Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Brazilian Portuguese
A GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN
BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE
by Earl W. Thomas
NASHVILLE
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS
1974
1915-1993
469'.798
ISBN Q-8265-1197-X
74-16228
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Professor Alex Severino, my colleague, and Mrs. Severino, and Professor
Alfred Hower ofthe University of Florida, who read the preliminary draft of this book and
made numerous important suggestions and corrections.
My students in the Intensive Portuguese Course of
Contents
Introduction
1
Rules for Writing Brazilian Portuguese ............... ................ 2
Syllabification
.
.
.
2
Stress
. .
.
3
Written accents
.
.
4
Pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese ....... . ............ . . ........ 4
The vowels . ........................ . . ...................... 4
Sounds represented by the vocalic letters ................... ......... 5
The diphthongs
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
6
The consonants
..
...
.
7
Conventional Signs Used in this Text
..
. ..
..
. .
10
.
Lesson I
1. The noun
............. ................................. 11
2. Gender of nouns
3. Plural of nouns
. .
.
11
.
.
.
.
...
. .
.
..
11
12
12
12
Lesson II
8. Regular verbs, first conjugation
9. Personal pronoun subjects
.
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.
..
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. .
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14
14
.............. . ........................ 15
Lesson III
13. Progressive form of verbs
..
.. ..
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.. 17
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17
. 17
.... . ............ 17
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18
18
vii
Lesson IV
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Lesson V
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Lesson VI
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Irregular verb ir
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
29
Uses of ir
29
Prepositions para and a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Uses of para and a
. . . . . . . .
.
30
Definite article with names of languages
.
30
Lesson VII
37.
38.
39.
40.
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26
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27
Lesson VIII
4 I. Irregular verb fazer
.
42. Uses of fazer .
. . . . . .
4 3 . Estar and weather
.
.
44. Demonstratives
4 5 . Contractions with demonstratives
46. The negatives
. . .
. .
.
Lesson IX
47.
48.
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34
37
38
38
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39
Forms of querer .
41
. 41
Preterit tense
. . . . .
. . .
. .
. .
Uses of the preterit
.
. . .
41
Preposition por
. .
.
42
51. Some uses of por . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
.
.
42
52. Possessive adjectives and pronouns, third person
.
Lesson X
53.
54.
55.
56.
.
45
Forms of dar
.
. . . . . .
. .
Uses of dar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Irregular preterits .
'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Radical-changing verbs, first conjugation
.
. . .
46
.
viii
Lesson XI
57. Forms of poder
............ , ............................ 49
59. Simple present for the future. . .. .. .. ... ..... .... .. ...... ... .. 49
60. Personal pronoun objects, first persc)fi
61. Placing of pronoun objects
. .
.
. .
50
53
Lesson XII
62. Forms of pr
67. Object pronouns se, lhe, lhes . ... ... ... ... .. .. ... .. ........... 55
Lesson XIII
68. Forms of dizer
69. Uses of dizer
.. .
.
57
........................................... 57
..
.
.
..
...
.
.
. . .
.
. .
58
58
58
...................... 59
.
. .. ..
.
59
Lesson XIV
75. Forms of ver
62
. .
-62
63
63
63
66
Lesson XV
80. Saber and caber
81. Uses of saber and caber. ........ . ..... .... .. .... ... .. ...... 66
.
. .. .
..
.
..
67
67
. 68
Lesson XVI
86. Preposition a
..
87. Preposition at
......
..
....
. ....
..
71
71
88. Preposition de ... .... ... ........ ... .. ... ............. .... 71
89. Preposition em
..
. .
.
. 72
Lesson XVII
90. Forms of vir
91. Uses ofvir
.
.
. ...
.
ix
..
.
75
75
Lesson XVIII
95. Verbs irregular in one form pedir ouvir, perder, valer
96. Preposition para
97. Preposition por
-
.. .
.
.
.
. . .
Lesson XIX
98. Forros of ler and crer
.
.
99. Forros of present subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 00. Subjunctive of will
.
.
.
.
1 0 1 . Notes on spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Lesson XX
1 02. Forms of trazer
.
1 03. Radical-changing verbs, third conjugation
.
Lesson XXI
104. Reflexive verbs
. .
1 05. Uses o f reflexive verbs
1 06. Omission of reflexive objects
1 07. Equivalents of the subject one
1 08. Cardinal numbers above 1 00 .
1 09. Ordinal numbers
.
.
.
83
83
84
84
87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
79
79
80
91
91
. . . 92
92
. . . 92
. . . 93
Lesson XXII
1 1 0. The personal infinitive
. .
.
96
1 1 1 . Use of the personal infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
1 1 2. Radical-changing n6uns and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
.
Lesson XXIII
1 1 3. Irregular present subjunctives
1 1 4. Subjunctive of emotion
. .
1 1 5 . Past participles
.
1 1 6. Irregular past participles
1 1 7. The passive voice
. . . .
.
.
.
.
Lesson XXV
1 22. Ve rbs rir and sorrir
1 23. Forros of imperfect subjunctive
1 24. Use of imperfect subjunctive
1 25 . Subjunctive in adverb clauses
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. . . .
.
Lesson XXIV
1 18. Verbs in -air
.
.
1 1 9. Subjunctive with impersonal expressions
1 20. Infinitive with impersonal expressions .
1 2 1 . Subjunctive of doubt or disbelief
.
.
. . .
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. .
. 101
1 02
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. 1 02
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1 02
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_
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1 07
1 07
1 07
1 07
111
111
111
1 12
Lesson XXVI
126. Forms of haver
127. Uses of haver
128. Futurity
.
.
. .
.
..............................117
..
116
117
118
118
123
123
Lesson XXVII
131. Verbs in -duzir
132. Perfect tenses
...
. . .
.
.
.. ..
125
129
129
130
130
131
.124
Lesson XXVIII
135. Verbs in -ear
... ... . . .
.
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.
. .
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..
..
Lesson XXIX
140. Subjunctive with relative adverbs
141. Subjunctive wi th talvez
. .
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. ..
...... . .. .
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..
.
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.
134
134
135
135
.. . 135
.
Appendix
145. Conjugation of regular verbs
....
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139
.................141
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141
141
....143
144
149
.149
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xi
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..... . .
.
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. ...
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150
. ... 150
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. 165
.
Introduction
Portuguese is the language of Portugal,including a large part of the people of its African and
Asiatic territories,and of Brazil. There are also nuclei of Portuguese speakers in the former
Portuguese territories in India and Indonesia and the United States. It is the language of more
than 1 10,000,000 people and is thus one of the principal languages of the world.
There are several dialects and regional variants of Portuguese,as of most other languages.
The most notable differences are found within Portugal and some of its older overseas terri
tories. But the most important differences to the student of the language are those between the
Portuguese of Portugal and its overseas provinces on the one hand and that of Brazil on the
other. The pronunciation of Brazil is in some respects more archaic than that of modem
Portugal, in others more innovative. The forms of verbs,nouns, and adjectives are generally the
sarne in the two countries. But there are considerable differences in vocabulary and in syntax,
especially in the spoken forms of the language. Within Brazil there are also regional differences,
especially in pronunciation. However, Brazilians from any part of the country have no diffi
cuIty in understanding people from any other region.
The speech of east central Brazil, of which Rio de Janeiro is the principal center, is used as
the basis of the present text,for several reasons. It is the speech with which most North Ameri
cans are likely to have contact. It is ais o the type of speech which has most influence- within
Brazil. The student is not likely to have difficulty with the speech of any region if he has be
come accustomed to that of Rio.
Any language which possesses a highly developed literature will show a number of differences
between the language of books and the speech of the average educated person. ln the Portuguese
of Brazil the differences are rather large. Contrary to popular belief,the spoken language is
usually more complex and more difficult for foreigners. However,a rather large proportion of
American students of Portuguese will want to make use of it in oral communication. Besides,
thorough learning of any present-day language is best acquired through oral leaming of the
normal spoken language. For these reasons, this text is based on the language as it is spoken by
Brazilians of moderate education (and largely by the most highly educated as well), even in
some cases in which those forms or constructions are not accepted by authorities on normative
grammar. When the usages of literary writing differ from the forms given here, it is felt that
they can best be leamed later, in courses on composition. Thus, this text makes frequent ref
erences to the usages of BF (brasileiro falado, spoken Brazilian Portuguese).
For the sarne reasons,the vocabulary,both in Portuguese and in English,attempts to give
the words and idiomatic constructions most used in speech. Thus in English, the verb "arrive"
is given as the equivalent of chegar, but also o'her translations which are more frequent in
spoken English, e.g., "come," "get here," etc. Sirnilarily, the distinction between "Let's go"
and "Let us go" is maintained, although literary English blurs it.
An important innovation of the present text is the order of presentation. ln spite of all the
attempts of writers of texts for the study of modem languages to introduce radical new
1
methods in recent years, practically all of them present the tenses of the verbs more or less in
the "logical" order developed by the Roman grammarians. This is a reasonable order for the
study of one's own language, but it is not the order of need in any foreign language-an order
which varies somewhat from one language to another. The present writer has had considerable
opportunity to observe the order in which the Brazilian child learns the forms of his verbs, an
order which is undoubtedly dictated by the necessities of everyday speech. For example, after
the infinitive and the present indica tive (both sim pie and progressive), the Brazilian child learns
the preterit rapidly, then the future subjunctive. He uses this last tense with great ease and
correctness at an age when he knows only a few forms of the imperfect indicative and is con
fused by the present subjunctive. On the other hand, he has very little use for the forms of the
future indica tive and the conditional, except in a few short verbs. This text therefore introduces
the future subjunctive early, but the future indicative and the conditional are presented much
later.
The case of the personal infinitive is somewhat different. It is a very popular form in speech.
It is somewhat difficult for the foreign student to grasp, however, since its use cannot be very
well covered by rules. It is also always possible to express any sentence correctly by using other
forms. But the usual place of the personal infinitive-near the end of the text-is too late for
effective learning through practice. Therefore, a compromise solution places this form some
what farther from the end.
This book does not assume that the instructor will use Portuguese exclusively from the
beginning of the course. The practce gained from using and hearing the language from the
beginning does not make up for the time which is necessarily lost in advancing through the
course. There is a considerable amount of oral practice found in the exercises from the be
ginning, if the instructor will require these exercises to be done orally, rather than in writing.
The reduced amount of practice in the early lessons will be more than made up in the follow
ing ones, as soon as the student has acquired the basic forms and enough vocabulary to say
something. The exercises are numerous and varied; the instructor may choose which he wishes
to use if he does not have time for all.
The text is planned for use in a three-hour course lasting two semesters. It is assumed that
a reading text will be introduced sometime before the end of the first semester, largely as a basis
of conversational practice. If reading is begun early, the assignments will necessarily be short,
so that the student can study them intensively and use the new words and expressions in oral
practice.
By rnidyear or thereabouts it should be possible to switch completely to Portuguese for
everything but grammatical explanations, with good comprehension on the part of the students,
as well as with reasonable ability to make brief answers in Portuguese. The three-hour, two
semester course in which this text is used serves to prepare students to take courses in language
and literature given wholly in Portuguese.
Syllabification
Words are divided into syllables according to the following rules:
1 . A single consonant always goes with the following syllable. ln pronunciation, this applies to
o animal o a-ni-ma-l. The
fmal/ of anima/ has, therefore, the sound of an initial/, rather than that of final/o
r, I,
or consonantal
u,
3. Any other group of two consonants is divided, one forming part of the preceding syllable,
the other going with the following: ai-to, ar-de, es-te.
4. Groups of three consonants are always made up of s or x (pronounced like s,) a stop, and
I, r, or consonantal u. ln this case the first consonant is a part of the preceding syllable, the
other two of the second : Ias-tro, ex-tra, res-guar-do.
5. The consonants p, g, b, d, and t before a stop consonant, initial p before s, b anywhere be
fore s, and c before stops in some words, require a vowel i to be pronounced after them, and
form a separate syallable in pronunciation. This vowel is not written, but is universally pron
nounced p(i)neu, ap(i)to, ob(i)ter, ad(i)mirvel, arit(i)mtica, dig(i)no, p(i)sicologia, ob(i)servar,
ac(i)ne.
6. dj, ti, ch, lh, and nh represent single consonant sounds, and go with the following syllable in
Stress
1. Words which end in a single vowel a, e, or o, or in one of these letters followed by m, s, or ns,
are normally stressed on the next-to-last syllable: fala, falam, come, homem, homens, coco, cocos,
rio, Maria.
2. Words which end in a single vowel u or i, or in one of these followed by m, s, or ns, are
normally stressed on the last syllable: peru, perus, comum, comuns, quali, quatis, assim, sagins.
3. Words whose final syllable contains a diphthong, oral or nasal, or a diphthong followed by
s, are normally stressed on the last syllable: comeu, falei, mingau, papai, papis, irmo, capites, .
lies.
4 . Words which end in any consonant except m or sare normally stressed on the last syllable:
papel, falar.
Written Accents
1. The accents used in writing Portuguese are the circumflex, the acute accent, the grave accent,
and the tilde.
2. The tilde is written over certain vowels and diphthongs to indicate nasality. They aIs o indi
cate the stress, unless another accent is written on the word: irm , irmo, lies, pes, rgos,
bnos.
3 . The circumflex accent is written over the close pronunciations of the vowels a, e, o, when
circumstances require a written accent.
