
12
3
35
9
10
5
25
9
7
100
100
100
1,421 915
75
61
21.8
8
34
10
7
8
23
16
11
44
Ware producers
1,178
96
23
44
7
22
8
19
100
100
US$1=151
85
price differential
regions).
between
the
Table SSU-4 indicates how economic factors influence this interregional distribution pattern. No
estimates are available for farmlevel yield losses from virus infected
seed potatoes in Peru. In Table
SSU-4, it is assumed that by using
improved seed with low virus levels,
yields increase by 25 percent in
each region (from 8 to 10 t/ha in
Mantaro Valley, and from 20 to
25 t/ha in Cafiete Valley).
Two main
Table SSU-4:
conclusions from
Post-Harvest Technology
The Social Science Unit collaborated with Thrust VIII in a
Table SSU-4. Estimated profitability of using improved seed in two regions of Peru.*
Canete
Valley
(coast)
Mantaro
Valley
(highlands)
1. Seed rate/ha
Percent seed purchased
0.9 t
40
2. Seed cost/ha
a. traditional
b. improved
$ 64.4
$ 110.4
2.0 t
100
$
$
184.0
286.0
3. Yield/ha
a. traditional seed
b. improved seed
4.8 t
6.0 t
16 t
20 t
4. Gross return
a. traditional seed
b. improved seed
$ 245.3
$ 306.6
$ 980.8
$1,226.0
$ 46.0
102.0
$ 61.3
245.2
$ 15.3
143.2
1.3
2.4
= 195.73
87
88
course.
A further follow-up is
planned in early 1979.
Potato Potential
Bibliography surveys and analyses of published statistics by CIP,
Cornell University and the Technical University of Berlin provide
the information base for this
research project.
A "Country
Questionnaire" was sent via CIP
Regional Scientists to National
Potato Program Leaders, requesting
information on potato production
and use, major production constraints, prices of major foodstuffs,
and other aspects of the potato industry. Completed questionnaires
from 22 developing countries provide information to complement
published material in an analysis
of the potato's current and potential contribution to human nutrition
in the developing world.
89
Communications
Addition of a larger wire spooltype stapler increased both flexibility and speed in the section's
bindery operations. A new offset
plate burner enabled the section to
turn out better quality printing in a
minimum of time. Although the
plate burner was in operation for
less than half the year, 186 plates
were processed with it.
Communications
Department
photographers took some 1,200
black and white and 1,500 color
slides during the year. Approximately 500 colored slides were added
to bring the total now in CIP files
91
Library
At
year's end, the Head
Librarian resumed work after completing a Master's degree in Information Studies in England with the
dissertation "Survey of Agricultural
Library and Information Services
in England." Contacts with various
well known European Centers in
the field of agriculture and related
disciplines (F AO, EEC, IAEA,
IRAT, libraries of the Agricultural
University in Wageningen, PUDOC,
RTI, UN and UNESCO) were also
made by the librarian.
Language Instruction
11. Franco, J. 1978. Measuring area and perimeter of second stage larvae and males
with the image-analyzing computer to distinguish between Globodera rostochiensis
and G. pallida. Journal of Nematology 10(3):278-279.
12. Franco, J. 1978. Disc electrophoresis of female proteins of British and Peruvian
cyst-nematode populations, Globodera spp. Nematologica: (Accepted for publication).
13. Franco, J. and K. Evans. 1978. Effect of daylength on the multiplication of
potato cyst-nematode (Globodera spp.) populations. Nematologica: (Accepted
for pub Iication).
14. Franco, J. and K. Evans. 1978. Restoration of morphological features of
Globodera pallida after storage in formalin. Journal of Nematology 10(4):370372.
15. French, E. R. 1978. Pathotypes of Pseudomonas solanacearum relative to
breeding for resistance in potatoes. Abstracts of Papers, 3rd lnternat. Congr.
Pl. Pathol. Munich, Germany. 290 (abstr.).
