Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
for Windows
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the express written consent of SKM
Systems Analysis, Inc. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, the publisher and author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
information contained herein. For information, address SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., PO Box 3376, Manhattan
Beach, CA 90266-1376, USA.
2006 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power*Tools, CAPTOR and DAPPER are registered trademarks and HI_WAVE and I*SIM are trademarks of
SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Intel is a registered trademark and Pentium is a trademark of Intel Corporation.
ACAD and AutoCAD are registered trademarks of AUTODESK, Inc.
WordPerfect is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc.
Lotus and 1-2-3 are registered trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation.
Arial is a registered trademark of The Monotype Corporation, PLC.
PIXymbols is a trademark of Page Studio Graphics
ImageStream Graphics Filters is a registered trademark and ImageStream is a trademark of ImageMark Software
Labs, Inc.
PIXymbols Extended Character Set. Copyright 1995. Page Studio Graphics. All rights reserved.
For information, address Page Studio Graphics, 3175 North Price Road, Suite 150, Chandler, AZ 85224.
Phone/Fax: (602) 839-2763.
ImageStream Graphics & Presentation Filters. Copyright 1991-1995. ImageMark Software Labs, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Various definitions reprinted from IEEE Std 100-1992, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics
Terms, copyright 1992 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. The IEEE takes no
responsibility or will assume no liability for the reader's misinterpretation of said information resulting from its
placement and context in this publication. Information is reproduced with the permission of the IEEE.
MathType math equation editing fonts are licensed from Design Science, Inc.
1987-1996 by Design Science, Inc. All rights reserved.
12/4/2006
Contents
1
IEC_FAULT STUDY
1.1
1-1
1.2
Engineering Methodology................................................................................1-3
1.2.1
IEC Standard 909 .......................................................................................1-3
1.2.2
Comparing the ANSI and IEC Short Circuit Standards .............................1-3
1.2.3
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current ..................................................1-4
dc Current...............................................................................................................1-5
Peak Current...........................................................................................................1-5
Breaking Current ....................................................................................................1-5
Steady State Current...............................................................................................1-5
1.2.4
IEC Standard 909 Terms ............................................................................1-6
1.2.5
Conventional Methodology ........................................................................1-6
1.2.6
Requirements for Computer Solutions .......................................................1-7
1.2.7
Equations ....................................................................................................1-7
1.2.8
IEC Standard 909 Unbalanced Short Circuit Calculations.........................1-9
1.3
PTW Applied Methodology...........................................................................1-11
1.3.1
Before Running the IEC_FAULT Study..................................................1-11
1.3.2
Running the IEC_FAULT Study..............................................................1-11
1.3.3
IEC_FAULT Study Options.....................................................................1-11
Report and Study Options ....................................................................................1-12
Report Type......................................................................................................1-12
Short Circuit Type ............................................................................................1-12
All or Selected ..................................................................................................1-12
Faulted Bus.......................................................................................................1-12
System Modeling..................................................................................................1-12
Use Sequence Network or Three-Phase Factors ..............................................1-13
Pre-Fault Voltage .............................................................................................1-13
Calculate max. or min. Short Circuit................................................................1-13
System Frequency ............................................................................................1-13
Tmin (.02 to 99 Sec.) for Ib and Idc ...................................................................1-13
Model Primary Transformer Tap (Ignore Secondary)......................................1-13
Time Varying Report............................................................................................1-13
Voltage Factors ....................................................................................................1-13
1.3.4
Assumptions of the IEC_FAULT Study ..................................................1-14
1.3.5
Component Modeling...............................................................................1-14
Contribution Data.................................................................................................1-14
Network Feeders ..............................................................................................1-14
Synchronous Generators and Motors ...............................................................1-15
Asynchronous Induction Motors ......................................................................1-16
Cables and Transformers......................................................................................1-17
IEC_FAULT ii
Reference Manual
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.4
Application Examples.................................................................................... 1-19
1.4.1
Generator and Network Feeders .............................................................. 1-19
1.4.2
Meshed Network Considerations............................................................. 1-22
1.4.3
Far Versus Near Considerations .............................................................. 1-24
1.4.4
Example from Plant ................................................................................. 1-25
Index
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT i
This chapter examines the short-circuit current calculation procedures used in the
IEC_FAULT Short Circuit Study. The chapter includes a systematic methodology and
applies the methodology to numerous practical examples. You can also run a
Comprehensive Short Circuit Study (in PTW-DAPPER) or an ANSI Short Circuit Study
(in A_FAULT). The A_FAULT Short Circuit Study and Comprehensive Short Circuit
Study chapters discuss the Short Circuit Methodology applied by each Study, and the
standards followed by each; the A_FAULT Study is based on the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), while the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study is based on
Thevenin equivalent circuit representation and Ohms Law.
The IEC_FAULT Study follows the specifications of the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) International Standard 909: Short-circuit current calculation in threephase a.c. systems.
This chapter discusses:
Engineering Methodology.
Examples.
IN THIS CHAPTER
Reference Manual
Study Setup
Cable Library
Transformer Library
Study Setup
Saved in Database
Used by Time Current
Coordination (CAPTOR)
Datablocks
Reports
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-3
Reference Manual
and X values at the fault point. From that X/R ratio, a single equivalent dc decay can be
determined for multiple sources at the fault location. The IEC Standard uses a unique R/X
ratio, calculated from the complex form of the R and X values at the fault location for
each contribution, and uses this unique ratio for calculating the asymmetrical fault currents
from each machine to the fault point. It could be argued that the IEC Standard is current
based, while the ANSI Standard is impedance based.