4. The acute accent is written over the open sounds of these letters, and over u and i, when
circumstances require the use of a written accent.
5. The grave accent does not indicate stress. It is used over the letter a in certain cases to show
that the word is a contraction.
The accents are written in the following circumstances:
1. Over the vowel of a monosyllable which is stressed in the sentence: v, l, ps, ns, s, p,
p, etc.
2. Over final a, e, or o, followed or not by m, s, ns, when the final vowel is stressed: av, av,
3.
than
or
s,
4. Over a stressed vowel when it occurs in the third syllable from the end: constncia, inde
6. The circumflex
vo, vos, perdo.
7.
The circumflex accent is written over certain third-person plural verb forms whose corre
8.
vem
(s.
v).
or
i when it
vowel, but forrns a separate stressed syllable. However, the accent is omitted before nh, and be
fore I,
but
9.
The following words have a written accent to distinguish them from other words otherwise
1 0.
Cf.
Cf.
pode, present
por, preposition
para, preposition
pelo, contraction
pelo, contraction
polo, archaic contraction
The grave accent is used to distinguish contractions of the preposition a with the feminine
forms of the definite articIe, or with ali forms of the demonstrative aquele, from these words
when not contracted. This accent never indicates stress.
, s, quele, quela,
preposition a.
II. The dieresis is used over the letter u preceded by g or q and followed by e or i, when u is
pronounced:
The vowels
There are seven oral and five nasal vowel sounds used in Portuguese, with variants of some of
them used in certain positions in the word.
1.
2.
When followed by
or
lies.
3 . When stressed and followed by m or n, even though these consonants begin a new syllable
and are pronounced as consonants, e.g., mano, teme.
4. Always before nh, e.g., tenho, manh, senhor.
5 . Optionally, if unstressed and both preceded and followed by m or n, e.g., menino, mame.
e 1 . Close e, similar to English e of they, but without the sound ofy. It is more elosed than any
pronunciation of this letter in Spanish, and must be elearly distinguished from open e (2, be
low). It occurs in stressed syllables of some words and is the most usual sound of this letter
when it precedes the stressed syllable . Examples: l, medo, verde, invejar, querer.
2. Open e is midway between the vowels of English bed and bad. I t occurs frequently in the
stressed syllable (one must learn whether a stressed e is open or elose). It occurs in unstressed
syllables in the following circumstances :
a. ln augmentatives and diminutives formed from words having open e in the stressed syl
lable. Examples: velhinho, from velho, pezo, from p.
b . ln adverbs in -mente formed from adjectives having this vowel in the stressed syllaOle.
Example: completamente.
c. ln the syllable or syllables preceding open e in the stressed syllable. Example: perereca
(alI three e s)
'
doce, leite.
1. The usual pronunciation is similar to English ee of meet. It is somewhat more tense than in
English and pronounced farther forward in the mouth. Cf. Spanish or French i. Vi, si, fizesse.
2. Unstressed before a vowel, i usually represents the sound of Englishy. Iate, ia-i, iara.
5
3. Unstressed between vowels, i is often doubled, one part forming a diphthong with the pre
ceding vowel, the other pronounced like English y. Saia, bia, caio.
4. Nasal f, the first sound above, nasalized. Fim, lngua, findar.
o
1. elose o, sinlar to English o in obey. It is found in stressed syllables in many words, and is
the most usual value in unstressed syllables, except the final one. Pr, vov, ovelha.
2. Open o, sinlar to the vowel of English ought. It occurs in the stressed syllable of many
words (one must learn whether the o of a stressed syllable is open or elose). ln syllables pre
ceding the stress, it is found in the following circumstances:
a. ln augmentatives and diminutives formed from words having this vowel. Copinho (from
copo),olhinhos (from olhos).
b. ln adverbs in -mente based on adjectives having this vowel. Somente (frem s).
c. ln syllables preceding stressed open o. cot, forrobod.
This vowel is also used in the word dona, even though it is stressed before a nasal con
sonant. This is a unique case.
3. Like Portuguese u in the following cases:
1. Usually like the 00 in English root, but with the lips more rounded. Tu, puro, rural
2. Unstressed before a vowel, and especially following g or q, and followed by a or o, like
English w. U, Uaups, guarda, quatro.
3. Nasal , the first sound given above, nasalized. Um, conjunto, fumo.
The diphthongs
There are numerous diphthongs in Portuguese, both oral and nasal. They are formed by a
combination of two vowels pronounced in one syllable. ln each case, the second vowel is u or i
and unstressed. The first, or stressed vowel should be pronounced elearly, with the quality de
scribed in the presentation of the vowels.
The oral diphthongs are:
au
ai
pai, aipim
eu
ei
sei, leite (with elose e). Note: The glide vowel i is usually lost in the suffix -eiro, -eira, and in
unstressed syllables.
iu
ou
sentiu, viu.
vou, sou. Note The pronunciation is as in English know in stressed syJlables. It is usuaJly Iike
Portuguese close o (without the u) in unstressed syJlables. It is usually pronounced u when
unstressed in the preterits and derived forms of saber, caber, and trazer.
oi
i
ui
This diphthong is written -am when it is unstressed in the final syJlable of a verb formo Po,
co, capito, falam.
This diphthong is also written i in the interior of a few words. Me, pes, capites, cibra.
-em
(pronounced i). Written en before final s. It is found only in the last syJlable of a word, and
may be stressed or not. Tm, tm, bens, comem
oe
ui
This diphthong occurs only in muito, an archaic short form of it, mui, and in variant pronuncia
tion of a few other words.
The consonants
b
Similar to its sound in English. Do not pronounce intervocalic b as in Spanish. Nabo, roubo,
bobo.
Brazilians never end a syJlable in b, although many words are so written. They add a vowel i,
forrning anOlher syllable. Abstrato, substituir, sob, abnegado.
This is used only b efore a, o, or u and has the sound of s . Ao, aude, Aores.
ch
1. Similar to the English d, but with the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth. Do not
pronounce intervocalic d as in Spanish. Dado, dedo.
2. Before the sound i (however it is written, or even if it is not written) like English j. This
sound is not used in many parts of Brazil, nor in Portugal. Digo, bode, admirao.
This is also the sound of the combination dj. Djacir, adjetivo..
This consonant may not end a syJlable in Brazilian pronunciation. When it is so written, a vowel
i foJlows it, forrning an extra syllable. Admirar, advir.
2. Before any other letter, like g in English go. Do not pronounce intervocalic g as in Spanish.
Grande, glria, garra. G does not end a syllable in pronunciation. Where it is so written, a vowel
i is added, but without affecting the pronunciation of g. Digno, significar, dogma.
gu
1. Before e and i, like gingo. ln a few words, a trema above the letter u indicates it is to be
Silent in ali cases, except as a part of the digraphs ch, lh, nh.
lh
1. Like Spanish II in Old Castile. Similar to /li of English million. Do not use the pronunciations
2. At the end of a syllable, m is not pronounced as a consonant, but merely nasalizes the pre
ceding vowel, Bom, bamba, falam.
2. At the end of a syllable, but not at the end of a word, it is not pronounced as a consonant,
but merely nasalizes the preceding vowel. Canta, onze . However, it is usually pronounced in the
verbal ending -ndo. Falando.
3. ln final position in the word it may be pronounced as a consonant or it may merely nasalize
the preceding vowel. psilon, hfen, clon.
nh
1. At the beginning of a word, like Spanish fi, similar to ny in canyon. Nhame, nhoque. Some
regions of Brazil do not use this sound initially, replacing it with consonantal i. lame, ioque.
2. Between vowels, like nasalizedy. Manh, cunha. The vowel which precedes it is also nasal
ized.
p
qu
1. Before e or i, like English k. But if a dieresis is written over u, the prounciation is like
kw. Many words vary from one region to another. Quero, quis, freqente, qesto or questo.
2. Before a or o, like kw. Quatro, quota.
8
1.
ln initial position, when written double between vowels, or after n, I, or s, most of Brazil
uses a pronuneiation whieh may approximate any of the varieties of Spanish j. The four southern
most states of Brazil and most of Portugal use instead a strong trill of the tip of the tongue, like
Spanish initial or double r. Rio, carro, guelra, Henrique, Israel.
2.
When written singly between vowels, it is pronouneed with a single stroke of the tip of the
tongue against the upper gums. It is very siITlar to English d, exeept that the tip of the tongue
is eurved to produee the typical r quality. Pra, caro. This is the sound of Spanish r in this posi
tion.
3. At the end of a syllable, i.e., before a eonsonant, either the first pronuneiation given in (1)
above, or that given in
(2) may be
4. At the end of a word, either of these pronunciations may be used. However, most Brazilians
do not pronounee a final r at aIl. Falar, vir, conhecer.
1.
At the beginning of a word, foIlowing a eonsonant (with a few exeeptions), or written double
between vowels, s has the sound of EngIsh s in sink. Senso, passo, observar.
2.
z.
Caso, coisa.
3. ln final position, not followed by another word, like s in sink (in Rio and some other areas,
like a weak English sh). Homens, ns.
4. Before a eonsonant within a word or final before a eonsonant in a following word, it varies
aeeording to the type of eonsonant which follows. Before a voiceless eonsonant (e, f, p, q, s,
t, eh, x), like s in /ist (in Rio and some other areas, like a weak sh). Risco, caspa, esquilo, as
camas, trs coraes.
Before a voieed eonsonant (b, d, g,j, 1, m, n, v, z), like English
6. ln the prefix trans before a vowel, and in the word obsquio and its derivatives, like z.
Transao, obsequiar.
sc
t
1.
Similar to English t at the beginning of a syllable, exeept that the tip of the tongue touehes
2.
Before the sound i (no matter how it is written, or even if it is not written), like the ch of
cheese. Pote, tive, aritmtica . ln many areas of Brazil this sound is not used, the letter being
pronouneed approximately the sarne in ali situations.
ti
This is a single eonsonant. The tongue assumes the position to pronounee t, but releases the air
behind it by separating the sides of the tongue from eontaet with the upper part of the moutl)..
Atlas, Atlntico.
in some of them,
Used only in foreign words and names, pronounced as in the language from which it is taken.
ln many cases it is necessary to indicate certain pronunciations which the spelling does not
clarify. These are indicated in the vocabularies of each lesson and in the general vocabulary be
tween slant !ines, thus IiI, l/, etc., to represent the stressed vowel.
The open sounds of the vowels e and o are indicated by the acute accent: l/, l/. The
closed sounds are represented by the circumflex accent: l/, l/.
Words placed in parentheses in the exercises are explanations, sometimes translations, of the
words given: He got there (arrived) at two o'clock.
Words placed in brackets are not to be translated: He went [over] to his friend's house.
A tilde placed OVeI a vowel between slant !ines indicates that it is a nasal vowel: imenso
/msuj.
10
Lesson I
1.
The noun. The Portuguese noun has gender and number. lt is either masculine or feminine,
and may be singular or plural. It has no case forms to express the usage as subject, object, etc.
Gender of nouns. The genders are simply classifications of the nouns which require agree
ment of adjectives and pronouns. The gender is obvious in most cases, from either the me.aning
or the formo Nouns which refer to male beings are usually masculine, and those which refer to
female beings are usually feminine, without regard to the form of the noun.
2.
man
woman
masculine
feminine
homem
mulher
The gender of other nouns is often easy to recognize from the formo Most nouns which
end in -a, dade, 'gem, or -o are ferninine: casa, universidade, viagem, aco. Those which end
in -o, -me, or stressed - are usually masculine: livro, nome, xar.
3.
PluraIs of nouns. Nouns have plural forms with which all articles and other adjectives must
agree. The usual sign of the plural is -s. However, the plural form sometimes embodies other
modifications in addition to the fmal S.
a. Nouns which end in a single vowel, oral or nasal, or in an oral diphthong (not a nasal diph
thong), simply add S.
livro
casa
irm
cu
book
house
sister
sky, heaven
livros
casas
irms
cus
books
houses
sisters
skies, heavens
b. Nouns ending in m change this letter to n before adding s; this change is purely ortho
graphical and has no effect on the pronunciation.
homem
jardim
man
garden
homens
jardins
men
gardens
4.
The defmite article. The Portuguese equivalent of the has four forms to express the two
genders, each in the singular and plural. The form must agree with its noun in gender and num
ber.
o homem
a casa
the man
the house
os homens
as casas
the men
the houses
a. Pronunciation of the definite article. The masculine forms are pronounced /u/ , /us/. The
-s of the plural forms is pronounced like the double s of kiss before a voiceless consonant
(c, f, p, q, x, s, t, and r) at the beginning of the next word. Before a voiced consonant (b, d,
g, j, I, m, n, v, z), or before a vowel, it is pronounced like English Z.
os homens /z/
as casas /s/
as mesas /z/
Beforej (or g when pronounced likej), x, eh, s, or Z. the final -s of the article is u sually ab
sorbed and not heard as a separate sound. Asjane/as, as xcaras, as chaves, os sacos, os zeros.
11
s.
Contractions of de and em with the definite article. These two prepositions form con
tractions with the various forms of the definite article. Those formed with de are obligatory;
those formed with em are optional, but are usual in speech.
em + o no /nu/
em + a na /na/
em + os nos /nus/
em + as nas /nas/
de + o do /du/
de + a da /da/
de + os dos /dus/
de + as das /das/
Examples: do homem
da casa
6.
of the man
of the house
ln summer
No vero
ln the house
ln the book
It is on the table.
