Brdy 6ed Ch18 Solubility

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Chapter 18:
Solubility and
Simultaneous Equilibria
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Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Solubility of Salts
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Precipitation reactions (CH 5)

Exchange reactions in which one product is water
insoluble compound
CaCl2 (l) + Na2CO3 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
Insoluble compound
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Compound having water solubility of less than 0.01

mole of dissolved material per liter of solution
S > 0.01 M
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Solubility of Salts
Ch 5 Solubility Rules
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Guidelines for what is insoluble

Doesnt mean compound wont dissolve at all
Just not very much
Now want to
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Quantitate solubilities
Explore conditions under which some compounds
precipitate and others dont
Applications in separation of ions
Especially toxic metal ions such as Hg2+, Tl3+, U3+, etc.
Why Study Solubility?

Tooth decay
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Acids from foods dissolve enamel, [Ca5(PO4)3OH] =

hydroxyapatite
Reduced by fluoride which replaces OH to form
fluorapatite = [Ca5(PO4)3F] and CaF
Lower solubility means it doesnt dissolve as readily
in acid
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Upper and Lower GI
X-ray of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract

Clarified by barium sulfatevery insoluble
BaSO4 toxic, but safe, as it doesnt dissolve
Solubility Equilibria
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Solids in equilibrium with ions in solution

When ionic salt dissolves in water
Assume dissociates into separate hydrated ions
Initially, no ions in solution
CaF2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F (aq)
As dissolution occurs, ions build up and collide
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F (aq) CaF2 (s)
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At Equilibrium
CaF2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F (aq)
Now have saturated solution
Solubility and Solubility Product

Solubility
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Amount of salt that dissolves in given amount of

solvent to give saturated solution
Concentration
Infinite number of values
Solubility product
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Product of molar concentrations of ions in saturated

solution raised to appropriate powers
Equilibrium constant
Only one value for given solid at given temperature
Temperature dependence
Solubilities and thus Ksp change with T

Solubility of Salts
Consider AgCl in water
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Only a very small amount dissolves

Equilibrium exists when solution is saturated
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Equilibrium law:
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl]
Ksp = solubility product constant
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Solubility equilibrium
Reflects solubility of compound
Product of ion concentrations
Solubility and Solubility Product

Solubility
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Amount of salt that dissolves in given amount of

solvent to give saturated solution
Solubility product
Product of molar concentrations of ions in

saturated solution raised to appropriate powers
Temperature dependence
Solubilites and thus Ksp change with temperature
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Table 18.1
Solubility product constants at 25 C

More in Table C.6 (Appendix p. A45)
Ion Product vs. Solubility Product

For: AxBy(s) x Ay+(aq) + y Bx(aq)
Qsp = [Ay+]x[Bx]y
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Ion Product
Like solubility product, except initial concentrations

are used
Any dilution of salt that results in an unsaturated
solution
Varies with concentration
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Solubility Product
Ksp = [Ay+]x[Bx]y
Ion product value for saturated solution becomes

constant
Uses equilibrium concentration
Writing Ksp Equilibrium Laws
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For: AxBy(s) xAy+ (aq) + y Bx(aq)

Ksp = [Ay+]x[Bx]y
Ex.
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42]
CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F(aq)
Ksp = [Ca2+][F]2
Ag2CrO4(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq) Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42]
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AuCl3(s) Au3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)
Ksp = [Au3+][Cl]3
10
Calculation using Ksp and Molar

Solubilities
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Molar solubility
Moles of salt dissolved in one liter of saturated

solution
Assume what little dissolved, dissociates 100%
Assumes there is some solid
Quantity is not important

Solid is not included in mass action expression
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A. Given Solubilites, Calculate Ksp

B. Given Ksp, Calculate Solubility
11
A. Given Solubilites , Calculate Ksp
I
C
E
(s)
Ag+ (aq) +
0.00
Cl (aq)
0. 00
1.34 x 105 M
1.34 x 105 M
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AgCl
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Ex 1. At 25 C, the solubility of AgCl is 1.34 x

105 M. Calculate the solubility product for AgCl.
AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl (aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl]
1.34 x 105 M
1.34 x 105 M
Ksp = (1.34 x 105)(1.34 x 105)

Ksp =1.80 x 1010
12
Your Turn!
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The solubility of a salt, A2B3, is found to be

3.0105 M. What is the value of Ksp?
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A. 2.6 x 10-21
B. 5.4 x 10-9
C. 2.4 x 10-23
D. 1.7 x 10-21
A2B3
2A3+ + 3B2-
[A] = 2(3.0 x 10-5)