16. Frey, F. and D. E. Wilcke. 1978. Untersuchungen uber Nebenwi rkungen zweier
Herbizidpraparate auf bodenbewohnende Nematoden in einer Obstanlage.
Zeitschrift fUr Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 85: 1-9.
17. Frey, F.
1978.
Acrobeloides buetschlii (de Man 1884). Steiner and Buchrer 1933 in culture.
Nematologica: (Accepted for publication).
18. Gibson, R. W. and L. Valencia. 1978. A survey of potato species for resistance
to the mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus, with particular reference to the protec
tion of Solanum berthaultii and S. tarijense by glandular hairs. Potato Res.
21:217-223.
19. Glas, T. K., and C. D. van Loon. 1978. Effect of soil compaction on plant water
status, growth and yield of potatoes. Lelystad, the Netherlands, Research Station
for Arable Farming and Outdoor Vegetable Growing (PAGV). (In press).
20. Herrera, I. A. and C. Martin. 1978. Lanosa (Rosellinia sp.) of potatoes in Peru.
Phytopath. News 12:264 (abstr.).
21. Huaman, Z. 1978. Gene bank act1v1t1es at the International Potato Center.
EUCARPIA Conf.erence "Broadening the genetic base of crops", Wageningen,
3- 7 July 1978. (In press).
22. Huaman, Z. and Gonzalez, N. 1978. Recursos genet1cos de las papas andinas
y sus perspectivas en el mejoramiento para calidad nutritiva. I Congreso Nacional
en Ciencia y Tecnologfa de Alimentos. 25-29 Setiembre 1978, Lima, PerCL
(In press).
23. Jackson, M. J., P. R. Rowe and J. G. Hawkes. 1978. Crossability relationships
of Andean potato varieties of three ploidy levels. Euphytica 27: 541- 551.
96
24. Jackson, M. J., J. G. Hawkes and P. R. Rowe. 1978. The nature of Solanum
x Chaucha Juz. et Buk., a triploid cultivated potato of the South American Andes.
Euphytica 26:775- 783.
25. Jatala, P., and Renate Kaltenbach. 1978. Reaction of some Peruvian potato
cultivars to Pratylenchus pratensis. J. Nematology 10:290.
26. Jatala, P., and C. Martin. 1978. Interactions of Meloidogyne incognita acrita
and Pseudomonas solanacearum on tomatoes. J. Nematology 10:291.
27. Jones, R. A. C. and C. E. Fribourg. 1978. Symptoms induced by Andean Potato
Latent Virus in wild and cultivated potatoes. Potato Res. 21:121-127.
28. Martin C. and E. R. French.
1978. Some characteristics of isolates of
Pseudomonas solanacearum affecting potatoes and other Solanaceae in the
Americas. Phytopath. News 12(12) :266 (abstr.).
29. Martin, C. 1978. Susceptibility of tree tomato (Cyphomandra betaceae) to dif-
ferent biovars of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Phytopath. News 12(12):265-266.
30. Mayer de Scurrah, M. 1978. Breeding for resistance to Andean pathotype of
Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. In EAPR 7th Triennial Conference
Abstracts pp. 181- 182.
31. Mendoza, H. A.
lowland tropics.
32. Rizvi, S. A. H., et al. 1977. New Jersey isolate of cucurbit-infecting strain of
bean yellow mosaic virus. Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 4:196 (abstr.).
33. Rizvi, S. A.H., et al. 1977. Differential response of squash cultivars to a cucurbitinfecting strain of bean yellow mosaic virus. Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 4:
196-197 (abstr.).
34. Robertson, J. A., W. H. Morrison, B. G. Lyon and R. L. Shaw. 1978. Flavor and
chemical evaluation of potato chips fried in sunflower, cottonseed and palm oils.
J. of Food Science 43:420-423.
35. Roca, W. M., N. Espinoza, M. R. Roca and J. E. Bryan. 1978. A tissue culture
method for the rapid propagation of potatoes. Am. Potato J. 55:691- 701.