It is on the wall
John is at school.
They are at home.
The possessive of nouns. Since the Portuguese noun has no case forms, possession is ex
pressed by the preposition de placed before the noun denoting the possessor. The phrase fol
lows the thing possessed.
7.
A mesa do professor
Vocabulary
Prepositions
de /di/
em
of, fram
in, on, at
Nouns
a aula /aula/
o professor //
a porta //
a cadeira /ra/
o estudante
a estudante
12
atrs de
perto // de
behind
near
Verbs
class, classroom
teacher, professor
door, doorway
chair
student
student
est
esto
Phrases
em casa
na casa
na cidade
at home
in the house
in town, in the city,
downtown
o livro
o homem
o jardim
a janela ll
a casa
o menino Irnil
a menina I mil
a cidade
a mesa ll
o portugus
book
man
garden, lawn, front
yard
window
house, home
boy
girl
city
table, desk
Portuguese
Exercise A. Practice saying these expressions at a normal speed; be able to give them in either
language on hearing them in the other:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I I.
12 .
1 3.
14.
15.
16 .
1 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25 .
Exercise B. Give the plural forms of the following expressions, pronouncing the S of the article
as indicated:
1.A aula Iz/
2. O menino Izl
3. A porta /s/
4. A janela l-I
5 . O homem Izl
6. A mesa Izl
7.A cidade l -I
8.O jardim 1-/
I I . O professor Isl
4. A janela da casa.
2. A porta da aula.
5 . A cadeira da estudante.
6. A porta do jardim.
13
Exercise D. Pronounce the following pairs of words, distinguishing the quality of the stressed
vowel:
//
//
//
//
seca
peco
governo
comeo
desprezo
vedo
teso
sede
rego
peso
seca
peco
governo
comeo
desprezo
vedo
teso
sede
rego
peso
porto
olho
gosto
posso
fosse
toco
boto
bordo
dose
fora
vov
porto
olho
gosto
poo
fosse
toco
boto
bordo
doze
fora
vov
Lesson II
8.
Regular verbs of the first conjugation. The infmitive (e.g., to speak) of the first conjugation has the ending -ar. There are six personal endings, corresponding to the three persons in
the singular and plural. However, the second person plural is completely archaic, never used in
conversation. The second person singular has only lirnited use, and it is not necessary for the
use of the foreign student. The complete conjugation, in ali six forms, is given in the Appendix,
but only the four forms usual in conversation in Brazil are given here. The third-person forms
are used for the second person, usually along with the new subject pronouns.
To form the simple present indicative, remove the infinitive ending -ar and add to the stern the
folIowing endings:
Falar
to speak
fal o
fal a
fal amos
fal am
I speak
you speak, he speaks
we speak
they speak
Important note: These forms are not used in BF to mean I am speaking, etc.
9.
The personal pronoun subjects. The forms of the personal pronouns used as subjects of
the verb are:
eu
voc
ele
ela
I
you (sing.)
he
she
ns
vocs
eles
elas
we
you (pI.)
they (masc.)
they ( fem.)
Voc and vocs are the familiar or intimate second-person subjects. The more formal will be
given later.
The subject it is not usually expressed. I f it refers to a noun, it may be expressed by ele or ela,
according to the gender of the noun.
The subject pronouns may be ornitted whenever the subject is clear from the contexto How
ever, they are used more often than in Spanish and may be used at any time, but are not
generally repeated immediately with a second verbo
14
10.
Conjugaton of the verb estudar in the simple present indicative, with subject pronouns.
Estudar to study
voc estuda
you study
ele estuda
he studies
ns estudamos
we study
vocs estudam
you study
eles estudam
they study
11.
1 2.
I study
eu estudo
eu estou
I am
ns estamos
we are
voc est
you are
vocs esto
you are
ele est
he is
eles esto
they are
Plurals of nouns. Nouns which end in -r, in z or in -s preceded by a stressed vowel, add
-
o professor
a flor
as flores
o portugus
os portugueses
a voz
as vozes
Vocabulary
Nouns
o ingls pI. ingleses
Englishman, English
Jos /juz/
Joseph, Joe
o dia
day
Maria
Mary
a noite
night
a manh
morning
a flor //
flower, blossom
o rapaz
a voz //
voice
a moa //
o trem
train
"lady"
Preposition
with
a escola /6/
school
a gua
water
o leite
milk
mas /mais/
but
o caf
coffee; caf
e /i/
and
o caf da manh
breakfast
com
Conjunctions
Verbs
Adverbs
falar
speak, taIk
trabalhar
work
estudar
study
para l /pra l/
passar
l atrs
back there
brincar
play; "kid"
perto //
near, nearby
ficar
stay, remain ; be
depressa //
quick, fast
onde
where
atrs
back, behind
(permanently 10cated)
15
Expressions
Bom dia
Boa noite
Tomar o caf da manh
Good morning
Good evening; good night
Have breakfast, eat breakfast
Exercise B. Read for practice at a normal speed; be able to give the equivalent of either lang
uage in the other, orally :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
11.
1 2.
1 3.
1 4.
15.
1 6.
17.
18.
19.
20.
16
He is at school.
They speak English.
He drinks water.
Vou study English.
He works downtown.
He passes the city.
I stay at home.
Joe drinks coffee with milk.
Joe and Mary are in the classroom.
Good morning, Mary.
1 1.
1 2.
1 3.
14.
15.
1 6.
17.
1 8.
1 9.
20.
Lesson III
The progressive form of the verbo As in English, the simple and progressive forms of the
verb are carefully distinguished in BF, although not always in the literary language. There are
occasional differences between usages in the two languages, but they usually correspond
closely. The simpie form cannot be used in place of the progressive form in the spoken language
without constant misunderstanding, as in English.
13.
The progressive is formed with the auxiliary estar (also with some others in certain situations),
followed by the present participle (known as gerndio in Portuguese) of the main verbo The
present participle is regular in ali verbs, and simply replaces the -r of the infinitive with -ndo.
Contrary to usage in other situations, the letter n is pronounced as a consonant here . The pre
ceding vowel is nasal. The present participle is invariable in form, and cannot be used as an ad
jective.
to speak
to be
falar
estar
speaking
being
falando
estando
estou falando
I am speaking
Questions. ln most cases in Portuguese, a question which does not begin with an interrog
ative word is placed in the sarne order as a statement. Only the tone of the voice (or the ques
tion mark which is placed after the sentence in writing) indicates that the sentence is a questiono
No auxiliary, such as the English do, is needed in the simple present tense.
14.
1 S. The indefinite article. The equivalent of English a, an is um /ii/ (masculine) and uma
/uma/ (feminine). The m of the feminine form is sometimes lost in pronunciation, especially
before a word which begins with this sound.
um homem
uma menina (often /ua mininal)
a man
a girl
Contractions with the indefmite article. The prepositions de and em may form contrac
tions with the indefinite article, but they are not obligatory. Those with de are not usual in the
speech of Rio ; those with em are generally used.
16.
de + um = dum
de + uma = duma
A casa de um (dum) professor.
Ela est numa (em uma) aula.
em + um = num
em + uma = numa
The house of a teacher.
She is in a class.
17
1 7. Negation. The verb is made negative by placing the word no immediately before it. No
auxiliary such as the English do is used.
I don't speak.
We are not working.
No falo.
Ns no estamos trabalhando.
1 8.
The Portuguese equivalents of yes and no. ln order to express affirmation in Portuguese,
the verb of the question is repeated. The sarne tense is used as in the question, but the person of
the verb varies to fit the logic of the circumstances. No pronouns, either subjects or objects, are
used.
Voc trabalha na cidade?
Vocs falam portugus?
Eles tambm falam?
Trabalho.
Falamos.
Falam.
If the verb of the question consists of more than one word, only the auxiliary is used in the
answer.
Are the children playing? Yes.
ln answer to a question that does not contain a verb, the expression is usually (That's it).
Quente hoje, hein?
To answer in the negative, one may repeat the verb preceded by no or, more often, use no
alone.
No or no falo. Do you speak English? No.
Voc fala ingls?
1 9.
Emphatic affirmative and negative answers. To make an answer more emphatic, one may
say sim or no after the verb form which expresses the answer, i.e ., yes or no.
Falo, sim.
Trabalha, sim.
No f(llo, no.
Vocabulary
Conjunctions
Nouns
o tempo
o carro
a rua
a xcara
o amigo
a amiga
o copo //
o chapu
o sapato
. weather; time
car, automobile
street
cup
friend
friend
glass
hat
shoe
Adjectives
ruim
frio
quente
18
bad
cold
hot, warm
ou
que
or
that
Inte"ogative pronouns
que? o que?
quem? (s. & pI.)
what?
who?
Verbs
entrar (em)
achar
acabar
tirar
lembrar
lembrar a (Joo)
pensar (em)
Adverbs
bem
mal
muito
no
sim
well
badly, poorly
very; much
no; not
See 1 9
here
today
slow(ly)
Eh? Hunh?
from here
aqui
hoje / /
devagar
hein?/i/
daqui
Expressions
Eu acho or Eu acho que sim.
Eu no acho or Eu acho que no.
Eu acho que ele trabalha.
Eu falo com o menino.
Est bem.
Ele est bem.
I think soo
I think noto
I think he works.
I talk to (chat with) the boy.
O.K.
He is well or He is O.K.
5 . Of the friends
6. On the chair.
7. ln the shoes.
8. With the book.
9.
1 0.
11.
1 2.
At (the) school.
At home.
From the city.
Of the boy.
Exercise E. Answer the following questions with the equivalents of yes or no:
1 . Voc fica na aula?
2. Hoj e est quente?
3. Maria estuda muito?
4. Jos est trabalhando?
5. Ns entramos na casa?
9. Ns brincamos
1 0. Ele pensa.
1 1 . Ele tira o chapu.
1 2. Eu acabo o livro.
Lesson IV
20. Plurais of nouns and adjectives. Adjectives form their plurals in the sarne ways
thus, adjectives follow the rules given in the preceding lessons.
frio
wd
bom
falador
portugus
cold
bd
good
talkative
Portuguese
as
nouns;
pI. frios
audes
bons
faladores
portugueses
a. Nouns and adj ectives which end in -o generally form the plural by changing this ending
to es
-
a lio
a ao
mando
lesson
action
bossy
as lies
as aes
mandes
bread
dog
German
os pes
os ces
alemes
A few others simply add -s to the ending o These include, but are not entirely limited to,
nouns not stressed on the last syllable.
-
o irmo
a mo
o rfo
a bno
os irmos
as mos
os rfos
as bnos
brother
hand
orphan
blessing
b. Nouns and adjectives ending in -s after an unstressed vowel do not change for the plural.
o nibus
o lpis
simples
bus
peneil
simpIe
os nibus
os lpis
simples
c. Nouns and adjectives ending in -I which is not preceded by i drop the final -I and add -is.
o animal
o motel
o anzol
o paul
lateral
fiel
espanhol
azul
animal
motel
fishhook
swamp
lateral
faithful
Spanish
blue
os animais
os motis
os anzis
os pauis
laterais
fiis
espanhis
azuis
or o is open-obey the
d. Nouns and adjectives in -il change the ending to -is if the last syllable is stressed, but to
-eis if it is not stressed.
o barril
imbecil
fcil
til
os barris
imbecis
fceis
teis
barrei
imbecile
easy
useful
21 .
The feminine forrns of adjectives. Adjectives in frnal -o change this vowel to -a to form the
feminine. Most other adjectives have the sarne form in both genders.
aberto
doente
comum
azul
fcil
open
sick
common
blue
easy
fem . aberta
doente
comum
azul
fcil
-eu
bom
mau
Portuguese
Spanish
portuguesa
espanhola
fem. boa
m
21
The feminine form of the adjective is used to form adverbs by the addition of the suffix -mente,
which corresponds fairly closely with the formation of adverbs in English by the addition of -/y.
adv.
aberto
friamente
frio
22.
fcil
facilmente
comum
comumente
ser, to be.
eu sou
ns somos
ele
vocs so
voc
23.
abertamente
eles so
estar. These two verbs are both translated to be, but they are not inter
b.
c.
He is talking.
Ser is used whenever the expression represents a normal situation, a permanent quality,
um animal.
It is an animal.
Somos ns.
When the predicate is ao adjective, the choice is determined by the principIe given above.
Ele est doente.
He is ill.
Ele doentio.
He is sickly.
ln speaking of location, the determining factor is the same-whether or not the location is
fIxed and permanent.
O livro em ingls.
A porta est aberta.
A porta aberta pelo menino.
22
Eu sou rico.
I'm rich.
Joo casado.
rich.
now married.
24.
Ela bonita.
Omission of the indefmite article after ser. The indefinite article is omitted after ser be
fore an unmodified noun or adjective. If the noun is modified, the article is generally used, but
may be omitted if the two words are taken to be the expression of one single idea.
Ele ingls.
He is an Englishman. (or
He is a good student.
He is English.)
Portugal.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Verbs
a lio
lesson
ser
be (See
bread, loaf
jantar
23)
dog
guardar
brother
deixar
a irm
sister
hand
orphan
o nibus
bus
o lpis
peneil
o animal
animal
a tarde
afternoon
o papel //
paper
o motel //
motel
Prepositions
at
until
antes de
before
depois de
after
Adjectives
alemo, fem. alem
German
simples
simple
good
mau, fem . m
bad
fcil
easy
difcil
hard, difficult
aberto //
open
doente
sick, ill
rasgado
torn, ripped
casado
married
bonito
prettY
espanhol /l
Spanish
Expressions
Boa tarde.