[B] = 3(3.0 x 10-5)
K = [A]2[B]3 = (6.0 x 10-5)2(9.0 x 10-5)3
K = 2.6 x 10-21
13
B. Given Ksp, Calculate Solubility
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Ex. 2 What is the molar solubility of CuI in

water? What are the equilibrium
concentrations of Cu+ and I ?
Step 1. Write balanced equation for
dissociation of salt
CuI (s) Cu+ (aq) + I (aq)
Step 2. Write equilibrium law
Ksp = [Cu+][I]
Step 3. Ksp for salt
Ksp = 8.0 108

14
Ex. 2 Molar Solubilities from Ksp

Step 4. Concentration Table
Initial
Change
Equilm
Cu+ (aq)
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Conc (M) CuI
( s)
I (aq)
0.00
0. 00
+x
x
+x
x
Step 5. Plug into and solve Ksp expression
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Ksp = 8.0 108 = (x)(x)

x2 = 8.0 108
x = 2.8 104 M = calculated molar solubility
of CuI = [Cu+] = [I ]
15
Molar Solubility and Ksp Problems
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Strategy for solving:
1. Write balanced equation for dissociation of salt

2. Write equilibrium law
3. Ksp for salt (from table)
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4. Concentration table
5a. Solve for x = solubility
Or
5b. Given solubilities, calculate Ksp
16
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Ex. 3 Calculate Ksp for Bi2S3 given solubility is

1.0 x 1015 M at 25 C.
Step 1. Write balanced equation for
dissociation of salt
Bi2S3 (s) 2 Bi3+ (aq) + 3 S2 (aq)
Step 2. Write equilibrium law
Ksp = [Bi3+]2[S2]3
Step 3. Use Concentration Table to
determine concentrations of each ion
17

2 Bi2+ (aq)
3 S2 (aq)
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Bi2S3 (s)
I (No entries 0.00

+2(1.0 1015)
C in this
2.0 1015
E column)
0.00
+3(1.0 105 )
3.0 1015
Step 4. Solve for Ksp
Ksp = (2.0 x 1015)2(3.0 x 1015)3
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Ksp = (4.0 x 1030)(27 x 1045)

Ksp = 1.1 x 1073
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B. Given Ksp, Calculate Solubilities
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Ex. 4 Calculate the solubility of CaF2 in water at

25 C, if Ksp = 4.0 x 1011.
CaF2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2F (aq)
Step 1: Write Equilibrium Law

Ksp = [Ca2+][F]2
Step 2: Concentration Table

Initial
Change
Equilm
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Conc (M) CaF2 (s)
Ca2+ (aq)
(No entries 0.00

+x
in this
x
column)
2F (aq)
0.00
+2x
2x
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Ex. 4 Molar Solubilities from Ksp
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Step 3. Plug into and solve Ksp expression

Ksp = [Ca2+][F]2 = (x) (2x)2
4.0 1011 = 4x3
11
4.0 10
3
x =
4
1.0 10 11
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x =
X = 2.15 104 M = molar solubility of CaF2

[Ca2+] = X = 2.15 104 M
[F] = 2x = 2(2.15 104 M) = 4.3 104 M
20
Your Turn!
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A. 5.2 x 10-3
B. 3.3 x 10-3
C. 2.6 x 10-4
D. 3.7 x 10-4
Cu(IO3)2 (s)
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Given Ksp = 1.4 x 107 for Cu(IO3)2, calculate the

solubility of this salt.
Cu2+ + 2IO3-
Ksp = 1.4 x 10-7 = s (2s)2

s = 3.3 x 10
21
Your Turn!
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What is the molar solubility of Ag3PO4 in water? What

is the molar concentration of each ion in solution?
Ksp = 8.9 1017
A. 5.4 x 10-9 [Ag+] = 5.4 x 10-9 [PO43-] = 5.4 x 10-9
B. 4.3 x 10-5 [Ag+] = 1.3 x 10-4 [PO43-] = 4.3 x 10-5
C. 5.4 x 10-9 [Ag+] = 1.6 x 10-8 [PO43-] = 5.4 x 10-9
D. 9.7 x 10-7 [Ag+] = 2.7 x 10-4 [PO43-] = 9.7 x 10-7
3Ag+ + PO43-
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Ag3PO4 (s )
Ksp = 8.9 x 10-17 = [Ag][PO] = (3s)3(s)