36. Roca, W. M., J. E. Bryan and M. R. Roca. 1979. Tissue culture for the international transfer of potato genetic resources. Am. Potato J. 56:1-10.
37. Roca, W. M. 1978. lntroducci6n de germoplasma como cultivo de meristemas.
Proc. 11 Latin American Botanical Congress, Tissue Culture Symposium, Brasilia,
Brasil. (In press).
97
American
52. Werge, R. 1978. Potato processing in the central highlands of Peru. The Ecology
of Food and Nutrition. (In press).
53. Westcott R. J., G. G. Henshaw and W. M. Roca. 1977. Tissue culture storage of
potato germ plasm: Culture initiation and plant regeneration. Plant Science
Letters. 9:309-315.
54. Wissar, R. 0. and H. A. Mendoza. 1978. Comparison of selection methods in
breeding of potato populations. In EAPR 7th Triennial Conference Abstracts
pp. 166.
98
CIP's
research program is
strongly supported by contract research at institutions with existing
expertise and facilities.
Research
contracts are normally for a 3-year
period and are reviewed annually
when progress reports are submitted.
The objectives and other
details of research are clearly
defined in each contract with
appropriate budget specifications.
4.
I. V. P. Agricultural University,
Wageningen.- "A Breeding Program to Utilize the Wild Solanum
Species of Mexico."
J. G. Th.
Hermsen.
5.
Research Station for Arable
Farming, Wageningen."Water
Stress Tolerance." C. D. van Loon
6.
Foundation for Agricultural
Plant
Breeding,
Wageningen." Resistance
Breeding
Against
the Potato Eelworm, Heterodera
rostochiensis."
C. A. Huijsman.
Research Contracts
1.
Cornell University."The
Utilization of Solanum tuberosum
spp. andigena Germ Plasm in Potato
Improvement and Adaptation."
R.L. Plaisted, H.D. Thurston, W.M.
Tingey, R. E. Anderson, B. B. Brodie,
M. B. Harrison and E. E. Ewing.
7.
Centro Regional de Investigacion Agraria, La Molina, Perit."Utilizacion de las Especies Cultivadas Diploides para Mejoramiento en Calidad Culinaria y
Nutricional de Papa."
F. de la
Puente.
2.
North Carolina State University.- "Breeding and Adaptation
of
Cultivated Diploid Potato
Species." F. L. Haynes.
8.
University of Wisconsin.- "Developing Potato Clones with Resistance to Bacterial Wilt and Improved
Adaptation to Tropical Conditions."
L. Sequeira.
3.
The Swedish Seed Association,
Svalov, Sweden.- "Development
99
9.
Universidad Nacional Agraria,
La Molina, Peru.- "Fertility and
Mineral Nutrition of the Potato."
S. Villagarcia.
Consultancy Contracts
1.
International Agriculture Centre, Wageningen.- "Consultancy
on Potato Improvement in North
Africa." H.P. Beukema.
5.
Rothamsted Experimental Station, England.- "Consultancy on
the Identification and Verification
of the Resistance of Glandular
Trichome-bearing Solanum Species
to Selected Insects and Mites."
R. Gibson.
4.
University of Birmingham,
England.- "Consultancy in Exploration, Taxonomy, Maintenance
and Utilization of Potato Germ
Plasm." J. Hawkes.
101
Staff
(as of December 31, 1978 or serving a major part of 1978)
Scientific Staff
Research
Orville Page, PhD
Director
Department Head
Geneticist
Breeder
Geneticist
Geneticist (study leave)
Breeder
Department Head
Nematologist
Entomologist
Breeder/Nematologist
Entomologist (study leave)
Pathology
Edward French, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Franz Frey, PhD* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roger Jones, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carlos Martin, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anwar Rizvi, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luis Salazar, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lodewijk Turkensteen, PhD* . . . . . . . .