Good afternoon.
At logo.
At amanh.
Till tomorrow.
23
Exercise A. Pronounce the following pairs of words, noting similarities and differences:
cara
vira
cera ll
lera Il
cada
vida
ceda ll
Ieda Il
lida
mudo
nada
lira
muro
Nara
1 1 . O homem simples.
1 2 . A cidade fica perto.
13. A lio difcil.
1 4. Voc fala portugus.
1 5 . O irmo est com a irm.
16. Eu janto com o amigo.
1 7 . O animal do alemo mau.
18. Ele guarda o papel na mo.
19. O menino acha que voc mau.
20. A porta azul.
Exercise C. Replace the underlined word with the words in parentheses and make alI other
necessary changes:
1. O irmo simples e bom.
2. Aqui o caf ruim.
3. O nibus est aberto.
4. A lio difcil.
S. Jos casado.
6. O papel est rasgado.
7. O livro difcil.
(irm, espanhis)
(leite, gua, escolas)
(porta, livros, mos)
(trabalho, portugus, aulas)
(os alemes, a estudante)
(lio)
(escola, professores)
Exercise D. Replace the blanks with the correct form of ser or estar.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
A porta
A escola
Jos
aberta.
na cidade.
um homem rico.
frio aqui hoje.
O professor
um homem.
em casa.
Maria
americanos.
Ns
A cadeira
atrs da porta.
O papel
rasgado.
Ela
uma menina bonita.
1 1 . O menino
1 2. A casa
1 3. Maria
1 4. O homem
1 5. O livro
1 6. Voc
1 7. Ns
1 8. O livro
1 9. Os rapazes
20. A casa
rfo.
azul.
..,
sentada.
jantando.
guardado hoje.
estudando?
casados.
em portugus.
na escola.
na cidade.
___
_
_
_
Lesson V
25.
Present indicative forms of the three conj ugations. The endings of the infinitive in the
three conjugations are respectively -ar, -er, and -ir. Note that the vowel of the second conjuga
tion infmitive is always l/o The forms of the simple present follow.
First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
falar to speak
eu falo
voc fala
ele fala
ns falamos
vocs falam
eles falam
comer to eat
como
come
come
comemos
comem
comem
abrir to open
abro
abre
abre
abrimos
abrem
abrem
The imperative: Portuguese possesses imperative forrns in the singular and plural. His
torically, they were used to give commands with the old second-person subjects tu and vs,
but only in the affirrnative. As stated previously, the plural vs is no longer used in the spoken
language anywhere, and the singular tu is comparatively little used in Brazil. But the imperative
singular is in common use with the subject voe, both in the affirrnative and the negative. The
form, for ali regular and most irregular verbs, is the sarne as the third person singular of the
present indicative. As in English, no subject pronoun is used, except for strong emphasis. If
used, the subject may precede or follow the verb o
Fala
Come
Abre
speak
eat
open
The verbs ser and estar have lost this form completely. One uses the subjunctive, respectively
seja and esteja.
The historical imperative plural is completely lost in BF, but a few short indicative plural forrns
are often use d. ln most instances, the meaning is expressed in the form of a request or a state
ment, rather than that of the imperative . The tone of voice in which the words are spoken will
often reveal them as a command. One expression so used is the question, Vocs querem? fol
lowed by the infmitive. The singular, Voc quer, can aiso be used thus instead of the impera
tive singular.
Vocs querem guardar os livros?
Vocs querem falar devagar?
25
27.
Questions with an interrogative word. ln general, when a question begins with an interroga
tive word, a subject may either precede or follow the verb, although there are cases in which one
or the other is more usual.
Very often, BF uses the interrogative word followed by the phrase que. The following clause
is then always arranged with the subject before the verbo
What are you eating?
Who leaves tomorrow?
If the verb consists of more than one word, the subject is always placed before it, either with
or without the use of que.
What are you eating?
28. Requesting assento To ask for agreement with a statement, the question no T is placed
after it. ln rapid speech, it is often pronounced /n/. ln English, the equivalent varies according
to the auxiliary of the verb of the statement.
Position of adjectives. Adjectives generally follow the noun in Portuguese when they are
used to distinguish one type of person or thing from another, i.e., are used objectively. They
precede when they express the opinion or feeling of the speaker, or call attention to a known
quality, i.e., are used subjectively.
o bom rapaz vai cidade.
Descriptive adjectives generally follow. Certain common adjectives which usually have a sub
jective meaning, e.g., good, bad, great, etc., are likely to precede. Demonstrative adjectives
(this, that) and adjectives of quantity practically always precede.
30. The formal second-person pronouns. The words voc and vocs are used in informal cir
cumstances. We may judge reasonably well when to use them if we reserve them for persons
whom we address by their first names. However, they are used much more widely than the
familiar forms are used in Spanish or French.
To address persons more formally-more or less those that we would address by their last names
with a title-we use the following: (The pronunciations indicated are those of normal, rapid
speech.)
o senhor / u sj/
os senhores /u sjris/
a senhora /a sjra/
as senhoras /a sjras/
masculine singular
masculine plural
feminine singular
feminine plural
Abbreviation: o sr.
os sres.
a sra.
as sras.
These words are also used as titles, with the articles omitted when one addresses the person
concerned.
Sr. Peres, ar sr. lvares est aqui?
26
Note that the title of an unmarried lady is senhorita (srta.), but that the pronoun you when she
is addressed is regularly a senhora.
Miss Peres, how are you?
The verb forms used with the formal modes of address are the sarne as those used with voc and
vocs-the third person singular and plural.
3 1 . Use of the second-person pronouns as objects. All the words used as subjects of verbs with
the meaning you, except the old forms tu and vs, may also be used as direct objects of a verb
or as objects of prepositions. They are placed in the sentence as if they were nouns. As direct ob
jects, they follow the verbo
I don't understand yOU.
Here I leave yOU.
Is he with you?
Is the car yours?
Who is behind you?
Eu no compreendo voc.
Aqui deixo o senhor.
Ele est com voc?
O carro do senhor?
Quem est atrs da senhora?
Vocabulary
Nouns
a pena
Joo
a xicrinha
o Brasil
pen (point)
a carta
John
a came
o arroz //
demi-tasse
Brazi! (use the article)
letter
meat
rice
Verbs
aprender (a)
learn (to)
usar
escrever!
partir (de)
write
depart (from), go
away, leave
marry, get married
(to)
eat
understand
abrir
vender
seU
quer? //
querem? //
casar (com)
comer
compreender
Note 1 . The third person forms of this verb have tlie vowel // in the stressed syllable.
Expressions
Escrever com pena.
Escrever a lpis.
Escrever mo.
Aprender a falar.
Eles casam amanh.
Ele casa com Maria.
Partimos da cidade hoje.
27
1 . Ns falamos portugus.
2. Ele deixa a cidade .
3. Elas escrevem cartas.
4. Eu como carne .
5 . Ele usa o lpis.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Eles casam.
Eu no compreendo voc .
Ele toma caf.
Eu abro a janela.
Eles vendem carros.
1 . Speak Portuguese.
2. Study the lesson.
3. Play with the boy.
4. Drink the coffee.
5. Finish the lesson.
6. Remember Mary.
7. Be good.
8 . Learn to speak.
9. Eat the breado
1 0. Wear the shoes.
1 1 . Work hard.
1 2 . Spend the day at home.
1 3. Stay here.
1 4. Come in.
I S . Take off the shoes.
1 6. Think of John.
1 7 . Put away the cups.
18. Write a letter.
1 9. Open the door.
20. SeU the caro
1 . Sr. Tavares,
quer jantar?
est
estudando
muito.
2. Amigo,
3. Srta. Carvalho, que que
toma?
aprende depressa.
4. Joo,
quer deixar o chapu aqui?
5. Professora,
esto aprendendo portugus, estudantes.
6.
escreve bem.
7 . Menino,
8. Sr. Gomes e sr. Carvalho,
trabalham muito.
, Jos.
9. Hoje eu janto com
1 0. Sra. Gomes, quem est com
?
Exercise E. Replace the blanks with the correct form of ser or estar:
1 . Onde
2. A carne
3 . A lio
4. A porta
Joo?
ruim.
difcil.
sempre aberta.
S. Ele
falando portugus.
alemes.
6. Os senhores
7 . Os papis
rasgados.
8. O irmo do rapaz
um menino.
28
1 . O rapaz bom.
2. O homem ale mo.
3. O sr. Gomes mau.
4. O menino grande .
5. O professor portugus.
6. O estudante espanhol.
7. O amigo ingls.
Lesson VI
32.
33.
ns
vocs
eles
vamos
vo
vo
Uses of ir.
a. This verb is used with the meaning to go and, as in English, often the present is used as if
it were a future tense.
Ele vai l todos os dias.
Eu vou cidade amanh.
The progressive form of ir is seldom used, and then only in special circumstances.
b. Ir is used like the corresponding verb in English, to form an expression which is an equi
valent of the future tense. As in English, it may or may not involve actual movement. But it
differs from English in that the progressive form is never used. It is not followed by a pre
position.
Eu vou comer.
Vou brincar l no jardim.
Vamos ficar aqui.
29
d. The first person plural is used to make a suggestion for action-the equivalent of English
let 's.
Vamos comer.
Vamos trabalhar.
No vamos partir hoje.
Vamos !
Let's eat.
Let's (go to) work.
Let's not leave today.
Let's go!
34.
The prepositions para and a. These prepositions form contractions with the articles. Those
of para are almost invariably used in speech, but are no! written.
para +
para +
para +
para +
o
a
os
as
pronounced /pru/
/ pra/
/prusl
Iprasl
para +
para
um
uma
pronounced Iprul
Iprumal
o
a
os
as
written ao
aos
s
pronounced lau/
lal
lausl
lasl
This preposition does not form contractions with the indefinite article.
3S.
a. ln addition to its meaning offor, para is frequently used where English would use to.
With the verb ir and other verbs of motion, para is used if the person is going to stay at the
place of his destination, or if it is his normal location. If the person is going to be there only
temporarily, a is used.
o americano vai ao Brasil.
b. Either of these two prepositions may be used to mean to with the indirect object, general
ly interchangeably. Para is more frequent in BF.
Escreve para (or a) Joo.
Write to John.
c. A is used for at with expressions of time. ln reference to place, the usual preposition is
em.
s duas horas.
Ele est em casa.
At two o'clock.
He is at home.
Use and ornission of the defmite article with the names of languages. The definite article
usually accompanies the name of a language.
36.
But it is ornitted when the name of a language follows immediately after the preposition em or
the verb falar. It is usually omitted also after other verbs which denote primarily mental acti
vity, although it is considered acceptable to use it in such cases.
Ele fala portugus.
Eles escrevem cartas em ingls.
30
He speaks Portuguese.
They write letters in English.
I am studying Spanish.
You speak Portuguese very well.
Note that in the phrase um livro de portugus, the article is omitted because de portugus is an
adjectival modifier. ln such cases the article would nearly always be omitted, before any noun.
Vocabulary
Nouns
a hora jj
o palet
a roa jj
a estrada
Adjectives
hour; o'clck
(suit-) coat
cultivated field;
the country
road, highway
Verb
procurar
Adverbs
pouco
mais
como
tambm
amanh
americano
brasileiro
obrigado
um, fem. uma
dois, fem. duas
trs
ruim (follows noun)
francs
branco
amarelo jj
preto j!
marrom jj
American
Brazilian
thank you
one
two
three
bad, poor
French
white
yellow
black
brown, maroom
Expressions
Um pouco.
Est na hora de comer.
Ele tambm no vai.
Joo da roa.
Em casa de Jos.
casa de Jos.
O trem parte daqui.
Vou partir da cidade.
Ele est com frio.
Ele est com o chapu.
Joo casa com Maria.
Joo e Maria casam.
A little (bit).
It's time to eat.
He isn't going either.
John is from the "sticks."
At Joe's (house).
To Joe's.
The train leaves from here.
I'm going to leave town.
He is cold.
He has his hat.
John marries Mary .
John and Mary get married.
Exercise B. Fill in the adjectives in parentheses, in the correct form and location with respect
to the noun underlined:
1 . (doente) Eu falo com um menino no hospital.
2. (americano) O Mississpi um granderio.
3. (dois) As mulheres partem hoje.
4. (preto) Ele est com um chapu.
S . (aberto) Estamos numa casa com duas janelas.
6. (rasgado) No guardo um papel.
7. (casado) Ela est com um1iinem.
8. (bom) Jos um menino.
9. (mau) Ele vai casar com uma moa.
1 0. (ruim) Eu no tomo o caf.
Exercise C. Read aloud in Portuguese, at a natural speaking speed:
1 . Ele vai para a cidade.
2. So sapatos para um homem.
3. Eu escrevo aos meninos.
4. Ela vai casar com o brasileiro.
5. Vou s duas horas.
6. Eu vou para a rua.
7. Para quem o chapu?
Exercise D. Read the sentences, translating the prepositions in parentheses and making con
tractions where needed:
i. Ele vai (with) voc.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lesson VII
37.
The irregular verb ter, to have. The present indicative of ter is as follows:
eu tenho
voc tem,
ele tem
ns temos
vocs tm
eles tm
The third-person form tm is pronounced like the singular. Both are used as imperatives.