s = 4.3 x 10
[Ag+] = 3s = 1.3 x 10-4 M
[PO43-] = s = 4.3 x 10-5 M
22
Your Turn!
A. 0.56 g
B. 0.72 g
C. 0.45 g
D. 0.39 g
PbCl2 (s )
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What is the solubility of PbCl2 in grams per 100.0 mL

at 25o ? Ksp = 1.7 x 10-5.
Pb2+ + 2Cl-
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Ksp = 1.7 x 10-5 = [Pb2+][Cl-]2 = s (2s)2
s = 1.62 x 10-5 M
(1.62 x 10-5 mol/L) x (278.11 g/mol) x 0.1 L = 0.45 g
in 100 mL
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Relative Solubilities
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Ksp gives information about solubility of salts

Must be careful when comparing relative
solubilities
Two possible cases when comparing:
1. Must compare salts that contain the same number
of ions
Ksp = 1.5 x 1016
CuI(s)
CaSO4(s)
Ksp = 5.0 x 1012
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AgI(s)
Ksp = 6.1 x 105
Each salt dissolves to produce 2 ions

Salt cation + anion
Ksp = [cation][anion]
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x=
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1. Must compare salts that contain the same number

of ions
If solubility = x
Then [cation] = [anion] = x
Ksp = x2
K sp = solubility
So can compare solubilities by comparing Ksps
most soluble
largest Ksp
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CaSO4 > CuI > AgI
least soluble
smallest Ksp
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2. Compare salts with different number of ions
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Each produces different number of ions

Each uses different Ksp expression
No way to predict relative solubility based on Ksp
Bi2S3 > Ag2S > CuS
Most soluble
least soluble
Ksp
CuS
Ag2S
8.5 x 1045
1.6 x 1049
Bi2S3
1.1 x 1073
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Salt
#ions Calcd
Solubility (M)
2
9.2 x 1023
3
3.4 x 1017
5
1.0 x 1015
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Common Ion Effect
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Up until now all calculations in pure water

What happens if I add another salt to a solution
containing one of the ions in our insoluble salt?
Consider PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)
Saturated solution of PbI2 in water
Why?
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Filter
Add KI
PbI2 (yellow solid) precipitates out
Le Chateliers Priniciple
Add product I
Equilibrium moves to left and solid PbI 2 forms
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Common Ion Effect

Common ion
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Ion in solution that is supplied by more than one

solute
Common Ion Effect
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Lowering of solubility of ionic compound by

addition of common ion
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Ex. 5 Common Ion Effect
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A. What is the molar solubility of Ag2CrO4 in

0.10M AgNO3 solution? Ksp = 9.0 1012.
B. What is the molar solubility of
Ag2CrO4 in pure water?
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C. What is the molar solubility of

Ag2CrO4 in 0.100 M Na2CrO4?
2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq)
Ag2CrO4(s)
Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42] = 9.0 1012
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A. Molar solubility of Ag2CrO4 in 0.10M AgNO3

solution? Ksp = 9.0 1012
Ag2CrO4(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq)
I (No entries
C in this
E column)
Ksp = 9.0 10
0.00
+x
x
0.10
= (0.10M) [x]
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12
0.10 M
+2x
9.0 10 12
x=
(0.010)
x = Solubility of Ag2CrO4 = 9.0 1010 M

[Ag+] = 0.10 M
[CrO42] = 9.0 1010 M
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B. Solubility of Ag2CrO4 in pure water
I (No entries
C in this
E column)
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Ag2CrO4(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq)

0.00 M
+2x
2x
0.00 M
+x
x
Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42] = (2x)2(x) = 9.0 1012 = 4x3
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12
9
.
0
10
3
x= 3
= 2.25 10 12
4
X = Solubility of Ag2CrO4 = 1.31 104 M
[CrO42] = x = 1.31 104 M

4
[Ag+] = Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
2x = 2.62 10
M
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C. Solubility of Ag2CrO4 in 0.100 M Na2CrO4?

2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq)
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Ag2CrO4(s)
I (No entries
C in this
E column)
0.00 M
+2x
2x
0.10 M
+x
0.10
Ksp = (2x)2(0.10) = 9.0 1012 = 4x2(0.10)
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x=
9.0 10 12
=
0.4
2.25 10 11

[CrO42] = x = 4.7 106 M
6
[Ag+] = Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
2x = 9.5 10Chemistry:
M The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
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C. Solubility of Ag2CrO4 in 0.100 M Na2CrO4?