Department Head
Mycologist
Virologist
Bacteriologist
Virologist
Virologist
Mycologist
Physiology
Sidki Sadik, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primo Accatino, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Robert Booth, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tjaart Glas, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
Department Head
Agronomist
Physiologist
Physiologist
Physiologist
Agronomist
Physiologist
Physiologist
Physiologist
Physiologist
Taxonomy
Carlos Ochoa, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department Head
Research Support
Orville Page, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dennis Cunliffe, Ing. Agr. . . . . . . . . . . .
Enrique Grande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marco Soto, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department Head
Field Supervisor - Lima
Field Foreman - San Ramon
Superintendent - Huancayo
Director
Seed Production Specialist
Production Specialist
Consultant
Seed Production Specialist
Head of Unit
Agricultural Economist
Agricultural Economist
Agricultural Economist
Anthropologist
Training Department
Richard Wurster, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head of Training
Manuel Pifla, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training Officer
Region I -
South America
104
Region 111 -
Tropical Africa
Region Representative
Research Scientist (Rwanda)
Associate Expert (Kenya)
Region V -
Southwest Asia
Region Representative
Associate Expert (Pakistan)
Gary Robertson, MS
Romke Wustman, Ir.
Region VI -
Southeast Asia
. . . Region Representative
Lindsay Harmsworth, BS .
Support Communications
Department Head
Communications Officer
Editor/Writer
Assistant Audio-visuals
Librarian
Assistant Librarian
105
Agronomist
Virologist
Virologist
Bacteriologist
Geneticist
Agronomist
Scientific Assistants
Breeding and Genetics
Nelson Espinoza, 0. F.
Rolando Estrada, Biol.
Nelly de Fong, Biol.
Norma Gonzalez, 0. F.
Rolando Lizarraga, Ing. Agr.
Rosa Mendez, Ing. Agr.
Jorge Roca, Biol.
Jose Luis Rueda, Ing. Agr.
Alberto Yupanqui Tupac, BS
Taxonomy
Jesus Amaya, Tech. Dip.
Matilde Orillo, Biol.
Alberto Salas, Ing. Agr.
Pathology
Zoila de Abad, BS
Carlos Chuquillanqui, BS
Wilman Galindez, Ing. Agr.
Ana Maria de Lekeu, PhD
Lilian de Lindo, Ing. Agr.
Josefina de Nakashima, Biol.
Ursula Nydegger, Tech. Dip.
Hans Pinedo, Ing. Agr.
Soledad de Rodriguez, Biol.
Ernesto Velit, Biol.
Herbert Torres, MS
Research Support
Lauro Gomez
Nelson Melendez, Tech. Dip.
Regional Research and Training
Richarte Acasio, MS., Philippines
Jorge Aguilar, Costa Rica
Social Science
Physiology
Nilda Beltran, BS
Donald Berrios, Ing. Agr.
Assistant
Assistant
Economist
Assistant
Assistant
Associate Agronomist
Coordinator
Administration
Richard L. Sawyer, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . Director General
Roger Rowe, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deputy Director General
106
William Hamann, BS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carlos Bohl, Ing. Agr. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Victor Barreto, BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fernando Canalle, Ing. Civ . . . . . . . . . . .
Luis Palacios, Ing. Agr. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leonardo Hussey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oscar Gil, CPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jorge Bautista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blanca de Joo, CPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guillermo Romero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Resigned during year.
107
Financial Statements
THE INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS
POTATO
OF
CENTER - CIP
I NDE X
Auditors' report
Financial statements
Balance sheet
Statement of source and application of funds
Notes to financial statements
Supplemen+.ary information Accounts receivable from donors, Exhibit 1
Fixed assets, Exhibit 2
Detail of source of funds, Exhibit 3
Special projects funds provided and cost,
Exhibit 4
109
COLERIDGE Y ASOCIADOS
REPRESENTANTES DE
ARTHUR ANDERSEN & Co.