38. Uses of ter. ln addition to the literal meaning, to have, to possess, tls verb has severaI
idiomatic usages.
a. Ter que (or ter de )
to have to.
have to work.
c. Tem, always singular and without an expressed subject, is used in BF to mean there is,
there are. Note that the noun wlch folIows is the object of the verb, wlch then does not
agree with it.
Tem meninos aqui? No tem, no.
d. Ali forms of the verb are used, folIowed by certain nouns, to denote conditions of the hu
man body or mind. Ter may be replaced in these expressions by estar com , which is more colIo
quiai in some of them, See the tist of such words given in the vocabulary of this lesson.
Tenho frio. (Estou com frio)
Temos calor. (Estamos com calor)
Ele tem muito medo.
am cold.
We are wann.
He is badly scared.
39.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns, first person. The possessive adjectives corresponding to
first-person subjects are:
Singular
Plural
meu my
minha my
nosso jl our
nossa Il our
Meu livro.
Minha casa.
Nosso amigo.
Nossas amigas.
The defmite article is often used preceding the possessive adjective. It may either be used
or omitted, without difference of meaning, except that in two cases it is not used:
a. ln direct address.
Meus amigos, como vo?
My cousin is an American.
As pronouns (when not accompanied by l'.ouns), the sarne words are used, always accompanied
by articles, except after forms of ser.
o meu, a nossa
mine, ours
ser there is a slight difference in meaning between the forms with and without
the article . The difference is really more of emphasis than of meaning and is not of great im
portance.
A casa branca minha.
ownership.)
40.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns, second person. The possessives which refe r to voc,
vocs, and also to the more formal subjects, o senhor, a senhora, and to their plural forms, are
the following (Note that these forms may refe r to any of these subjects.):
Singular
Plural
seu
seus
sua
suas
The article is used or omitted with these forms exactly as with those of the first person.
(o) seu livro
Your book
Your house
Vocabulary
Nouns
segunda-feira /si/
Monday
a igrej a //
church
tera-feira / /
Tuesday
a missa
mass
party
quarta-feira
Wednesday
a festa //
quinta-feira
Thursday
a professora / /
teacher
sexta-feira /s/
Friday
o filho
son
sbado
Saturday
a ftlha
daughter
domingo / du/
Sunday
a prova //
test; proof
a semana
week
Feira may be omitted in these words whenever the meaning is clear without it. The pluraIs
teras-feiras.
34
Preposition
Adjectives
grande
pequeno /pi/
todo //
Adverbs
geralmente
s
quando
a
generally
only
when
there (near you)
Numbers
quatro
cinco
seis
sete //
four
five
six
seven
em frente de
in front of
Adjective
o frio
o calor //
o medo
o sono
a fome
a sede //
a sorte //
o azar
a razo
a raiva
a pressa //
a vergonha
cold
hot
afraid
sleepy
hungry
thirsty
lucky
unlucky
right
angry
in a hurry
bashful,
ashamed
cold
heat
fear
sleep
hunger
thirst
luck
bad luck
reason
anger
haste
shame
manh
tarde
De noite
Nas segundas-feiras
Aos sbados
todo (o) homem
Todos os homens
Todo mundo
Todos
Que que ele tem?
ln the moming
ln the aftemoon
At night
On (every) Monday (nas with fem . days)
On Saturdays (aos with masco days)
Each man, every man
Every man, alI men
Everybody
AlI, everybody
What's the matter with him?
De
De
Leitura
Ns vamos s aulas seis dias da semana. Temos aulas de manh e de tarde, todos os dias, de
segunda at sexta. Aos sbados, s temos aulas de manh. Nas segundas, quartas e sextas temos
aula de portugus. Vamos aula com os livros, papel e lpis. Falamos portugus e escrevemos
um pouco. Nas sextas temos uma pequena prova. Nas teras, e nas quintas temos aula de ingls.
L temos que falar e escrever em ingls. Achamos o ingls mais difcil que o portugus. Aos
domingos muitos vo igreja.
Exercise A . Use of idioms with ter and estar com:
1. Voc est com frio hoje?
2. O francs est com calor.
3. Tem muitos brasileiros aqui?
4. Ele tem medo do co.
5. noite e estou com sono.
6. Quando estou com fome, como.
7. Ele est com sede, mas no toma gua.
8. Acho que vamos ter sorte hoje.
9. Voc tem azar com o professor.
1 0. Eu tenho razo , mas voc no tem.
(hoje, amanh)
(teras, quintas, etc.)
(um livro, uma lio)
(uma prova, uma flor)
( missa, igreja)
(pequeno, bonito)
(amanh, quarta)
(eu, voc)
_
_
_
_
36
6. (my) No tenho
7. (your) Vamos a
8. (ours) O nibus amarelo
lpis.
casa.
_
_
_
_
Lesson VIII
41.
ns fazemos
vocs fazem
eles fazem
37
42.
Uses of fazer. Tls verb has most of the uses of the two English verbs mentioned above.
However, it is neve r used as an auxiliary with another verb, and seidom stands for a previously
mentioned verb, like English do.
I do my work.
I am making coffee.
Do you speak Portuguese?
He doesn't speak Portuguese, but he does
read it.
Fazer is used in the tlrd person singular, the infinitive or the present participle, without an ex
pressed subject, followed by the nouns frio or calor, or by tempo and an adjective, to describe
the weather. Note that if one speaks of the weather as it is at the moment, the progressive form
of the verb is used.
43.
Estar with expressions of weather. Estar may be used impersonally, or with the subject
tempo, in either case followed by adjectives, to describe the sarne conditions of weather, as
well as others in wlch fazer is not used. Estar does not have a progressive formo
O
44.
The demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. There are three demonstratives, correspondo
ing to the three pe rsons of the pronouns and verbs. The forms are as follows:
Singular Masculine
Plural
Singular Feminine
Plural
Neuter
Pronunciation: Note that each gender is distinguished by different vowels, both in the fmal
syllable and the stressed one. The masculine forms alI have // in the stressed sylIable, the fem
inine forms all have //, wlle the neuter forms have li/o
45.
Contractions formed from the demonstratives. The prepositions de and em form con
tractions with the demonstratives.
naquele
desse
nesse
deste
neste
daquele
naqueles
destes
desses
daqueles
nesses
nestes
naquela
desta
nessa
dessa
daquela
nesta
naquelas
nessas
destas
dessas
daquelas
nestas
disto
naquilo
disso
daquilo
nisso
nisto
The preposition a forros contractions with aquele only. These contractions are pronounced like
the demonstrative alone :
quele, queles, quela, quelas, quilo
38
The preposition para forms contractions with aquele in pronunciation, but not in writing.
para
aquele
46.
The negatives. When a negative word is used following a verb, a negative word must pre
cede the verb o If no other negative precedes, then no is put before the verbo The position of a
negative word in the sentence is determined by its usage. Thus, if it is a subject, it will precede
the verb, etc. Adverbs may usually either precede or follow the verbo
No tenho nada.
Nunca falo com ele.
No falo nunca com ele.
Nem Joo nem Maria deixa a cidade.
I have nothing.
I never speak to him.
I never speak to him.
Neither John nor Mary leaves town.
Vocabulary
Verbs
Nouns
o tempo
o ar
o sol l l
a brisa
o cu
a neve ll
a chuva
a luz
a loja l l
a rvore
a esquina
weather; time
air
sun
breeze
sky ; heaven
snow
rain
light
shop, store
tree
corner
chover
nevar
brilhar
h
rain
snow
shine
there is, there are
Adjectives
nublado
fresco ll
chuvoso l/ , fem. &
pI. ll
brilhante
abafado
tanto
cloudy
cool, fresh
rainy
brilliant, bright
sultry
so much
Negatives
nada (pron.)
nenhum (adj . &
pron.)
f. nenhuma
ningum (pron.)
nunca (adv.)
nem (conj.)
nem . . . nem (conj.)
nothing
nO, none
no one
never
nor
neither . . . nor
at
as far as
Adverbs
sempre
always
to (with adj . or adv.) so
Expressions
Vou fazer uma viagem.
Faz favor de (falar).
Est ventando.
No h (tem) pressa.
Ele vai com pressa.
No est fazendo tanto calor.
No est to quente.
Exercise B. Put the following sentences in the progressive form, as indicated by the words given:
1 . Sempre fao meu trabalho.
2. Sempre faz calor aqui.
3 . Todo o dia ela faz caf.
4. O que que Jos faz?
5 . Ns fazemos uma viagem todo ano.
Agora
Agora
Agora
O que Jos
Agora ns
____
meu trabalho .
calor.
caf.
agora?
uma viagem.
Exercise C. Use estar instead of fazer, making any other necessary changes.
Exercise D. Say in Portuguese (That may be expressed in two ways in each case , referring to two
different locations.):
40
(fica) sultry.
Lesson IX
47.
quero //
quer //
quer
ns
vocs
eles
queremos
querem //
querem
I want to stay.
The preterit tense. The preterit (or simple perfect) tense has the following forms in the
regular verbs of the three conjugations.
48.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
falar
comer
abrir
falei
falou
falou
falamos
falaram
falaram
comi
comeu
comeu
comemos
comeram
comeram
abri
abriu
abriu
abrimos
abriram
abriram
a. The third person plural form of all preterits is often pronounced in Brazil as if the last
syllable were -rom.
b. Ali regular preterits of the second conjugation have the vowel // when it is stressed.
c. Note that the first person plural of regular preterits is identical with the form of the
present tense.
Uses of the preterit tense. This tense has retained in Portuguese both of the primary uses
of the Latin perfect tense. Thus
49.
a. It refers to a single past action, or to action or condition in the past which is Iimited in
extent of time. It is especially the tense of narration, and therefore of primary importance.
Hoje eu falei com ele.
Eu fiquei duas horas.
Ele trabalhou muito tempo.
b. It is a present perfect tense, referring to an action as recently completed, like the present
perfect in English. ln this meaning it is frequently preceded by the adverb j, which often
does not need to be expressed in English. However, the presence or absence of j is not
necessarily a distinction between the two uses.
Voc j falou com o professor?
Voc j comeu?
Hoje ele trabalhou.
Note: When the verb of a question is accompanied by j, an affirmative answer may be simply
j.
Voc j comeu? J.
50. The preposition por. /pur/. The final -r is always pronounced in this word, with the
sound of single r between vowels. It forms contractions with the definite article, as follows:
por +
por +
por +
por +
o = pelo //
a = pela
os = pelos
as pelas
=
These contractions are obligatory . But no contractions are formed with por and any other word.
Some uses of por.
51 .
O homem
C.
Por = through.
52. Possessive adjectives and pronouns of the third person . Although historically the adjec
tive seu applies to the third person, either singular or plural, and is regularly so used today in
the written language, in BF the word seu is reserved only for the meaning "your," whether the
subject is the familiar voc or the more formal o senhor, or their plurais. The student should not
be misled by the fact that "his," "her," "its," and "their" are often expressed by seu in litera
ture, including plays, and even in popular songs. Such usage in speaking will be misunderstood.
The following constructions are used in speech:
a. If the subject Df the clause is the possessor, or the reference is otherwise clear, only the
definite article is used.
Ele vendeu o carro.
Elas estudaram as lies.
Eles deixaram o irmo em casa.
Joo jantou na cidade ; a irm no jantou.
b. If confusion would result from the use of only the defmite article, the following con
tractions are added after the noun:
dele
deles
his
their, theirs
dela
delas
her, hers
their, theirs
Similar expressions may be used for the meanings "your," "yours," but not for the first per
san possessives.
Este palet de voc (seu).
Este chapu meu.
42
Vocabulary
Nouns
a avenida
a calada
o edifcio
o cinema
o teatro
o parque
o campo
o bairro
o vero
o nome
a praa
Adjectives
avenue
sidewalk
building
movie
theater
park
field, open plain
district (of city)
summer
name
(city) square
estreito
largo
alto
baixo
curto
comprido
longo
dividido
cultivado
pouco
poucos
muito /iii/
wish, want
go, walk
buy
Pronouns
Verbs
querer
andar
comprar
Adverbs
assim
enfim
j
Conjunction
porque /u/
que (reI.)
tudo (neuter)
qual, pI. quais
(interrog.)
narrow
wide
tall ; hlgh
low; short (stature)
short
long (space)
long (time)
divided
cultivated
little (amount)
few
much, pI. many
Prepositions
por /ui
ao longo de
because
Expressions
De onde?
De carro
De trem
Onde se acha?
Passar pela rua
Where from?
By car, in a car
By train, on a train
Where is it?
To go down (up) the street
Leitura
As grandes cidades so divididas em muitos bairros, que tm nomes. Assim, Copa cabana e
Ipanema so bairros da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Esses bairros tm muitas ruas e avenidas
onde passam os carros que vo a outros bairros, ou que vo at as casas e lojas que se acham nas
ruas do bairro. As avenidas so largas, mas muitas ruas so estreitas. Ao longo das ruas e aveni
das h edifcios grandes e pequenos-lojas, casas, teatros e cinemas. Nas lojas vendem livros,
po, papel, lpis, enfim tudo.
Quando uma rua deixa a cidade e entra na roa, tem o nome de estrada. Na roa h muitas
casas, mas poucas lojas e nenhuns edifcios grandes. Ao longo da estrada se acham muitos cam
pos cultivados. Em frente das casas h jardins bonitos com flores e rvores. Vamos fazer uma
viagem de carro pela roa, porque bonita.