The second major difference involves the dc offset current. Both standards recognize that
calculating the dc offset (the transient solution to the short circuit current calculation) must
be uniquely accomplished when parallel or meshed paths are involved. Both standards
consider the nature of meshed or parallel paths when concerned with the dc offset;
however, the two standards use completely different procedures for calculating this dc
offset current when meshed or parallel paths are involved.
The third major difference involves the ac decrement. The ANSI method globally adjusts
the machine sub-transient impedances when considering different moments of time during
the fault. The IEC method modifies the prospective short circuit currents available from
each machine based on the transfer impedance between the active source and the specific
fault location in question. Clearly, the IEC methodology is more computationally
intensive than the ANSI methodology.
Both short circuit methodologies can be considered as quasi-steady-state solutions to the
fault current problem, and both standards acknowledge that a more dynamic solution
method might yield more accurate results. They do, however, claim sufficient accuracy
for specifying electrical equipment.
The results from IEC and ANSI calculations cannot be directly compared. While both
calculate a withstand duty, the IEC and ANSI methodologies are fundamentally different.
In sample projects, the ANSI closing and latching duty can, at times, be larger than the
IEC peak current duty. However, in other sections of the same project, the opposite is
true. A similar disparity can be found between the IECs breaking current and the ANSIs
symmetrical current interrupting duty. Thus, it can be concluded that when equipment is
rated in accordance with the IEC Standard, then the IEC methodology must be used to
calculate the fault duties; and when equipment is rated in accordance with the ANSI
Standard, then the ANSI methodology must be used to calculate the fault duties.
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-5
dc Current
An aperiodic dc current duty ( I dc ) is not necessarily required in the calculation in order to
specify electrical equipment, but knowledge of the dc decay is critical to determining the
other short circuit current duties specified in the Standard. As stated above, the dc current
is influenced by the R/X ratio seen between each contribution and the fault location.
Conceivably, each contribution can have a unique R/X ratio and hence its own unique dc
decay component. The Standard allows superposition in order to form the Thevenin
equivalent impedance at the fault location, but the dc current contributions are
individually calculated for each source of fault current and those dc fault currents are then
added together at the fault location. This means that any computerized modeling must
calculate and retain the fault point R/X ratio for each source to each fault location.
Peak Current
Given knowledge of the initial symmetrical and I dc duties, a peak or crest one-half cycle
short circuit duty can be defined. The theoretical maximum peak current of a fully offset
waveform is 2 2 I k (X/R ratio approaching infinity).
When calculating the peak current duty ( I p ) in meshed networks, the Standard provides
three methods: Method A, Method B, and Method C. While Method A is simple, it is
also the least accurate procedure; it uses the R/X of the smallest meshed branch. Method
B uses the R/X ratio from a meshed network formulated by using the complex (vector)
impedances, and adds a 15% safety factor to allow for inaccuracies. Method C uses
equivalent frequencies to calculate the special multiplying factor used. The IEC_FAULT
Study uses Method B.
The peak current also takes into account any dc decay that exists at one-half cycle into the
onset of the fault condition.
Breaking Current
The IEC Standard 909 breaking current duty ( I b ) depends on the time for contact parting
of the protective device. This is roughly equivalent to the interrupting duties in the ANSI
Standard. If far contributions are considered, the breaking duty equals the initial
symmetrical duty. If near contributions are considered, special multipliers are required to
define the ac decrement component of the short circuit duty. I b does not include dc offset
or decay. I b asym includes both ac and dc decay.
Reference Manual
Voltage factor;
Equivalent voltage source (rms);
Frequency (Hz);
Symmetrical short circuit breaking current (rms) voltage;
Asymmetrical short circuit breaking current;
Ik
Ip
KG
q
Sk
Sk
t min
Un
U rG
X d
X q
X d sat
I k
I kG
I kM
I G rated
I M rated
I LR
I dc
rG
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-7
aimed at adjusting contribution currents at the fault point location, and not simply
adjusting the contribution impedances at the machine buses. IEC Standard 909 is further
complicated by the requirement to model transformers whose turns ratios may not be the
same as the system base voltages, as illustrated in examples A1, A2, and A3 in the IEC
Standard 909 Appendix.
2.
3.
The R/X ratio each machine or network feeder sees at each fault location;
4.
The initial symmetrical short-circuit current which flows through each network feeder
and machine.
1.2.7 Equations
A summary of the important equations and associated graphs applied in IEC_FAULT
follows. Note that all of the numbered equations used in this section refer to the equations
as numbered in the IEC Standard 909, 1988 edition.
For each short circuit location, IEC_FAULT calculates the Thevenin equivalent and total
initial symmetrical short circuit duty ( I k ). Also, each individual machines I kG
contribution to the fault location is calculated.
For network feeders, the defining equation is:
ZQ =
cU 2nQ
Eq. 5a
SkQ
1
I LR
Eq. 34
I M rated
Z Gk = K G R G + jX d
Eq. 35
where
KG =
Un
c MAX
U rG 1 + X d sin rG
Eq. 36
Reference Manual
The Standard calculates each machines contribution ( I k , I dc , I p , I b , I k ) using the
following standard equations:
I k calculated as in Section 1, Article 9, taking into account the voltage factor and the
I k =
I k =
Eq. 14
3 R 2k + X 2k
cU n
3Z k
I dc is calculated as:
I dc = 2 I k e 2f t min
Eq. 1
where R/X is calculated knowing the complex (vector) form of the Thevenin equivalent
impedance.