2Ag+(aq)
+ CrO42(aq)
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Ag2CrO4(s)
I (No entries
C in this
E column)
0.00 M
+2x
2x
0.10 M
+x
0.10
Ksp = (2x)2(0.10) = 9.0 1012 = 4x2(0.10)
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x=
9.0 10 12
=
0.4
2.25 10 11

[CrO42] = x = 4.7 106 M
6
[Ag+] = 2x
=
9.5
10
M
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Your Turn!
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What effect would adding copper(II) nitrate

have on the solubility of CuS?
A. The solubility would increase
B. The solubility would decrease
C. The solubility would not change
34
Your Turn!
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The molar solubility of PbF2 in 0.10 M Pb(NO3) solution

is 3.1 106 M. What is Ksp for PbF2?
A. 1.2 x 10-6
B. 3.1 x 10-7
C. 9.6 x 10-13
D. 3.8 x 10-12
PbF2 (s)
Pb2+ + 2F-
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[Pb2+] = 0.10 M
[F-] = 2(3.1 x 10-6)M
K = [Pb2+][F-]2 = (0.1)(6.2 x 10-6)2
K = 3.8 x 10-12
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Predicting if Precipitate will Form
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In making a solution containing various ions,

will the salt precipitate at the given
concentrations?
For precipitate of salt to form, solution must be
supersaturated.
Same as asking if given mixture of reactants

and products is an equilibrium mixture
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Can judge by calculating ion product, Q

Comparing with solubility product, Ksp
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In making a solution containing various ions,

will the salt precipitate at the given
concentrations?
For precipitate of salt to form, solution must be
supersaturated.
Same as asking if given mixture of reactants

and products is an equilibrium mixture
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Can judge by calculating ion product, Q

Comparing with solubility product, Ksp
37

For: AxBy(s) x Ay+(aq) + y Bx(aq)
Qsp = [Ay+]x[Bx]y
Solubility Product
Ksp = [Ay+]x[Bx]y
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Ion Product
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Precipitate
Qsp > Ksp supersaturated
will form (until
satisfy Ksp)
No precipitate
will form
Qsp = Ksp saturated

Qsp < Ksp unsaturated
38
Predicting Precipitation
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Ex. 6 Does a precipitate of PbI2 (Ksp=1.4 x 108)

form if 100.0 mL of 0.0500 M Pb(NO3)2 are mixed
with 200.0mL of 0. 100 M NaI?
PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][I]2 = 1.4 108
Strategy for solving
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1. Calculate concentrations in solution to be prepared

2. Calculate Qsp = [Pb2+][I]2
3. Compare Qsp to Ksp
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Ex. 6 Predicting Precipitation

Step 1. Calculate concentrations
[Pb 2 +
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Here diluting 100 mL to 300mL

Vtotal = 100.0 mL + 200.0 mL = 300.0 mL
mmol of Pb 2 +
(100.0mL )(0.0500mmol / mL )
]=
=
mL of solution
300.0mL
[Pb2+]o = 1.67 102 M
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mmol of I
(200.0mL )(0.100mmol / mL )
[I ] =
=
mL of solution
300.0mL
[I] = 6.67 102 M
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Step 2. Calculate Qsp
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Qsp = [Pb2+][I]2 = (1.67102 M)(6.67102 M)2

Qsp =7.43 105
Step 3. Compare Qsp and Ksp

Qsp = 7.43 105
Ksp = 1.4 x 108
Qsp > Ksp so precipitation will occur
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How much precipitate will form and what will ion

concentrations be at the end?
Ksp small
So most ions precipitate out as PbI 2
41
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If reaction goes essentially to completion, what

will final equilibrium concentrations be?
1. Do stoichiometric calculations for precipitate
formation
2. Then do equilibrium calculations to determine ion
concentrations in solution.
Step 1. Stoichiometric Calculation

Pb2+(aq) +
PbI2(s)
(100mL)(0.0500M) (200mL)(0.100M) No effect on Ksp

= 5.00 mmol
= 20.00 mmol
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Before
rxn
After
Rxn
2I (aq)
5.00 5.00 =
0.00 mmol
20.00 2(5.00)
= 10 mmol
42

Step 2. System at equilibrium
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Some small amount of PbI2 redissolves to form

equilibrium [Pb2+]
Basically a common ion problem
PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)
Initial concns 0.00
10.0mmol/300mL
= 3.33 x 102 M
3.33 x 102 M + 2x
3.33 x 102 M
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Equilibrium
+x
concns
Ksp = 1.4 108 = [Pb2+][I]2 = (x)(3.33 x 102)2
x=
1.4 10 8
(3.33 10 2 ) 2
= 1.3 10 5 M = [Pb 2 + ]
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3.33 x 102 M >> 2x, so approximation valid
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Final equilibrium concentrations of Pb2+ and