43
Exercise B. Give the form of the preterit which corresponds to the following present tense
forms:
1 . Ele acha
1 1 . Ns abrimos
2. Eu tomo
1 2. Eles partem
3. Ns tiramos
1 3 . Eu escrevo
4. Eles jantam
5 . Eu vendo
1 5 . Eles guardam
6. Ele aprende
1 6. Eu deixo
7 . Ns comemos
1 7. Ele acaba
8. Eles compreendem
1 8. Voc passa
9. Eu abro
1 0. Ele parte
19 . Vocs pensam
20. Chove
5 . Vocs j jantaram?
6. A avenida larga?
44
13.
1 4.
15.
1 6.
Lesson X
53.
Present
Preterit
dou
d
d
damos
do
do
dei
deu
deu
demos
deram //
deram
54.
Uses of dar. This verb, in addition to its basic meaning, is used in a great number of idio
matic expressions, in many of which other verbs are used in English.
Dar uma olhada
Dar um passeio
Dar aula
A janela d para a rua.
D nele!
Deram duas horas.
No d tempo para ir.
Dar bom dia
Dar para a msica
Dar (as) cartas
Dar um grito
To take a look
To take a walk (drive , ride)
To recite
The window faces the street.
Hit him!
It struck two.
There isn't time to go.
To say good moming
To be good at music
To deal (the) cards
To yelI
45
55.
Irregular preterits. The following verbs already given have irregular forms in the preterit
tense :
56.
estar
ser & ir
ter
fazer
querer
eu
estive
fui
tive
fiz
quis
voc
esteve //
foi
teve //
fz
quis
ele
esteve
foi
teve
fz
quis
ns
estivemos
fomos
tivemos
fizemos
quisemos
vocs
estiveram
foram
tiveram
fizeram
quiseram
eles
estiveram //
foram //
tiveram //
fizeram //
quiseram //
Radical-changing verbs, first and second conjugations. The vowels e and o , when they are
the last vowels before the ending of the infinitive, vary in pronunciation in the forms of the
present tense according to flXed rules. ln the first conjugation, they are open whenever they are
stressed, but closed when unstressed. Thus:
levar
morar
eu
levo //
moro //
voc
leva //
mora //
ele
leva //
mora //
ns
levamos
moramos
vocs
levam //
moram //
eles
levam //
moram //
All regular verbs of the first conjugation whose stem-vowels are e and o show this variation ex
cept the following types, which maintain the close vowel in ali forms:
a. Verbs in which one of these vowels is followed by a nasal consonant (n, nh, m), e.g.,
conhecer
correr
eu
conheo l/
corro //
voc
conhece //
corre //
ele
conhece //
corre //
ns
conhecemos
corremos
vocs
conhecem //
correm //
eles
conhecem //
correm //
All regular verbs of the second conjugation whose stern vowels are e or o follow this pattern,
except those in which the vowel is followed by a nasal consonant, e.g., aprender, comer. These
maintain the closed vowel throughout. The folIowing verbs already studied have the radical
change : escrever, chover.
46
Vocabulary
Nouns
a olhada (para)
o passeio
o pai
papai
a me
mame
o primo
a prima
o tio
titio
a tia
titia
o, a parente
a visita
os pais
os tios
os primos
Verbs
look (at)
walk, ride, drive
(for pleasure)
father
Daddy
mother
Mommy
cousin
dar
levar
give ; strike
take, carry
morar
chegar (a or em)
fechar
conhecer
correr
cousin
uncle
gostar de
Uncle
Adjective
aunt
vrios
Aunty
relative
Preposition
visit; visitor
longe de
parents
uncles; uncle and aunt
Adverbs
cousins
depois
amanh
several
far from
afterward (s)
tomorrow
Leitura
Amanh papai e mame vo chegar nesta cidade de visita, com meus tios, um primo e meu
irmo. Todos estes parentes querem visitar e conhecer a cidade onde eu estou morando. Eu
moro numa casa um pouco longe da cidade, num bairro onde h muitos jardins. Amanh de
tarde vamos dar um passeio de carro pela cidade-no carro de meu pai. Vamos ter que correr,
porque temos pouco tempo. Uma tarde no d para andar por todas partes.
Mame gosta de ir s loj as fazer compras. Papai quer conhecer os parques e ruas da cidade
e depois ir tomar caf . Ele no gosta dos passeios que levam muito tempo. Tambm ele acha
que mame compra muito quando vai s lojas.
Meus tios moram em outra cidade, no muito longe daqui. Titio o irmo de minha me
e titia a mulher dele. Ela j morou nesta cidade, onde tem muitos parentes. Os tios vo fazer
uma visita a estes parentes.
Exercise A. Be able to give either language, from the other:
He came by bus.
Mother is here on a visito
He has just gotten here.
There isn't enough coffee to go around.
That amounts to 1 0 cruzeiros.
The drive took an hour.
I'm going to see a friend.
She likes (loves) you.
I must hurry.
I met John at the club.
47
6. Eu fecho a porta.
7. Eu conheo sua prima.
8. Ele escreve cartas.
9. Eu deixo voc aqui.
1 0. Ele toma caf.
Exercise E. Give the third.person form corresponding to the firstperson form given here:
1 . Falo
2. Chego
3. Fico
4. Tomo
5 . Estudo
6. Acho
7. Entro
8. Acabo
9. Sou
1 0. Estou
1 1 . Dou
1 2. Vou
13. Deixo
1 4. Como
1 5. Parto
1 6. Escrevo
1 7 . Compreendo
1 8 . Quero
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Fao
Vendo
Levo
Moro
Fecho
Corro
Desejo
Exercise F. Give the preterit forms which correspond in person and number to the follow
ing forms of the present:
1 . Estou
2. Falamos
3. Estudam
4. Trabalha
5. Passo
6. Fico
7. Tomam
8. Sou
9. Deixo
10. Vai
48
1 1 . Quero
1 2 . Come
1 3 . Escreve
1 4. Corro
1 5 . D
1 6. Como
17. Corre
1 8.
1 9 . Vamos
20. Querem
2 1 . Andam
22. Tenho
23. Fazemos
24. Corremos
25. Comem
26. Anda
27. Tm
28. Faz
29. Levo
30. Somos
Lesson XI
57.
The irregular verb poder, can, may, be able. Forms of the present and preterit indicative.
eu
Voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
Present
Preteri!
posso //
pode //
pode
podemos /pu/
podem //
podem
pude
pde
pde
pudemos
puderam //
puderam
Note the difference in pronunciation between pode, present tense, and pde, preterit. But
podemos and pudemos are pronounced alike. Poder is followed by the infinitive without a
preposition.
58. Poder in the preterit tense. The uses of the preterit of this verb are limited to situations in
wbich momentary possibilities are indicated. Frequent1y it expresses a successful or unsuccess
fuI attempt to do something.
59. Use of the simple present for the future. We are already acquainted with the use of the
auxiliary verb ir to express future action. The simple present tense is often used, especially in
BF. If futurity is otherwise expressed, e .g., by an adverb or adverb phrase, or is clear from the
context, the simple present is sufficient to give the meaning. The true future indicative is com
paratively little used in conversation. But do not use the progressive present for the future, as
is often done in English.
Amanh eu falo com o professor.
Ele vai domingo.
Joo no fz o trabalho, mas eu fao.
Ele parte amanh.
fazendo.
60.
The personal pronoun objects of the first person. The forms used as either direct or in
nos /nus/
61 .
Placing of the object pronouns. The position of these and other object pronouns in re
lation to the verb varies somewhat, but the following are rules which may be followed, and
which permit one to speak colloquially and at the sarne time in a fashion acceptable in the
literary language.
a. Place an object
before a one-word verb, unless it would become the first word of a clause.
If no word precedes the verb in the clause, one may use a subject pronoun first, or may place
the object after the verbo
Ele me deu um livro.
He gave me a book.
Deu-me um livro.
He gave me a book.
b. Place the object before a one-word verb when it is preceded by a negative word, a relative
pronoun, a subordinating conjunction, an adverb, or by an expressed subject.
Aquele o homem que me deu isto.
It gave us no trouble.
present participle, the object precedes the second verb, whether or not the words mentioned
in (b) precede the first verbo
Ele est me escrevendo.
He is writing to me.
d. The object usually precedes the infinitive, unless it would be the first word of a clause.
When the infrnitive follows a preposition, its object may follow, but more often precedes it
in BF.
Pegar-me o que ele quer.
Note : When these objects follow a verb form, they are connected with it by a hyphen.
Vocabulary
Nouns
a (sala de) aula
classroom
a caneta / /
pen
a turma
class (
o quadro-negro //
blackboard
people);
"the gang"
50
pI. quadros-negros
Verbs
Nouns
o giz
chalk
pegar
o, a colega //
colleague ; classmate
esquecer
forget
o ano
year
chamar
call
preparar
a universidade
university
a faculdade
college, school
a vez //
time, occasion
a estao
season ; station
a primavera //
spring
o vero
summer
o outono
catch
ready
freqentar
(of a university)
attend
Adverbs
ontem
yesterday
ontem noite
last night
hoje ( noite)
tonight
fall, autumn
ainda
still, yet
ainda no
not yet
o inverno //
winter
Adjectives
o ms
month
pI. meses
Preposition
por /pur/
per
passado
past, last
presente
ausente
absent
quanto?
how much?
quantos?
how many?
Expressions
Como se chama voc?
Eu me chamo Pedro.
My name's Pete.
Chamo-me Pedro.
My name's Pete.
Vamos faculdade.
self?)
Vamos aula.
Let's go to class.
Duas vezes
Twice
Trs vezes
Three times
Uma vez
Once
A semana passada
Last week.
Na semana passada
Peguei no sono.
I fell asleep.
Peguei a gripe.
1 1 . Eles esto
2 . Ele vai
1 2. Voc vai
3 . Ele escreve
1 3 . Ns temos
4. Eu fao
1 4. Eu quero
5 . Ns somos
1 5 . Eu esqueo
6. Eles fazem
1 6. Ele guarda
7. Ele freqenta
1 7. Ele compreende
8. Eu chamo
1 8. Chove
9. Eles esquecem
1 9 . Eu ando
1 0. Ele d
Exercise C. Exchange subjects and objects of the verbs in the fol1owing expressions (Example:
1 . Voc me esqueceu.
2. Os senhores nos conhecem.
Exercise D. Read the following words, taking care to give the proper value to the stressed
vowels:
1 . porta
8 . rfo
2. professor
9. arroz
1 5 . sorte
1 6. loja
3. moa
1 0. hora
1 7. todo
4. escola
1 1 . palet
1 8 . nosso
5 . flor
1 2. roa
1 9 . chuvoso
6. voz
1 3 . prova
20. s
7. copo
14. calor
2 1 . hoje
52
Exercise E. Express the following verbs in the simple present, without the auxiliary verb ir:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lesson XII
62.
Present
Preterit
ponho
pe
pe
pomos
pem
pem
pus
ps
ps
pusemos
puseram //
puseram
The third plural present form pem is usually pronounced exactly like the singular. It may also
be pronounced in two syllables, as if written pe-em. Like the singular, the plural is used as an
imperative.
53
Uses of pr. Tbis word has a wide variety of uses. For tbis reason, and because there are
some fifteen verbs derived from it, it is very important to master the forms of pr. Some of the
situations in wbich the simple verb is used are illustrated below.
63.
Ele ps a roupa.
Ele ps a mo no bolso.
Eu ponho gua para voc .
A galinha ps um ovo.
Ela ps a mesa.
Pe a mala a.
64. Verbs derived from pr. The many derivatives of pr alI have forms like those of the sim
pIe verb, preceded by a prefix or prefixes. They correspond in general to English verbs with the
root -pose, but they often have wider application than these . The accent is not needed on de
rived infinitives. Some of the derivatives are the following:
propor
repor
repor-se
compor
compor-se
depor
dispor de
suggest, propose
put back
recover (strength)
compose, make up
compose onesself
set down ; depose
have at one's disposal
expor
impor
opor (a)
opor-se a
descompor
decompor
recompor
expose; express
impose, be imposing
contrast (with)
oppose
confuse ; scold
cause to decompose
recompose, reconcile
The future subjunctive. The future subjunctive forros of any verb may be derived by re
moving the fmal -ram of the third person plural of the preterit, and adding the following
endings: -r, -r, -rmos, -rem.
65.
Future subjunctive
eu fizer //
voc fizer //
ele fizer //
ns fizermos //
vocs fizerem //
eles fizerem //
The stressed vowel of the future subjunctive is thus always the sarne as that of the third per
son plural of the preterit. It is helpful to become thoroughly familiar with the future subjunc
tive forms of the verbs wbich have irregular preterits, so that it will not be necessary to derive
them. The following are the singular forms of those irregular verbs we have already studied.
Future subjunctive
estar
ser
ir
ter
fazer
estiver //
for //
for //
tiver //
fizer //
Future subjunctive
querer
dar
poder
pr
quiser //
der //
puder //
puser //
It will be noted that in regular verbs the singular of this tense will be exactly like the infmitive,
e.g., falar, comer, abrir.
54
Uses of the future subjunctive. ln spite of the forbidding sound of the name "future sub- .
junctive," it is one of the simplest forms to master. It is extremely important in colloquial as
well as in !iterary Portuguese. The Brazilian child learns it very early, soon after the preterit,
largely because of its frequent use after the basic conjunctions if and when.