I p is calculated for non-meshed networks as:
I p = 2 I k 1.02 + 0.98e 3
Eq. 16
I dc MESH = 115
.
2 I k e 2f t min
Eq. 21
2 I k 1.02 + 0.98e 3
I p MESH = 115
.
Eq. 15
Eq. 46
where:
= 0.84 + 0.26e
0.26I kG I rG
= 0.71 + 0.51e
0.30I kG I rG
= 0.62 + 0.72e
= 0.56 + 0.94e
0.32I kG I rG
0.38I kG I rG
Eq. 47
If the t min is not as explicitly defined above, interpolation is used between equations.
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-9
Eq. 71
d
q = 0.79 + 0.12 ln d
q = 0.57 + 0.12 ln d
q = 0.26 + 0.12 ln d
q = 1.03+ 0.12 ln
MW
Pole Pair
i for t
i for t
i for t
i for t
MW
Pole Pair
min
= 0.02s
min
= 0.05s
MW
Pole Pair
min
= 0.10s
MW
Pole Pair
min
= 0.25s
Eq. 67
I basym = I b + I dc
2
Eq. A2.4
Calculation of short circuit current duties of asynchronous motors in the case of a short
circuit at the terminals is defined in Sub-Clause 13.2.1, Table II.
Calculations of short circuit current breaking duties of near synchronous and
asynchronous machines contributing through meshed networks are based on Equations 60,
61, and 62 in Sub-Clause 12.2.4.3.
Asynchronous machines do not contribute to the steady state duty (I k ) .
The steady state contribution for synchronous machines assumes that the fault current
contribution is considered (as entered in the synchronous generator or motor data boxes of
the Component Editors IEC Contribution subview). Calculation is as follows:
I k max = max I G rated
Eq. 48
Eq. 49
where:
I max and I min are taken from Figures 17 and 18 of Sub-Clause 12.2.1.4, and depend on
whether the machines are turbine generators (round rotor) or salient pole generators.
Reference Manual
I k = I b = I k appears to be valid. IEC_FAULT automatically calculates line-to-earth, lineto-line and line-to-line-to-earth short circuit duties.
Positive- and zero-sequence impedances can be entered for all branch elements.
Transformer neutral impedances also can be entered. It is important to correctly identify
the transformer winding connections for proper modeling of the zero-sequence network.
Except for synchronous motors and generators, the negative-sequence impedance is
always assumed to be equal to the positive-sequence impedance.
In the case of synchronous motors and generators, the negative-sequence reactance is
equal to:
X 2 =
X d + X q
2
bg
bg
bg
b
b2g = K FGH R
b0g = K (R
Z G 1 = K G R G + jX d
ZG
ZG
X d + X q
+j
+ jX 0 )
IJ
K
bg
bg
bg
The first option uses equivalent three-phase factors. The equivalent is derived by
dividing the sum of individual contribution components by the absolute value of the
total initial symmetrical short circuit current I k . Refer to Sections 9.2.1.2 and
b g
9.2.3.2.
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-11
The second option uses factors developed from short circuit-type dependent
combinations of reduced sequence networks to establish a short circuit equivalent
R/X. If any three-phase contribution contributes through a meshed network, the
Method B 15% safety factor is applied to the total short circuit current.
Depending on the option selected, the minimum or maximum voltage factor (c) is applied
to the single equivalent positive-sequence voltage used in determining unbalanced short
circuit currents.
2.
Select the check box next to Short Circuit and choose the IEC_FAULT option button.
3.
4.
Choose the OK button to return to the Study dialog box, and choose the Run button.
The Short Circuit Study runs, writes the results to the database, and creates a report.
Reference Manual
System Modeling
These options further customize the Study.
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-13
Voltage Factors
Voltage factors are used to define system pre-fault voltages used for fault current
calculations. The voltages can be entered as a range and for specific voltages. Specific
Reference Manual
voltage values override voltage range values. The voltage factors are used only if the prefault voltage was selected as Use Voltage Factor (c).
Network feeders are always modeled as far from the short circuit location, as
suggested by Section 1, Clause 7. Network feeders are always defined by the utility
component in PTW. In general, if the network feeders transformer reactance
referenced on its low side X tlv is less than twice the equivalent reactance of the
d i
b g
network feeder X q , then the network feeder is considered near the fault; thus it
requires that more of the network feeder system be modeled.
2.
3.
4.
If the sum of all motors (synchronous and asynchronous) I k contribution at the fault
location is greater than 5% of the total I k combination at the fault location excluding
all motors, then all motor contribution (as a group) at the fault location is considered
near.
5.
Any machine which has not been determined to be near the above is then considered
far, and thus no ac decrement is considered.
Contribution Data
Contribution data must be defined for network feeders, synchronous generators,
synchronous motors, and asynchronous motors.