LIMA PERU
Countersigned by:
'
~:~~
't.-
-~-
"
Other
q-~M---~-
--~~~!~~~
298,)90
387 '696
140,306
66,'192
1)2,790
35' 906
112,292
---~~!~~~
--~~~:.~?~
_583,932
---------
---------
?9,812
119,296
89' 369
--------208,665
--------42,086
----~----
2,347;011
--------m
93,679
--------l'/3,491
--------22,627
--------1,438,469
---------
IFIXED ASSETS:
construction in progress
equipment
1,467,092
554,826
612,171
Donors
Other
Total current liabilities
6.~2,177
--~?9!.?QQ
---~~!~??
72,854
63} '>()9
3'
~!.~~~:.~~~
1,
Unexpended funds
grants
equipment
717,092
l '56'
Other
87J,9SO
3,773,456
J,343,189
6,120,467
4,781,658
---------
The accompanying notes to the financial statements are an integral part of this statement.
5,135,436
---------
SOURCE OF FUNDS:
Operating grants Unrestricted
Restricted, net of US$255,550 in 1978
and US$66,000 in 1977 payable to
donors
3,133,629
2,265,291
2,479,319
2,124,067
---------
5,612,948
Special projects grants, net of
US$25,139 paid to donors in 1978
Capital grants
Working funds grants
Other income, net
195,430
468,417
1,168,405
22,000
279,062
6,819,860
6,327,242
1,599,028
453,881
1,611,061
1,241,466
292,017
1,341,638
174,133
486,990
640,193
198,151
451,375
683,477
598' 968
412,514
---------
=========
APPLICATION OF FUNDS:
Operating costs Core program :
Potato research program
Research support
Regional research and training
Library, documentation and
information service
General administration
General operating costs
Quinquennial review and five
year celebration
Special projects
Capital Additions to fixed assets
Working funds
UNEXPENDED FUNDS
--------4,389,358
---------
=========
98,903
---------
4,307,027
330,922
-----------------
4,637,949
412,514
126,000
1,226,688
22,000
--~~~!.~~~
1,248,688
---------
---------
----------------440,605
5,945,880
5,886,637
=========
=========
--------873,980
l, SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
AND PRACTICES
The CIP follows accounting principles and practices established
by the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research
and similar non-profit organizations, which are summarized below:
a The transactions are principally in U.S.
"'0
u
,,,..,,c
0
..,,
;..
"'
(,!)
;a
"',.,c
b,
- 2 -
Capital grants and special project grants unexpended at yearend are carried forward to the following period.
Part of the
operating grants and/or other income are used as working
~unds, according to the Consultative Group instructions.
2. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT
OF PERU AND NORTH CAROLINA
STATE UNIVERSITY
The CIP was constituted on June 13, 1972, in accordance with an
Agreement for Scientific Cooperation between the Government of
Peru and the North Carolina State University signed on January
20, 1971. A summary of the significant provisions of the
agreement follows:
a. The objective is to establish through common or cooperative
efforts a non-profit organization of a scientific nature,
dedicated to research and improvement of potatoes and
tuberous roots and also to train people.
b. The GIP is a tax exempt entity established in Peru. Exemption
includes income tax.
c. Non-Peruvian scientists working for the GIP are also tax
exempt.
d. The agreement will be in effect for twenty years and will
expire on January 20, 1991. This period may be extended.
e. If for any reason the existence of the GIP is terminated, the
land, buildings, equipment, vehicles and other assets of the
GIP are to be transferred to the Peruvian Government at no
cost.
f. The GIP is authorized to maintain and utilize checking
accounts in foreign currencies for all operations, subject
to the provisions of the law in effect for international
organizations.
3. FIXED ASSETS
The acquisitions of fixed assets in transit at the balance sheet
date are shown i~ the balance sheet and amount to US$98,850
(US$129,795 in 1977).
- 3 -
4, CONTINGENCIES
The GIP has filed a lawsuit against the constructor of its
buildings, which is in process at December 31, 197$. The
constructor, on the other hand, claims a payment of Peruvian
soles 2,664,000 (US$13,639) from GIP, in excess of the amount
recognized by CIP to settle its pending liability with the
constructor.