66.
The future subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses following certain, but not al!, adverbial
conjunctions of time, and after some other conjunctions, whenever futurity is implied. The
following conjunctions require, or in some cases, permit, the use of the future subjunctive of
the following verb , whenever it refers to future action or condition. But remember that we have
been using the indica tive with quando, when futurity was not imp!ied. The following must be
followed by the future subjunctive when futurity is implied:
se
if
enquanto while
quando when
The foUowing may be foUowed by the future subjunctive in such cases, and usually are in BF.
The alternative is the present subjunctive.
logo que
depois que
as soon as
after
as soon as
in case
assim que
caso
There are, however, some conjunctions of time which may not be followed by the future sub
junctive. For examples of the use of this form, see Exercise A, below.
67.
Se is the reflexive object pronoun used with the new second-person and with the third-person
subjects. It is singular or plural, direct or indirect object. It may be translated as yourself,
yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, to yourself, etc.
Lhe is the indirect object referring to the singular pronouns of the second and third persons,
and is translated to you (sing.), to him, to her, to it, for you, etc. Lhes is used in the plural.
These pronouns are placed with respect to the verb according to the same principies as me
and nos.
Ele se acha no jardim.
He finds hlmself ( is) on the lawn.
Como se chama voc?
How do you call yourself? (what is your
name?)
Eles se deixaram levar.
They let thernselves be taken.
Eu lhe escrevi uma carta.
I wrote him (her, you) a letter.
Ns lhes demos caf.
We gave them (you) some coffee.
=
Vocabulary
Nouns
o casaco
Deus
Verbs
topcoat; lady's coat
God
Pronouns
se /si/
lhe /Ii/
lhes /!is/
See above
See above
See above
cansar
cansar-se
perguntar
parecer
parecer (-se) com
aparecer
contar
lembrar-se de
chamar-se
achar-se
55
Conjunctions
se /si/
se . . . no
enquanto
enquanto . . . no
if
if not, unless
while
until
logo que //
assim que
depois que
caso
as soon as
as soon as
after
in case (that)
Expressions
Perguntei isso a Joo.
Perguntamos por voc.
Jos.
3. Queremos estudar esta noite, se tivermos
tempo.
4. Passa l em casa, se puder.
5. Chove ainda hoje, se Deus quiser.
6. Eu levo o livro amanh, se no esquecer.
7. Eu fico estudando enquanto vocs
acabarem o trabalho.
8. Vamos tomar caf enquanto no jantarmos.
9. Podemos ficar enquanto no derem quatro
horas.
10. Vamos festa logo que Joo e Maria
chegarem.
1 1 . No podemos brincar no parque quando
fizer frio.
Present
1 . Eu ponho
2. Ele est
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ns podemos
Eles acham
Eu tenho
Eles vo
Ele d
Eu posso
Ns pomos
10. Eles querem
Preterit
Future Subjunctive
ontem eu
ontem ele
ontem ns
ontem eles
ontem eu
ontem eles
ontem ele
ontem eu
ontem ns
ontem eles
se eu
se ele
se ns
se eles
se eu
se eles
se ele
se eu
se ns
se eles
Exercise C. Put in the blanks the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses:
a porta.
1 . (abrir) Ele me pegou quando eu
2. (chegar) Eles vo me levar para l quando eles
_
_
_
_
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
56
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
____
mau tempo.
ao caf.
duas horas.
____
a porta.
_
_
_
_
Exercise D. Give the second and third persons in the sarne tense and number as the examples,
e.g., I got tired, you got tired, he got tired:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Eu me cansei.
Ns nos chamamos Carvalho.
Eu me oponho a isso.
Eu me deixei levar.
Eu me expus neve.
Exercise E. Change the obj ect pronoun to the third person, e.g., to me-to him:
1 . Joo me deu uma caneta.
2.Voc nos fz uma pergunta.
3. Voc me lembrou que tenho que ir.
4. Perguntou-me o nome.
5. Parece-me que vai chover.
Exercise F. Say in Portuguese:
1 . He got tired.
2. I told him that.
3. If you want to learn, study hard.
4. His name is Joe.
5. Go there as soon as you cano
6. He is going to buy a house, in case he
marries.
7. Write him a letter while you are here.
8. Where is the church located?
9. I can't understand unless you speak slowly.
10. Let me take off my coat.
Lesson XIII
68.
69.
Present lndicative
Preterit
Future Subjunctive
digo
diz
diz
dizemos
dizem
dizem
disse
disse
disse
dissemos
disseram //
disseram //
disser //
disser //
disser //
dissermos //
disserem //
disserem //
Uses of dizer.
Dizer means to say ar to tell when the statement that fo11ows is a direct or indirect quatatian.
It also means to tell to in the sense af giving an arder.
57
Contar means to tell in the sense of to narra te, or to tell a lie. Falar is to speak, with or without
an object, or to talk. ln Rio it may often be heard when one might expect dizer.
70.
Form of the verb which follows a preposition. With one exception of very limited use,
ali prepositions in Portuguese require that the following verb form be an infinitive. Note that
Before entering
ln order to say
After eating
71.
Personal pronoun direct objects, third person. ln BF, the direct objects him, her, them, it
are almost never expressed if they are unstressed. If stress is required for emphasis or contrast,
one uses the subject forms ele, ela, eles, elas. The neuter stressed object, not referring to a noun,
is usually isso.
Stressed forms
o
a
os
ele
ela
eles
as
o
elas
isso
him; it (masculine)
her; it (feminine)
them (masculine or
masculine and feminine)
them (feminine)
it (neuter)
Unstressed forms are sometimes heard following ao infinitive, in some fixed expressions and in
the higher leveis of speech. ln this case, the infmitive drops the fmal -r, the preceding vowel re
quires an accent in the first and second conjugations, and the object takes a form beginning with
I, as in the following examples :
Muito prazer em conhec-lo.
Antes de faz-lo.
Voc quer lev-Ias?
Vou abri-los
Actually, only the first example is likely to be heard often . For examples of the use and omis
sion of third person object pronouns, see Exercise A, below.
72.
Regular comparison of adjectives and adverbs. The comparative degree of adjectives and
adverbs is formed by placing mais before them. The superlative degree of adjectives is the sarne,
but preceded by the defmite article (which rnay be replaced by a possessive adjective). With
adverbs, the article is used only when a modifying word, phrase or c1ause follows the adverb.
58
73 .
Positive
Compara tive
Superlative
bonito
frio
perto
mais bonito
mais frio
mais perto
devagar
mais devagar
o mais bonito
o mais frio
mais perto
o mais perto possvel
o mais devagar que se
possa imaginar
melhor jj
pior jj
pior, mais ruim
mais
maior jj
menor jj
(AIso mais pequeno, in Portugal)
melhor
pior
menos
o melhor
o pior
o pior, o mais ruim
o mais
o maior
o menor
(o) melhor
(o) pior
(o) menos
Portuguese equivalents of than. Than is usuaJly expressed by que, but the foJlowing must
be noted:
74.
Vocabulary
Nouns
o sapateiro
o padeiro
o leiteiro
a pessoa jj
duas pessoas
o mdico
o soldado
o rei
o patro
a patroa jj
o empregado
a empregada
a histria
a profisso
Nouns
shoemaker, shoe
selJer, cobbler
baker
milkman
person
two people (persons)
doctor, physician
soldier
king
employer, "boss"
employer, "boss"
employee,
employee, maid
story, history
profession
o prazer jj
o consultrio
a manteiga
pleasure
office (doctor' s)
butter
Adjectives
feliz jfij
rico
velho jj
doente jduj
possvel jpuj
muito
nem muito
happy
rich
old
sick, ill
possible
lots of, a lot of, a good
deal of, much
not much
S9
Conjunction
Verbs
consultar
ou . . . ou
consult
beber
drink
consertar
either . . . or
Adverbs
mandar
menos
less
tratar
treat
mal
badly, m, poorly
entregar
deixar de
deixar
leave alone.
Prepositions
entre
between; among
durante
during
para /pra/
in order to
Expressions
Encontrei-me com ele.
Exercise D. Put in each blank the correct form of the verb used in the first part of the sentence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, eu escrevo.
, vou entrar.
O animal
O hotel
O sol
O papel
O jornal
O motel
O espanhol
8.
9.
1 0.
11.
1 2.
1 3.
1 4.
1 5. social
1 6. nominal
17. numeral
1 8. possvel
19. mundial
20. continental
Total
Fatal
Difcil
azul
fcil
til
geral
5.
6.
7.
8.
1 0.
Exercise G.
I . Take this and give it to John.
!.esson XIV
75.
Present Indicative
Preterit
Future Subjunctive
vejo //
v
v
vemos
vem
vem
vi
viu
viu
vimos
viram
viram
vir
vir
vir
vinnos
virem
virem
The third person plural present indicative is pronounced in two syllables, of which the first is
not nasal.
The preterit (and derived tenses) of this verb is like those of regular verbs of the third conjuga
tion.
76.
Uses of ver. ln English, verbs of perception and of predominantly mental activity often do
not take the progressive formo ln Portuguese, however, these verbs are put in the progressive
form in the same situations as any other verbs.
Voc explicou isso, e agora eu estou vendo.
Estou vendo o Joo na porta da casa.
No estou compreendendo.
62
77.
to me
para ns
for you
entre vocs
by him
com eles
without her
sobre elas
to yourself, himself, themselves, etc.
for us
among you
with them
about them
with me
conosco with us
b. The prepositions de and em form contractions with the third-person pronouns as follows:
dele
dela
deles
delas
nele
nela
neles
nelas
78.
Prepositional phrase used as indirect object. The indirect object may be expressed as a
prepositional phrase in all cases. If the object is a pronoun, it can be emphasized by the use of a
phrase instead of the simple pronoun. ln other cases, the phrase is optional. Either form, e.g.,
lhe or a ele, may be used in any c1ause containing a verb, but one never uses both, as in Spanish.
To express the meaning "for me," the preposition is para. For "to me," either a or para may be
used in most cases, with some preference for para in BF.
Note that the prepositional phrase is placed in the sarne position in the sentence, whether a noun
or pronoun is used. ln most cases, this is the sarne position occupied by the phrase in English.
Eu lhe dei o jornal.
Eu dei o jornal a ele.
Ele tem um presente para voc.
Vamos escrever-lhe uma carta.
Vamos escrever uma carta para (a) ele.
D isso para mim.
Conta-nos essa histria.
79. Que and qual. As interrogative pronouns, these two words should be distinguished. Que
(singular or plural) is used to ask for what amounts to a definition; qual (plural quais) asks for a
selection among individual specimens. The confusion arises purely from English, which is likely
to use what in either case.
Que o livro?
Qual o livro?
Qual o seu nome?
Qual is not properly used as an adjective, although it may be heard in BF in certain situations.
Que should be used in ali cases before li noun.
Que casa a sua?
Qual a sua casa?
Vocabulary
Nouns
Nouns
o cruzeiro
o jornal
o dinheiro
a compra
o presente
o largo
a livraria
o livreiro
o preo ll
a falta
as Lojas Brasileiras
o brinquedo ll
a diferena
cruzeiro (Braz.
monetary unit)
newspaper
money
purchase, buy
present
square (in city)
bookstore
bookseller
price
lack; need; shortage
Pronouns
mim
si
comigo Ikl
conosco Ikl
consigo
Adjectives
outro
um outro
noutro
(em + outro)
novo l l
fem. and pI. ll
me (after prep.)
himself, etc. (after
prep.)
with me
with us
with him (seU), etc.
Verbs
explicar
arranjar
other, another
another
in another
dever
receber
saltar
new, young
Adverb
ento
variety stores
toy
difference
then (expletive),
then (at that time)
tentar
ganhar
voltar
explain
get (for one), arrange,
fix up with
owe, ought, should
receive, get
jump, jump down, get
off
try to
earn, make (money), get
(present), win (game)
return, go back, come
back
Expressions
Esse livro est em falta.
Ela est fazendo compras.
Ele me deu isto de presente.
Vocs devem acabar o traballio
Devem ser duas horas.
Ele deve receber mais amanh.
O po faz falta.
Voc faz falta na turma.
Ontem fui cidade fazer compras. Tomei o nibus na esquina aqui perto e ele me levou at
o Largo da Carioca. L saltei do nibus e fui andando at a Rua do Ouvidor. Entrei numa liv
raria para ver os livros novos. Vendo um livro interessante, perguntei o preo ao empregado.
Dei para ele quatro cruzeiros e ele me entregou o livro. Tentei arranjar outro livro novo noutra
livraria, mas no pude achar. O livriro me explicou que esse livro est em falta. Devo ir l na
outra semana, quando o livreiro deve receber mais.
Depois entrei numa Loja Brasileira, onde comprei um brinquedo para levar de presente a meu
irmo mais novo. Ele no freqenta a escola ainda e gosta de passar o tempo com brinquedos.
Ento tomei outro nibus para voltar para casa. O preo do nibus muito pouco.
64
falta.
9. O senhor pode nos arranjar uma boa
empregada?
1 0. Quando vocs chegarem, eu vou porta
receb-los.
1 1 . Voc recebeu meu presente?
1 2. Ganhei outro do meu amigo.
1 3. Fui fazer compras na cidade.
14. Levei as compras para casa.
1 5 . Qual a diferena entre "largo" e "praa"?
No tem.
1 6. Voc ganha bem no seu trabalho?