Network Feeders
Network feeders are modeled as Utility components. The driving point voltage and
voltage angle may be specified, but are not used in the IEC_FAULT calculation. The
short circuit contribution data must be specified for this component. It is important to note
that the utility driving point voltage and the equivalent generator source driving point
voltage, if the generator is modeled as a swing bus generator, are not used in the
IEC_FAULT Study. The driving point voltage is controlled only by the c factor identified
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-15
in the IEC_FAULT Study setup for the voltage range of the bus which is faulted. Refer to
Table 1 of the Standard for recommended voltage ranges. The short circuit contribution
can be entered in amperes, or apparent power in units of kVA or MVA. Three-phase and
single-line-to-earth short circuit contribution values may be entered. A zero single-lineto-earth short circuit contribution is acceptable, as PTW will assume an infinite zero
sequence impedance if the single-line-to-earth fault current is zero. The default values are
zero for the short circuit contribution magnitude, and 0.067 for the X/R ratio (X/R of 15).
You can also model the driving point voltages as calculated from the Load Flow Study.
When so modeled, no c factors are used.
Synchronous Generators and Motors
Synchronous generator and motor short circuit current contributions are defined in the
Component Editor as shown in the following figure:
Enter the X d and X q values; PTW assumes the machine is a salient pole machine if the
two values are not equal. Unique machine stator resistance for the positive- and negativesequence, and the zero-sequence component must be entered. You must define these
resistance values; they are not established as a percentage of the machine X d values. The
default values for X d , X q and X 0 are 0.15 pu on the machine base, and both rg and r0
have a default of 0.01 pu on the same machine base. Thus, synchronous machines are by
default star-earthed.
PTW calculates the machine kVA and voltage base using the data you enter in the first
subview of the Component Editor. The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work
(output) when entered as horsepower, but in equivalent electrical units of work (input)
when entered as electrical quantities of kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to
convert horsepower to electrical units of work, and power factor is used to convert kW to
kVA. If the rated kVA base in the IEC Contribution subview is zero, then PTW calculates
Reference Manual
the equivalent kVA base from the machine rated size shown in the first subview of the
Component Editor. If the rated kVA base is not zero, PTW will not change it, even if you
enter a revised rated size in the motors first subview. Also, if the rated voltage is not zero,
PTW will not change it. Therefore, you may want to modify the rated machine kVA and
kVA base together; if you do modify them together, the kVA base will remain unchanged,
even if you change the rated size on the first subview of the Component Editor.
IEC_FAULT assumes the machine is salient pole if the X q does not equal the X d . Also,
the machine is defined as having a Series One or Series Two excitation characteristic as
follows:
Exciter Type
Excitation Limit
Turbine Generator
Series One
1.3
1.6
Series Two
1.6
2.0
The preceding table of Excitation Limits and machine types (turbine generator or salient
pole generator) is used along with Figures 17 and 18 in the Standard for calculating the
steady state contribution from synchronous machines. Fault current calculations for
unbalanced fault conditions follow the same procedures as for three-phase fault currents.
All three sequence impedance models (positive-sequence or Z1 , negative-sequence or
Z 2 , and zero-sequence or Z 0 ) are modeled.
The synchronous machine or motor can be grounded through an earthing impedance, and
this value is entered in ohms. PTW automatically multiplies the impedance value by three
when calculating the zero-sequence currents. Do not enter the earthing impedance as
three-times the actual impedance selected, since PTW will perform that calculation. The
default is no earthing impedance.
The positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedances of synchronous machines are
modified by the K G factor, as defined in Sub-Clause 11.5.3.6, Equation 36.
When calculating the steady-state short circuit current, you should identify whether or not
the machine should be considered a fault current contribution; by default, PTW does
consider the machine in the I k calculation. Also, the steady-state current is based on the
saturated reactance (Xd-sat) and the ratio of the I k to the machine rated current. The
default transient reactance is 1.6 pu on the machine base. Finally, the steady-state current
contribution of the machine is dependent on the type of excitation and the type of
machine, either turbine generator (round rotor) or salient pole generator; the default
assumes a Series One machine with a turbine generator. Thus, the excitation limit of 1.3
times the rated field voltage is used.
In order to fully model a synchronous machine, the rated size of the machine must be
defined, along with the power factor. Motors can be defined in the Component Editor as
either a single motor (the default) or as multiple motors. PTW will calculate the power for
multiple motors modeled at the bus.
Asynchronous Induction Motors
Asynchronous motor short circuit currents must also be modeled in PTW. The
Component Editor IEC contribution data boxes are shown in the following figure:
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-17
The rated current to lock rotor current ratio must be defined; the default is 0.17 pu on the
machine base. This is an impedance (vice reactance) value. The associated motor R/X
ratio must be defined; the default is 0.067.
The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work (output) when entered as horsepower,
but is in equivalent electrical units of work (input) when entered as electrical quantities of
kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to convert horsepower to electrical units of
work, and power factor is used to convert kW to kVA. If the rated kVA base is zero, then
PTW calculates the equivalent kVA base using the machine rated size as defined in the
first subview of the Component Editor. The number of pole pairs, combined with the rated
kW of asynchronous machines, is used to calculate the breaking current duty. If multiple
motors are modeled in a single motor object, PTW will model the MW/pp of each of the
individual motors which comprise the group. Asynchronous motors are modeled as deltaconnected.
IEC_FAULT calculates the Thevenin equivalent positive-, negative- and zero-sequence
impedance components independently, and lists these values in the input Report for the
associated contribution. The values may be modified by special factors as specified in the
Standard.
Reference Manual
The transformer may be earthed through an earthing impedance, and this value must be
entered in ohms. PTW automatically multiplies the impedance value by three when
calculating the zero-sequence currents. Do not enter the earthing impedance as threetimes the actual impedance selected, since PTW performs that calculation. The default is
no earthing impedance. The earthing impedance is modeled only on the star-connection.