In addition, the latter is claiming the reimbursement of certain costs, which amount has not yet been defined.
In management's opinion as soon as judgement is pronounced the
GIP will proceed to liquidate all items pending with the constructor which are not expected to result in any significant
additional liability.
5. INCOME TAX
The CIP as a tax exempt non-profit organization, is registered
in the Registro de Entidades Exoneradas of the Direccion General
de Contribuciones. Registration should be renewed every three
years. The GIP is at present renewing it
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
EXHIBIT 1
75,000
79,550
49,800
94,040
298,390
~I
~
><I
Other
,,
Operating equipment
Vehicles
Research equipment
.,,
======
(.,,
.,.,
=========
3,773,456
69,915
======
=========
87,668
412,514
=====::=
3,343,189
94,727
---------
646
------
100
------
29,559
-------
65, 714
---------
631,518
78,841
558,582
8,06
86,644
5,998
80,646
2,163
326, 478
612,171
554,826
1,467,092
12,339
48,862
Balances as of
December 31 1 1978
8,137
77,268
Re;elacements
Retirements
Additions
53,768
79,827
57,271
107,250
Additions
276,912
503,938
497,555
1,359,842
Balances as of
January 1, 1978
FIXED ASSETS
EXHIBIT 2
EXHIBIT 3
Page l of 2
t
THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER - CIP
DETAIL OF SOURCE OF FUNDS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1978
(Stated in U.S. dollars)
(Translated from the Spanish language)
317,787
200,000
275,000
792, 787
Less:
Applied to capital
105,892
686,895
641, 568
430, 757
5 25' 000
584,974
66, 324
2, 248, 623
Plus:
Balance from previous years
198, 111
2, 446, 734
3,133,629
1,600,000
201,140
163, 693
60C,OOO
147' 661
2, 712, 494
Plus:
Balance from previous years
Less:
Payable to Agency for International
Development
22, 375
2,734,869
~d?~i..2!~
5' 612, 948
EXHIBIT 3
Page 2 of 2
THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER - GIP
DETAIL OF SOURCE OF FUNDS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1978
(Stated in U.S. dollars)
(Translated from the Spanish language)
SPECIAL PROJECTS GRANTS:
International Technical Assistance, The
Netherlands
Swiss Development Cooperation, Switzerland
International Development Agency, Canada
International Development Research Center
Refrigeration Research Foundation
Balance from prior years Ford Foundation
Federal Germany Government-Training and
Socio Economics
Interamerican Development Bank
International Technical Assistance,
The Netherlands
Swiss Development Cooperation, Switzerland
International Development Agency, Canada
F~rd Foundation, Training and Research
in Colombia and Ecuador
CAPITAL GRANTS:
Belgium Government
International Development Association
Interamerican Development Bank
Transferred from multi-purpose funds
94,040
178,500
49,800
92, 795
2,500
2,739
4,773
43,868
24,935
37' 252
26,766
41, 000
598' 968
51,310
150,000
100,000
105,892
407,202
Plus:
Balance from previous years
OTHER INCOME, net
5,312
412,514
195,430
6,819,860
;..
"'
568,664
Research Foundation
Refriger~tion
1,631,680
103,500
92,795
2,500
41,000
167 ,671
282,040
58, 710
127,JOO
Funds
provided
1,007,573
499,657
91,105
75,248
163,065
53,937
124,561
Prior
years
442,080
82,597
2,310
17,401
43,623
39,483
145, 449
107,383
3,700
134
This
year
=========
--------1,449,653
82,597
2,310
17,401
543,280
130,588
220,697
270,448
57,637
124,695
Total
accumulated
D i s b u r s e m e n t s
187,500
Ford Foundation
rt
Ford Foundation
======
(25,139)
=======
156,888
-------
10,198
103,500
190
------
23' 5 99
245
37,083
(33,197)
11,592
1,073
2,605
Balance
to date
EXHIBIT 4
,..,.