I in 100.0 mL of 0.0500 M Pb(NO3)2 mixed
with 200.0mL of 0. 100 M NaI
[I] = 3.33 x 102 M
[Pb2+] = 1.3 x 105 M
44
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Suppose you mix 100.0 mL of 0.200 M BaCl2

with 50.0 mL of 0.0300 M Na2SO4. Will
BaSO4 (Ksp = 1.1 1010) precipitate?
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42]
Step 1. Calculate concentrations

1mol Ba 2 + 100.0mL
] = 0.200M BaCl2
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[Ba
2+
1mol BaCl2
150.0mL
[Ba2+] = 0.133 M
45
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2
1
mol
SO
50.0mL
2
4
[SO 4 ] = 0.0300M Na 2 (SO 4 )
1mol Na 2 (SO 4 ) 150.0mL
[SO42] = 0.0100 M
Step 2. Calculate Qsp
Qsp = [Ba2+][SO42] = (0.133)(0.0100)

Qsp = 1.33 103
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Step 3. Compare Qsp and Ksp

Ksp = 1.1 1010
1.33 103 >> 1.1 1010
Qsp >> Ksp
So BaSO
4 will precipitate
46
pH and Solubility
Mg(OH)2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
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OH shift equilibrium to left

Add H+
shift equilibrium to right
Le Chateliers Principle
Ag3PO4(s) 3Ag+(aq) + PO43(aq)

Add H+
solubility
H+(aq) + PO43(aq) HPO42(aq)
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AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)

Add H+ - has no effect on solubility Why?
Cl is very, very weak base, so neutral anion
So adding H+ doesnt effect Cl concentration
47
Your Turn!
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What is the molar solubility of PbI2 in pure

water? Ksp = 9.8 x 10-9
Pe
A. 2.1 x 10-3
B. 1.7 x 10-3
C. 4.9 x 10-5
D. 1.4 x 10-3
PbI2(s )
Pb2+ + 2I-
K = 9.1 x 10 = [Pb2+][I-] = s (2s)2

s = 1.4 x 10-3M
48
Your Turn!
10-10
10-7
10-9
10-7
Pb2+ + 2I-
Pe
A. 3.9 x
B. 2.4 x
C. 6.1 x
D. 2.4 x
PbI2(s )
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What is the molar solubility of PbI2 in 0.20M NaI

solution? Ksp = 7.9 109
[I-] = 0.20M
K = 7.9 x 10-9 = [Pb2+][I-]2 = [Pb2+](0.20)2

[Pb2+] = 2.4 x 10-7M
Molar solubility = [Pb2+] = 2.4 x 10-7M
49
Your Turn!
10-8
10-3
10-4
10-4
Pb2+ + 2I-
Pe
A. 4.9 x
B. 3.7 x
C. 1.1 x
D. 2.2 x
PbI2(s )
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What is the molar solubility of PbI2 in 0.20M

Pb(NO3) solution? Ksp = 7.9 109
[I-] = 0.20M
K = 7.9 x 10-9 = [Pb2+][I-]2 = (0.20) [I-]2

[I-] = 2.2 x 10-4M
Molar solubility = 1/2 [I-] = 1.1 x 10-4M
50
Your Turn!
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From the previous two Your Turn problems,

what can you conclude about the relative
effect of added Pb2+ vs. added I?
A. Adding Pb2+ increases the solubility of PbI2
more than I-.
B. Adding I- decreases the solubility of PbI2
more than Pb2+.
C. Adding Pb2+ decreases the solubility of
PbI2 more than I-.
D. They both have the same effect on the
solubility of PbI2.
51
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Solubility and Simultaneous

Equilibria
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Part 2
Metal Oxides Undergo Reaction

with Water
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Usually ignore reaction of ionic solid with water

If the anion of a salt is very basic, a subsequent
reaction of the anion with water occurs
Such is the case of many metal oxides
Kb for O2 = 1 1022
So Ag2O actually dissociates to form Ag+ and OH
Pe
Ksp value listed takes this subsequent reaction into account
Ag2O(s) 2Ag+(aq) + O2(aq)

O2(aq) + H2O 2OH(aq)
Ksp
Kb
Ag2O(s) + H2O 2Ag+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Knet

53
Metal Sulfides Also Undergo Reaction

With Water
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Sulfide ion (S2) is also very basic