A warning message is shown on the status bar if an earthing impedance is entered for a
non-star (delta connection). If the transformer is connected star-star, an earthing
impedance may be modeled on either or both sides of the transformer, unless the load flow
voltages are used instead of the Voltage Factors.
Transformer primary taps may be modeled. A negative primary tap raises the secondary
voltage. Secondary transformer taps are not modeled in IEC_FAULT. Taps will only be
considered if the IEC_FAULT Study Setup dialog box is set to model them. The driving
point voltages are defined by the Voltage Factors and are not modified by the transformer
tap settings.
Transformer off-nominal voltage ratios, as compared to the primary and secondary bus
system nominal voltages, are modeled when the Model Transformer Taps check box is
selected in the Study setup dialog box. Essentially, PTW will create a fictitious primary
and/or secondary tap to ensure that the voltage ratios are properly matched.
It involves the entry of single-line-to-easrth short circuit contribution data. PTW uses the
three-phase fault data and the single-line-to-earth fault data to calculate the positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence impedances from the following per-unit equations:
Z1 = Z 2
1.0
Z1 =
I f3
I fsle =
3 b1.0g
bZ + Z + Z g
1
Z0 =
3
I fsle
Z1 Z 2
Utilities often report available single-line-to-earth fault duties on an equivalent threephase rating apparent power basis, using the equation:
kVA 3 = 3 I fsle kVLL
12/4/2006
kVA1 = I fsle
IEC_FAULT 1-19
kV
3
where
kV
line-to-line voltage.
You cannot use the three-phase equivalent rating of a single-line-to-ground short circuit
contribution. If you do, PTW may attempt to calculate the zero-sequence impedance as a
negative value. The actual apparent power to be entered into PTW is the utility equivalent
single-line-to-earth duty divided by three. Enter the single-line-to-ground fault current
X/R ratio, not the zero sequence impedance X/R ratio.
1.3.7 Reports
For each fault location, IEC_FAULT reports:
I k ;
I kG of each machine;
NETWORK FDR
GEN 1
95% PF
GEN 2
75% PF
NETWORK BUS
Ik" 20.86 kA
Ip 58.13 kA
Ib 20.86 kA
Ik 14.86 kA
Reference Manual
T H R E E
P H A S E
I E C
9 0 9
F A U L T
R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ):
50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
NETWORK BUS
11.000 kV
Voltage (PU):1.1000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 397354. kVA Sk: 283064. kVA Ib asym.:
28.610 kA
Ik"(kA)
idc(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
20.856
27.698
58.134
20.856
14.857
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------GEN 1
6.887
9.147
19.198
6.887
6.464
NETWORK FEEDER
5.249
6.971
14.630
5.249
5.249
GEN 2
8.720
11.581
24.306
8.720
7.383
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to 11000. voltage--------NETWORK FEEDER
5.249
6.971
14.630
5.249
5.249
GEN 1
6.887
9.147
19.198
6.887
6.464
GEN 2
8.720
11.581
24.306
8.720
7.383
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------NETWORK FEEDER
NETWORK FEEDER
STATUS: FAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.010
GEN 1
GENERATOR
STATUS: NEAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.010
I"kG/IG rated:
1.31
u:
1.000
LAMBDA:
1.32
GEN 2
GENERATOR
STATUS: NEAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.010
I"kG/IG rated:
1.66
u:
1.000
LAMBDA:
1.46
Examine the short circuit current contribution from the network feeder. The short circuit
contribution is 100 MVA with an R/X ratio of 0.01. The network is serviced from
11 kV therefore the voltage factor is 1.1., based on Table 1 of the Standard. Using the
impedance of the network feeder from Equation 5a of the Standard:
ZQ =
cU 2nQ
SkQ
= 1.1
b11 kVg
100 MVA
= 1.331
The initial symmetrical short circuit current available from the network feeder is from Eq.
14, and is:
Ik =
=
cU q
3Zq
1.1 11 kV
3 1.331
= 5.2486 kA
The network feeder is defined as far from the network bus, thus I k , I b and I k are the
same value since there is no ac decrement.
Incidentally, if you run the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study on this example, assuming
a driving point voltage at the source of 1.0 pu voltage, the network feeder produces the
same short circuit current as calculated by the IEC_FAULT Study.
However, note that the magnitude of fault current generated by the two generators is
different than the fault current produced by the network feeder; each of the two generators
produces a different I k . Following are the reasons this occurs.
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-21
First, examine generator GEN 1. Note that the rated power factor of the machine is 95%
lagging. Using Equation 36, the generator K G factor is calculated as:
Un
c max
U rG 1+ X d sin rg
KG =
=
11
1.1
gj
= 0.83825
Thus, the short circuit current contribution from this machine is:
IK =
cU N
KG Xd
b g
1.1 1.0
0.83825 1.0
= 1.3122 pu A
=
100,000 kVA
311 kV
= 5248.63 A
The generator is directly assigned to the network feeder bus; thus, the generator is
considered near the fault location and the ac decrement must be considered. Note that for
this generator, I b is smaller than I k and I k is smaller than either I b or I k .