(25,139)
Returns
Unrestricted Core
-412.5
=
7, 100.5
---
126.0
---
624.1
---
2,052.9
2,053.1
--442.0
-----
.1
3 .7
107.4
145.4
39.5
43.6
17.4
2.3
82.6
1,611.1
---
436.3
149.5
113.0
77.3
44.6
1.3
822.0
789. l
124.4
--
174. l
--
174.1
--
--
77.3
47.1
49.7
Library
Doc, & Inf.
PROGRAM COSTS
R<;g,Res.
& Training
(1) Includes $69,430 from earned income and $4,300 from 1977 unexpended restricted balance reclassified.
Working Funds
Earned Income
2.7
4.8
119.0
112.2
76.6
69.0
41.0
2.5
92.8
103.5
412.5
412.5
Special Projects
Ford Foundation
Federal Germany
Netherlands
Swiss Development Cooperation
CIDA
IDB
Ford Foundation
Refrigeration Research Foundation
Int. Development Research Centre
Swiss Development Cooperation
Total Capital
150.0
100.0
51.3
105.9
5.3
---
2,052.9
5,937.9
---
---
11.7
906.8
309.2
555.9
30.0
1, 146. l
Total
Research
---
1,600.0
201.1
167.6
600.0
150.6
11.3
2,730.6
(1) 3,207 .3
Fixed
Assets
Capital Grants
IBRD/IDA
150.0
IDB
100.0
Belgium
51.3
Unidentified Sources (multi-purpose) 105.9
Balance from previous year
5.3
Total Operating
Restricted Core
USAID
ADAA
Federal Germany
IDB
Belgium
IDRC
Total
Funds
Available
190.7
---
487.0
--
487.0
--
--
58.9
131.8
296.3
General
Administ.
12
29
14
15
13.6
77.3
6.2
1.6
272.1
--
640.2
--
640.2
--
29
33
% of Gral.
Adm. &Operat.
to Direct
173.4
368.1
General
Oeeratinl
1,000.1
126.0
157.0
---
2.6
1.1
11. 6
(33.2)
37.1
.3
23.6
.2
10.2
103.5
717.1
---
---
159. 1
~)
99.8
21.6
41.0
558.0
Un expendedBalance
280.6
25.1
25.1
255.5
--
255.5
--
255.5
Payable
to
Donors
Actual
10.0
2.0
19.0
78.3
3.7
13.8
59.0
5.0
20.0
4.0
65.6
10.8
23.5
2.9
119.0
198.6
(10.0)
~)
109.0
195.4
82.0
27.0
69.4
.,11
126.0
109.0
195.4
---~
---
Deficits:
- Reclassification from Core
Operating Restricted to Capital
- Unbudgeted Additional Income
Analysis of Variances
Budget Surplus:
- Budgeted surpluses
- Unbudgeted Additional Income
- Payable to Donors
- Unexpended balance
Capital
Operating Equipment
Research Equipment
lnstal lat ion & Utilities
Furnitures, Fixtures & Off, Equip.
Vehicles & Aircraft
Constructions & Buildings
Site Development
Communication Equipment
Programs
Potato Research
Regional Research & Training
Library, Doc. & Info. Services
General Administration
General Operating Costs
Contingencies
3,207.3
--
103.0
26.6
3,077.7
2,730.6
---
2,730.6
---
---
255.5
159.1
2,316.0
---
3,207.3
---
2,730.6
---
906.8
822.0
124.4
190.7
272.1
Operating
Restricted
Budget
Actual
---
--
558.0
2,649.3
---
1, 146. l
789. l
49.7
296.3
368.1
Operating
Unrestricted
Budget
Actual
412.5
412.5
412.5
332.3
51.3
28.9
6.0
57.3
71.7
53.8
79.8
107.2
7.1
29.6
Caeital
Actual
20.5
39.7
24.0
44.1
50.0
111.6
13.0
29.4
Budget
v --------
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