Doesnt exist in aqueous solution
Metal sulfides also undergo a subsequent

reaction with water
Ag2S(s) 2Ag+(aq) + S2(aq)
Ksp
S2(aq) + H2O OH (aq) + HS(aq)
Kb
Pe
Ag2S(s) + H2O 2Ag+(aq) + OH(aq) + HS (aq) Knet

Actual Ksp =[Ag+]2[OH][HS]
54
Most Water-Insoluble Metal Oxides

Dissolve in Acid
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H+ reacts with O2 to produce H2O
Releases metal ion from solid

Recall that oxide ion is too powerful a base to exist in
aqueous solution
Ex. Fe2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O
How do water-insoluble metal oxides form?
Pe
Usually in basic solution

Elimination of water is often involved
Metal ion must be capable of reacting with OH to extract
oxide ion and leave water or H+
Ex: 2Ag+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Ag2O(s) + H2O
2Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Fe2O3(s) + 3H+(aq)
55
Formation of Insoluble Metal Sulfides
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Sulfur is below oxygen in Group VIA

As a result, metal sulfides are similar to
metal oxides
Pe
S2 (like O2) is too strong of a base to exist in

water
Sulfides dissolve by reacting with water
Ex. Na2S(s) + H2O 2Na+(aq) + HS(aq) + OH(aq)
56
Basic Salts Are More Soluble In

Acids
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Subsequent reactions assist the solubility of solids

If anion of salt is basic, it will react in acidic
solution to dissolve more fully
Net reaction of such dissolutions is called Kspa
ZnS(s) Zn2+(aq) + S2(aq)
Ksp
S2(aq) + H+(aq) HS(aq)
1/Ka2
HS (aq) + H+
1/Ka1
H2S (g)
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(aq)
ZnS(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2S(aq) Kspa
Kspa (acidic) and Ksp (basic) are listed in Table 18.2

57
Learning Check
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What is the molar solubility of BaCO3 in 3.0 M

HCl?
Ksp BaCO3 = 5.0x 109
H2CO3: Ka1 = 4.3 x 107 Ka2 = 4.7 x 1011
BaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ba2+(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
Pe
X =1.5 M
58
Reaction of Metal ions with HS

Metal sulfides can form
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Some metal ions are so reactive that they react

with H2S directly
These active ions include Cu2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+
A typical reaction is:
CuS(s) + 2H+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + H2S(aq)
Large value of K indicates that
Pe
Equilibrium lies far to right

Only forward reaction important
Sulfides require closer investigation

59

Brdy 6ed Ch18 Solubility

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Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

Precipitation reactions (CH 5)

Compound having water solubility of less than 0.01

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Guidelines for what is insoluble

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Why Study Solubility?

Acids from foods dissolve enamel, [Ca5(PO4)3OH] =

Upper and Lower GI

X-ray of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Solids in equilibrium with ions in solution

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Solubility and Solubility Product

Amount of salt that dissolves in given amount of

Product of molar concentrations of ions in saturated

Solubilities and thus Ksp change with T

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Only a very small amount dissolves

Ksp = solubility product constant

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Solubility and Solubility Product

Amount of salt that dissolves in given amount of

Product of molar concentrations of ions in

Solubilites and thus Ksp change with temperature

Solubility product constants at 25 C

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Ion Product vs. Solubility Product

Like solubility product, except initial concentrations

Ion product value for saturated solution becomes

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Writing Ksp Equilibrium Laws

For: AxBy(s) xAy+ (aq) + y Bx(aq)

CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F(aq)

Ag2CrO4(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq) Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42]

AuCl3(s) Au3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Calculation using Ksp and Molar

Moles of salt dissolved in one liter of saturated

Assumes there is some solid

Quantity is not important

A. Given Solubilites, Calculate Ksp

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

A. Given Solubilites , Calculate Ksp

Ex 1. At 25 C, the solubility of AgCl is 1.34 x

Ksp = (1.34 x 105)(1.34 x 105)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

The solubility of a salt, A2B3, is found to be

[A] = 2(3.0 x 10-5)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

B. Given Ksp, Calculate Solubility

Ex. 2 What is the molar solubility of CuI in

Ksp = 8.0 108

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Ex. 2 Molar Solubilities from Ksp

Conc (M) CuI

Step 5. Plug into and solve Ksp expression

Ksp = 8.0 108 = (x)(x)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Molar Solubility and Ksp Problems

Strategy for solving:

1. Write balanced equation for dissociation of salt