Because generator GEN 2 has a different power factor than generator GEN 1, the K G for
generator GEN 2 is different than that of generator GEN 1. This is why generator GEN 2
has a different (and larger) short-current current contribution to the network bus.The rated
current of generators GEN 1 and GEN 2 is:
Ir G =
100,000 kVA
3 11 kV
= 5248.63 A
6887.53 A
I r = 5248.63 A
= 1.3122
Reference Manual
This value is used to determine the breaking current, using Figure 16 of the Standard. The
factor is 1.0, since the ratio is less than 2. Therefore the breaking current is equal to
the I k .
I b = I k
= 1.0 6887.53 A
= 6887.53 A
The scalar sum of the three initial symmetrical short circuit currents is:
I k Bus = 6.887 + 5.249 + 8.720 kA
= 20.865 kA
This matches the reported complex value because the three contributions are nearly in
phase with one another.
The prospective initial power is:
Sk = 3 20,865 A 11 kV
= 397.6 MVA
NETWORK FDR
NETWORK BUS
TX1
TX2
CBL-0001
TX 1 SEC BUS
A portion of the Report is shown for a fault at transformer TX1 SEC BUS:
TX 1 SEC BUS
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk":
58062. kVA Sk:
58062. kVA Ib asym.:
85.105 kA
Ik"(kA)
idc(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
83.806
20.951
193.648
83.806
83.806
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS-----------------------------------------------
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-23
NETWORK BUS
55.871
13.967
129.099
55.871
55.871
TX2 SEC BUS
27.935
6.984
64.549
27.935
27.935
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to
400. voltage--------NETWORK FDR
83.806
20.951
193.648
83.806
83.806
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------NETWORK FDR
NETWORK FEEDER
STATUS: FAR, MESHED
R/X:
0.298
Clearly, fault current flows through two different paths from the same sourcetherefore
the system is meshed. Since the source is defined as a network feeder, its contribution is
always considered far and no ac decrement is considered. I k is calculated as 83.806 kA.
The complex form of the R/X ratio at this bus is 0.298, and the peak current is calculated
using the following equation from Method B:
I p = 1.15 2 I k
Therefore:
I p = 1.15 2 14208
.
83806
.
kA
= 193.65 kA
However, now the meshed nature of the network will be removed by placing cable CBL0001 out of service. The resulting Report is:
TX 1 SEC BUS
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk":
48925. kVA Sk:
48925. kVA Ib asym.:
72.165 kA
Ik"(kA)
idc(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
70.617
21.027
148.378
70.617
70.617
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------NETWORK BUS
70.617
21.027
148.378
70.617
70.617
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to
400. voltage--------NETWORK FDR
70.617
21.027
148.378
70.617
70.617
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------NETWORK FDR
NETWORK FEEDER
STATUS: FAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.248
The Report shows that first the R/X ratio decreased and the network feeder contribution is
non-meshed.
The calculated initial symmetrical short circuit current is reduced from 83 kA to 70 kA
and the calculated I p is now:
I p = 2 1.486 70.617 kA
= 148.38 kA
The 15 % safety factor is not used because contribution currents do not flow through
either a mesh or parallel branches between the source of supply and the fault point.
Reference Manual
GEN 1
NETWORK BUS
TX1
TX2
CBL-0001
TX 1 SEC BUS
The generator sub-transient reactance is set at 0.5 pu on its own base of 100 MVA. The
impedances of the branch impedance components are 0.5 pu on a 100 MVA base. The
Report for this case is:
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-25
TX 1 SEC BUS
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 183472. kVA Sk: 183472. kVA Ib asym.: 380.269 kA
Ik"(kA)
idc(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
264.820
385.941
749.023
264.820
264.820
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------NETWORK BUS
183.337
267.190
518.554
183.337
183.337
TX2 SEC BUS
81.483
118.751
230.469
81.483
81.483
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to
400. voltage--------GEN 1
264.820
385.941
749.023
264.820
264.820
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------GEN 1
GENERATOR
STATUS: FAR, MESHED
R/X:
0.017
I"kG/IG rated:
1.83
u:
1.000
LAMBDA:
1.46
The I"kG
IG
ratio is less than 2; therefore, the generator is considered electrically far from
the fault location. The breaking current and steady state current equal the initial
symmetrical current.
The machines X d is reduced to 0.3 pu, thereby increasing its short circuit capacity. A
portion of the Report is shown:
TX 1 SEC BUS
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 269468. kVA Sk: 163173. kVA Ib asym.: 534.882 kA
Ik"(kA)
idc(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
388.943
533.477 1100.097
379.210
235.520
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------NETWORK BUS
269.268
369.330
761.606
262.530
163.052
TX2 SEC BUS
119.675
164.147
338.491
116.680
72.468
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to
400. voltage--------GEN 1
388.943
533.477 1100.097
379.210
235.520
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------GEN 1
GENERATOR
STATUS: NEAR, MESHED
R/X:
0.027
I"kG/IG rated:
2.69
u:
0.969
LAMBDA:
1.63
IG
ratio is greater than 2 and the machine is considered electrically near the
fault location. The breaking and steady-state current are less than the initial symmetrical
current.
