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2R
x
A viscous fluid flows in a long pipe of radius R and at an angle with respect to gravity. The
flow is driven by gravity, g, and the pressure gradient in the flow direction is zero.
a) (4p.) Show that at steady state the laminar, fully developed velocity profile is given by
r 2
u(r ) = U 0 1 e x ,
R
and determine the constant U0 if the fluid viscosity is and the density is .
b) (3p.) Calculate the volumetric flux, Q, in the pipe [m3/s].
c) (3p.) Calculate the frictional force from the fluid on the pipe walls on a length L of the
pipe.
3. (10 p.)
A cylindrical shell of radius a is facing a free stream with velocity U at large Reynolds
number. At the top of the shell there is a small hole in the shell which evens out the pressure
between the interior and exterior flow at this point. At steady state there is no fluid passing the
hole and the flow velocity inside the shell is zero.
a) (4 p.)
Assume the flow on the front part of the cylinder is well described by 2D irrotational flow
theory and calculate the pressure in the interior of the shell. The complex potential of the flow
exterior to the shell is given by
F ( z) = U ( z +
a2
).
z
The origin of the coordinate system is at the centre of the shell and you may neglect effects of
gravity. The pressure far away from the shell is p .
b) (6 p.)
Calculate the total force (per unit length) on the front part of the shell (i.e. the left half facing
the free stream) under the same assumptions as in a).
Hint:
dF
(u r iu )e i
dz
4. (10 p.)
a) (2 p.) Make a physical interpretation of each of the terms in the equation
De
= p u q +
Dt
where
2
u 1 u
uk
1 u
, eij = i + j ij k ,
q = kT , = 2 eij eij + B
2 x j xi 3 xk
xk
and where e = cvT for a thermally perfect gas.
h
u(y)
-h
d) (4 p.) Calculate the time evolution of the space averaged temperature, Taverage (t ) , for the
flow in c). Taverage (t ) is defined by
Taverage (t ) =
1 h
T (t , y )dy .
2h h
5. (10 p.)
Consider the laminar boundary layer of an incompressible fluid at a flat plate, x 0 , with free
stream velocity, U , parallel to the plate.
a) (3 p.) State what simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equations are done in the so called
boundary layer equations. State also the boundary conditions of these equations.
b) (5 p.) Suppose we approximate the velocity profile with
U (2 ); 1
y
u ( x, y ) = {
=
U ; 1
(x)
This approximation does not satisfy the boundary layer equations. Determine (x) such that
the approximated velocity field, u(x,y), fulfills at least the condition
x
xy ( y = 0)dx = U ( x) ,
2
where by definition
u
0U
( x) =
u
1
U
dy .