12/4/2006
PRI
WG1
PRI
PD-0011
TX3
F TX 3
C5
F5
TX C
F TX C
PANEL S1
016-H2A
SWBD 1
Subfeed #1
MCC 15A
C14
LVP1
010-MTR 10
L10
R G3
011-TX3 SEC
006-TX3 PRI
017-H1A
Subfeed #2A
PANEL S3
C16
LVP2
C6
C17
LVP3
M5
MCP5
F2
CB G1
R G1
029-TX D SEC
TX4
005-TXD PRI
C19
L1
013-DS SWG2
C7
M4
023-MTR 23
022-DSB 2
C12
TX6
012-TX3 TER
020-DS SWG3
C8
021-TX F PRI
TX 3WND
C3
G1
CB6
C2
R6
CB2
C1
CB5
R5
TX A
R2
CB3
R3
002-TX A PRI
TXL1
CB1
C9
G2
CB G2
R G2
M8
CB M8
R M8
M 28 # 1&2
M7
LVP4
C13 A
026-TX G PRI
024-MV SWG
027-DSB 3
M3
028-MTR 28
CB G3
G3
CAP #1
SW1
M10
M28 #3
M9
MCP
M28 #4
MCP M28 #3
L3
025-MTR 25
007-TX E PRI
028-MTR 28 B
LVP5
C13 B
TX G
F4
C10
CB M10
R M10
The following figure shows a portion of the Plant project, including IEC_FAULT results.
IEC_FAULT 1-27
I peak 19.81 kA
C10
C11
26-TX G PRI
Ib (asym) 8.61 kA
025-MTR 25
Ik" 7.78 kA
Ik" 7.80 kA
I peak 18.26 kA
SW M25
Ib (asym) 7.98 kA
F M25
MCP M25
I peak 18.16 kA
Ib (asym) 8.12 kA
TX G
M25
027-DSB 3
Reference Manual
P H A S E
I E C
9 0 9
F A U L T
R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ):
50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
027-DSB 3
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk":
20786. kVA Sk:
6819. kVA Ib asym.:
29.218 kA
Ik"(kA)
iDC(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
30.002
15.197
69.606
27.171
9.842
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------026-TX G PRI
21.704
10.356
50.126
21.663
9.842
028-MTR 28 A
4.154
2.016
9.446
2.686
0.000
028-MTR 28 B
4.154
2.827
10.051
2.828
0.000
The total bus initial symmetrical short circuit current is 21.867 kA, with the majority of
the current flowing from the network feeder. The motors connected in MCC 28 contribute
5.229 kA in short circuit current.
More details are provided if the Standard Report with Calculation Details Report format is
selected, as shown below:
T H R E E
P H A S E
I E C
9 0 9
F A U L T
R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ):
50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
027-DSB 3
0.400 kV
Voltage (PU):1.0000
Sk":
20786. kVA Sk:
6819. kVA
Ik"(kA)
iDC(kA)
ip(kA)
Ib(kA)
Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS
30.002
15.197
69.606
27.171
9.842
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS----------------------------------------------026-TX G PRI
21.704
10.356
50.126
21.663
9.842
028-MTR 28 A
4.154
2.016
9.446
2.686
0.000
028-MTR 28 B
4.154
2.827
10.051
2.828
0.000
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to
400. voltage--------U1
9.842
3.085
20.841
9.842
9.842
M8
1.461
0.815
3.407
1.461
0.000
G1
0.386
0.232
0.913
0.386
0.000
M25
4.595
2.831
10.911
4.595
0.000
M 28 # 1&2
4.154
2.016
9.446
2.686
0.000
M28 #4
2.077
1.413
5.026
1.414
0.000
M28 #3
2.077
1.413
5.026
1.414
0.000
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION---------------------------------------U1
NETWORK FEEDER
STATUS: FAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.240
M8
SYNC. MOTOR
STATUS: NEAR, NON-MESHED
R/X:
0.148
I"kG/IG rated:
0.26
u:
1.000
LAMBDA:
0.24
12/4/2006
IEC_FAULT 1-29
G1
GENERATOR
R/X:
0.137
I"kG/IG rated:
0.36
u:
1.000
LAMBDA:
0.34
STATUS:
FAR, NON-MESHED
M25
ASYNC. MTR.
R/X:
0.132
I"kM/IM rated:
1.59
MW/(pole pair):
0.802
uq:
1.000
M 28 # 1&2
ASYNC. MTR.
R/X:
0.170
I"kM/IM rated:
11.51
MW/(pole pair):
0.104
uq:
0.647
M28 #4
ASYNC. MTR.
R/X:
0.116
I"kM/IM rated:
5.76
MW/(pole pair):
0.104
uq:
0.681
M28 #3
ASYNC. MTR.
R/X:
0.116
I"kM/IM rated:
5.76
MW/(pole pair):
0.104
uq:
0.681
The third Report format, Time Varying Balanced Report, depicts the time varying nature
of the fault current at the bus, and the contributions in each branch. For a fault at Bus 27
the report is:
T H R E E
P H A S E
I E C
9 0 9
F A U L T
R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ):
50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
(A) TOTAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT
FAULT BUS
027-DSB 3
TIME
NOMINAL
V.(kV)
0.400
R/X OF
V
Ik"(SYM.RMS)
EQUIV.Z (PU)
(kA)
0.213
1.0000
30.002
(CYCLES)
ip(PEAK)
(kA)
69.606
0.5
2.0
5.0
33.701
28.524
25.384
1.182
25.200
24.870
5.752
1.013
21.134
21.132
0.413
1.000
Ik(RMS)
(kA)
9.842
12.5
18.119
18.119
0.001
1.000
R/X OF
EQUIV.Z
0.230
(CYCLES)
Ik"(SYM.RMS)
(kA)
21.704
Ik(RMS)
(kA)
9.842
0.5
2.0
5.0
25.098
21.684
17.873
1.157
21.060
20.896
3.701
1.008
19.437
19.437
0.233
1.000
R/X OF
EQUIV.Z
0.170
(CYCLES)
ip(PEAK)
(kA)
50.126
Ik"(SYM.RMS)
(kA)
4.154
ip(PEAK)
(kA)
9.446
12.5
17.947
17.947
0.000
1.000
Ik(RMS)
(kA)
0.000
0.5
2.0
5.0
12.5
4.167
3.383
3.441
1.232
1.971
1.909
0.692
1.032
0.790
0.790
0.028
1.000
0.079
0.079
0.000
1.000
R/X OF
EQUIV.Z
0.170
Ik"(SYM.RMS)
(kA)
4.154
ip(PEAK)
(kA)
10.051
Ik(RMS)
(kA)
0.000
Reference Manual
TIME
(CYCLES)
12/4/2006
0.5
2.0
5.0
4.507
3.466
4.075
1.300
2.283
2.070
1.360
1.103
0.915
0.909
0.152
1.007
12.5
0.092
0.092
0.001
1.000
Index
for machines, 1-16
A
ac Decrement, 1-3, 1-4
required in computer solutions, 1-7
ANSI Methodology
compared to IEC methodology, 1-3
Aperiodic dc Current Duty. See Decaying Aperiodic Component
of Short Circuit Current
Assumptions of the IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14
Asymmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current, 1-9
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
B
Breaking Current, 1-5
C
Computer Requirements
when solving short circuit current duties, 1-7
Contribution Data, 1-14
Conventional Short Circuit Methodology, 1-6
Correction Factor for Synchronous Machines
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
D
dc Current, 1-5
dc Decay, 1-3, 1-4
dc Offset Current, 1-4
Decaying Aperiodic Component of Short Circuit Current, 1-5
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Direct Axis Sub-Transient Reactance (Saturated) of Synchronous
Machine
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
E
Equations
for aynchronous machines, 1-7
for motor impedance, 1-7
for network feeders, 1-7
for synchronous generators, 1-7
used by IEC_FAULT, 1-7
Equivalent Voltage Source (rms)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Error Messages
IEC_FAULT Study, 1-18
Exciter Type
F
Factor for the Calculation of Breaking Currents of Asynchronous
Motors
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Factor for the Calculation of the Steady-State Short Circuit
Current
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Factor of the Calculation of Breaking Currents
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Far Status of Machines
in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14
Frequency (Hz)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
I
IEC Methodology
compared to ANSI methodology, 1-3
IEC Standard 909, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-7
calculating unbalanced short circuits using, 1-9
methods A, B, & C in, 1-5
terms, 1-6
IEC_FAULT Study
assumptions of, 1-14
contribution data, 1-14
definition of, 1-2
equations used by, 1-7
error messages, 1-18
examples, 1-19
far versus near considerations, 1-24
generator and network feeders, 1-19
meshed network considerations, 1-22
Plant project, 1-25
far status of machines, 1-14
line-to-earth, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-earth calculations,
1-10
methodology, 1-3
near status of machines, 1-14
network feeder modeling, 1-14
running the Study, 1-11
Study options, 1-11
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current (rms), 1-4
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
required in computer solutions, 1-7
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current at Asynchronous Motor
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
IEC_FAULT ii
Reference Manual
L
Locked-Rotor current of an Asynchronous Motor
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
M
Machine
exciter type, 1-16
Meshed Network. See Meshed Topology
Meshed Topology, 1-3
required in computer solutions, 1-7
Methodology
IEC_FAULT Study, 1-3
Methods A, B, & C. See IEC Standard 909
Minimum Time Delay
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
N
Near Status of Machines
in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14
Negative-Sequence Impedance. See Symmetrical Component
Impedance Network
Network Feeders
modeling in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14
Nominal System Voltage, Line-to-Line (rms)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Non-Meshed Network. See Non-Meshed Topology
Non-Meshed Topology, 1-8
required in computer solutions, 1-7
P
Peak Short Circuit Current, 1-5
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Positive-Sequence Impedance. See Symmetrical Component
Impedance Network
S
Salient Pole Generators, 1-9
in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-16
Short Circuit Current Breaking Duties, 1-9
Short Circuit Current Duty
computer requirements in solving, 1-7
of asynchronous motors, 1-9
Standard Terms. See IEC Standard 909
Steady State Contribution
for synchronous motors, 1-9
Steady State Current, 1-5
Steady State Short Circuit Current
calculating properly, 1-16
Steady State Symmetrical Short Circuit Power (Apparent Power)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Steady-State Short Circuit Current (rms)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Symmetrical Component Impedance Networks
positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence, 1-10
Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current (rms) Voltage
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
T
Terms. See IEC Standard 909
Thevenin equivalent, 1-7
Thevenin Equivalent Fault Point X/R Ratio, 1-4
Thevenin Equivalent Impedance, 1-8
Transformer
turns ratios, 1-7
Turbine Generators (Round Rotor), 1-9
Turns Ratios, 1-7
U
Unbalanced Short Circuits Calculation
using IEC Standard 909, 1-9
Q
Quadrature Axis Sub-Transient Reactance (Saturated) of
Synchronous Machine
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
R
R/X Ratio, 1-5, 1-19
required in computer solutions, 1-7
Rated Current of Asynchronous Motor
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Rated Current of Synchronous Machine
12/4/2006
W
Withstand Fault Duty, 1-2