1 7 . Quantos cruzeiros devemos?
1 8. Os jornais fazem falta quando no temos.
Lesson XV
80.
The irregular verbs saber and caber. The present indica tive of these two verbs has only one
irregular form, the first person singular. All other forms of these two verbs differ only in the
first letter. Both verbs are irregular in the preterit and derived tenses.
Present lndicative
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
81 .
sei
sabe
sabe
sabemos
sabem
sabem
caibo
cabe
cabe
cabemos
cabem
cabem
Preterit
Future Subjunative
Saber means "to know something factual," "to know how to," "to find out," or "to learn a
fact." It must be distinguished from conhecer, "to be acquainted with," "to meet" (= get ac
quainted with).
Eu sei minha lio.
Ele sabe acender o fogo.
Ns sabemos que voc ganhou.
Eu sei quem mas no conheo.
66
I know my lesson.
He knows how to light the fire.
We know you won.
I know who he is, but I am not acquainted
with him.
Caber means "to be contained in," "to fit into," "to get into" (find room in). English often
looks at the sarne situation from the opposite point of view, i.e., How many will it hold?
Quantos cabem no seu carro?
Meu p no cabe neste sapato.
Ele no cabe em si de contente .
No cabe dvida.
82. The imperfect indicatve. There are two sets of endings for the imperfect indicative, one
used with verbs of the first conjugation, the other with the second and thlrd.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
Falar
comer
abrir
falava
falava
falava
falvamos
falavam
falavam
comia
comia
comia
comamos
comiam
comiam
abria
abria
abria
abramos
abriam
abriam
83. Verbs irregular in the imperfect. There are only four verbs, plus the compounds of some
of them, whlch are irregular in the imperfect indicative.
ter - eu, voc, ele tinha; ns tnhamos; vocs, eles tinham
pr - eu, voc, ele punha, ns pnhamos; vocs, eles punham
ser - eu, voc , ele era; ns ramos; vocs, eles eram
vir - eu, voc, ele vinha; ns vnhamos; vocs, eles vinham.
84.
a. To describe a state or condition in past time. The beginning and the end of the condition
are not indicated, only that the condition existed at a certain point in the past. Thus, de
scriptions of past conditions are in the imperfect.
o tempo estava bonito.
Fazia frio.
b. To denote habitual action in past time. There must be no expressed lirnitation on the
duration of the action.
Quando eu era menino, corria muito.
Ele sempre me chamava.
67
c . To express an action in progress at the time of another past action, condition, or point
in time. Tls latter may be a single or limited past action, expressed in the preterit, or it
may be another action in progress, expressed in the imperfect.
I was eating when he called.
We were listening while he talked.
d. For the conditional in any circumstances: (normally expressed in English by the auxiliary
would).
I'd like to go.
He said he'd go.
Eu queria ir.
Ele disse que ia.
The progressive form of the imperfect. The progressive is used in the imperfect, as in the
present and in all other tenses. But the simpie form may at any time replace the progressive
form without change of meaning, in this tense only. The progressive form makes the expression
of the meaning more exact, of course.
85.
Vocabulary
Nouns
o fogo l l pI. fogos
l l
a luz
o p
a dvida
a batata (inglesa)
o nmero
a cafeteira
a came
o piquenique
a cama
o lago
a gente
Adjectives
fire
light
foot
doubt
potato
number
coffeepot
meat
picnic
bed
lake
people
Adjectives
contente
doce l l
cheio
pleased, happy
sweet
full
Verb
desligar
68
empty
necessary
green
Verbs
caber
saber
acender
botar
escutar
responder (a)
apanhar
assar
apagar
ligar
Adverbs
tum off
tarde
no . . . mais
so that, in such a
way that, so
Preposition
Conjunction
de modo que Iml
vazio
preciso
verde ll
sem
late
no longer
without
Expressions
He ought to study. (But he doesn't).
It must have been two o'c1ock.
I owed him a cruzeiro.
I'm going by his house.
We're going to have a picnic.
I don't know.
He speaks people's language (i.e., Portuguese)
He doesn't like people (Le ., us).
What does one do?
A little while ago.
Leitura
Vocs no queriam ir roa hoje? Podemos ir no meu carro, se coubermos todos. Devemos
passar pela casa do Luiz para apanh-lo tambm. Ele tem um carro grande onde cabem seis
pessoas. Podemos ir no carro dele se o meu estiver muito cheio.
Eu sei de um parque onde podemos acender um fogo e fazer caf. J botei uma cafeteira no
carro, de modo que podemos tomar caf quente.
O Carlos ia conosco, mas chamou h pouco para dizer que no podia mais ir. Parece que o
primo ia chegar para passar o dia com ele, e Carlos no queria deixar a casa. Eu respondi que
levava o primo tambm, mas ele no quis ir.
Na semana passada eu fui ao parque com a turma. Era uma noite bonita e fazia um pouco de
frio. A luz que tnhamos vinha do fogo que acendemos. Assamos batatas doces e carne. Foi um
bom piquenique. Voltamos tarde para casa e eu fui para a cama.
Exercise A. Be able to say in either language on hearing the other:
1 . Escuta quando ele fala.
2 . Eu no vi voc chegar.
3. O menino apanhou do pai.
4. Voc gosta de carne assada?
5 . Voc j respondeu carta dele?
6. A mulher punha carne para assar.
7. preciso saber quando ele chega.
8. A cafeteira est vazia.
9. De noite acendemos as luzes.
1 0. O Brasil tem muitas batatas doces e batatas
inglesas.
1 1 . Ele disse que me apanhava s seis.
12. Eu lhe dei tudo o que lhe devia.
13. Ele botou o p na porta.
14. Voc vai aula, no ?
1 5 . Assvamos carne e comamos sem po.
1 6. Eu escutava sem compreender.
1 7. Voc est contente de saber que ele
deve chegar?
1 8. preciso assar as batatas antes de comer.
1 9. Eu lhe disse -Chega para l.
20. Apaga a luz e acende o fogo.
Exercise B. Give the impe rfect tense in the same person and number as the example given in
the present:
8. Ele diz
9. Ns comemos
1 0. Eles do
1 1 . Eu ponho
1 2. Ns vamos
1 3. Eles tm
1 4. Ele cabe
1 . Eu vou
2. Ele
3. Ns pomos
4 . Eu vejo
5 . Eles sabem
6. Ns entramos
7. Eu tenho
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Ns vemos
Ele faz
Eu parto
Eu sei
Eu digo
Eu corro
Exercise C. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the imperfect or preterit of the verb in
parentheses:
(ir)
(pr)
(ver)
(dizer)
(brilhar)
(morar)
(saber)
(poder)
(ir)
(caber)
casa dele.
1 . Naquele tempo eu sempre
2. Antes de ir escola, eu sempre
o palet.
3. Ele no compreendia tudo o que
4. Ele contou o que voc lhe
durante um ms.
5 . O sol
6. Ns
l cinco anos.
7. Perguntei se ele
portugus
8. No tendo sapatos, ele no
andar.
9. Ele me disse que
jantar.
1 0. No carro dele s
quatro.
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_____
_____
____
70
Lesson XVI
The following paragraphs explain the more frequent and basic usages of some of the principal
and more difficult prepositions. There are, of course, other uses of most of them.
86.
a.
To, direction to a place, except when the place is the habitual or normal location of a
b.
Vamos cidade.
c.
d.
87.
a.
To, following certain verbs, before an infinitive. Each instance must be learned separately.
Ele aprendeu a ler.
He learned to read.
Comecei a trabalhar.
I began to work.
b.
Until tomorrow.
Fiquei at a meianoite.
88.
71
He traveis by train.
By car, bus, plane, ship.
He was going by horse.
d. The fact that one noun is used as a mbdifier of another. No article is used with the modi
fying noun. ln English, the modifier is placed immediately before the noun modified. How
ever, if the modifier is a noun denoting a person, it is often in the possessive case. ln many
instances, in both languages, there is also an adjective which may replace the phrase as a
modifier.
A summer day.
Um dia de vero.
A dog's life.
Uma vida de cachorro.
A wooden lego
Uma perna de pau.
e.
f. To, after certain verbs, before an infinitive. Each instance must be learned separately.
No me lembrei de chamar.
Esqueci-me de ir.
89.
He is in town.
They live in Brazil.
He is at school.
She is at home.
g. A t the house 0[, at the shop of with a family name in the plural or with a word denoting
a shopkeeper.
Estivemos ontem nos Pereira.
Eu vou no barbeiro.
Note the following adverbs which may be changed to prepositions by the addition of de:
depois
antes
atrs
perto jj
(l) em cima
em frente
dentro
em baixo
fora jj
diante
afterwards
before
back
near, nearby
up there, upstairs
in front
inside
below, down there
outside
ahead, before
depois de
antes de
atrs de
perto de
em cima de
em frente de
dentro de
em baixo de
fora de
diante de
after
before
behind
near
above, over
in front of
inside (of)
under
outside of
in front of, in the presence of
Verb
Nouns
side
midnight
noon
airplane
sandwich
picture, painting
o lado
a meia-noite
o meio-dia
o avio
o sanduche
o quadro
jogar
Expressions
s vezes
O navio j oga muito.
Joga isso fora.
Joga a bola para mim_
sometimes
The ship pitches a lot.
Throw that out.
Throw the ball to me.
73
Exercise D. Review the position in the sentence of the two sets of object pronouns: ( 1 ) me,
nos, lhe, lhes, se and (2) voc, vocs, o senhor, etc., ele, ela, eles, elas. Place each pronoun in a
correct position in the following sentences:
(me)
(voc)
(ele)
(nos)
(ela)
(lhe)
(se)
(o senhor)
(me)
(voc e ele)
1 . A tia viu.
2. Meu amigo conhece.
3. Eu estou escutando.
4. O colega no chamou.
5. Pega.
6. No quero dizer a verdade.
7. Lembra da Maria?
8. Esse trabalho vai cansar.
9. Eu chamo Jos.
1 0. Vamos deixar aqui.
Exercise E. Pronounce the following words, taking care to give the correct value to the stressed
vowels:
1 . janela
2. mesa
3. caf
4. Jos
5. chapu
6. igreja
7. medo
8. sede
74
9. pressa
1 0. cu
1 1 . neve
1 2. caneta
1 3. colega
1 4. primavera
1 5 . inverno
1 6. rris
1 7 . vez
1 8. aberto
19. amarelo
20. preto
2 1 . este
22. esse
23. papis
24. fresco.
Lesson XVII
90.
Present lndicative
Preterit
lmperfect
Fu ture Subjunctive
venho
vem
vem
vimos
vm
vm
vim
veio
veio
viemos
vieram ll
vieram
vinha
vinha
vinha
vnhamos
vinham
vinham
vier l l
vier
vier
viermos
vierem
vierem
The third person plural of the present has also the form veem, both syllables of which are
nasal. It is little used.
91 . Uses of vir. This verb is used without a preposition before an infmitive , except in certain
special meanings. Vir is very seldom used in the progressive formo
Ele j vem fazer o trabalho.
92.
Cardinal numbers.
1
um, fem. uma
dois, fem. duas 2
trs
3
quatro
4
cinco
5
seis'"
6
sete l l
7
8
oito
nove l l
9
10
dez l l
onze
doze ll
treze l l
quatorze ll or catorze
quinze
dezesseisl dizeseisl
dezessete I dizestil
dezoito I dizitul
dezenove I dizenvil
vinte
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
vinte e um
vinte e dois, etc.
trinta
quarenta
cinqenta
sessenta
setenta
oitenta
noventa
cem
21
22
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
"'ln giving telephone numbers, house numbers, etc., meia is generally used instead of seis.
93. Usage of the cardinal numbers. The numbers one and two have feminine forms which
agree with a feminine noun. ln larger numbers which end in one or two, e.g., forty-two, the
agreement is also made. If the cardinal numbers are placed after the noun, to take the place of
ordinais, however, most speakers do not make the agreement, assuming the word n mero as the
basis of agreement.
Quarenta e duas moas.
Lio vinte e dois.
Forty-two girls.
Lesson twenty-two.
The word cem is not preceded by um. It becomes cento when a number from one to ninety-nine is
added to it.
Cento e dois. 1 02
Cento e sessenta e quatro. 1 64
ln theory, the word e is always placed between the parts of compound numbers. ln practice,
some of these are often omitted, in certain large numbers.
75
94.
So duas (horas).
So trs (horas).
So oito e meia.
So quatro e dez (minutos).
So cinco e quinze (minutos).
So seis e quarenta e oito.
Faltam vinte e oito para as sete.
So vinte e oito para as sete.
It's 8: 30.
It is 4: 1 0.
It is 5 : 1 5 .
It is 6 :48.
It is 28 to seven.
It is 28 to seven.
meio-dia.
meia-noite .
meia-noite e vinte.
meia-noite e meia.
meio-dia e meia (often meio)
It is
It is
It is
It is
It is
uma (hora).
1 2 : 00 noon.
1 2 : 00 midnight.
1 2 :20 a.m.
1 2 : 30 a.m.
1 2 : 30 p.m.
Hora(s) and minuto(s) may be omitted whenever the sense is clear without them.
The numbers one and two are feminine when they refer to hours, but masculine when they re
fer to minutes.
The verb ser (and any other verb used with the hours, but with no other expressed subject) is
singular only when used with one; otherwise'it is plural.
Eu chegava quando deram duas horas.
Devem ser duas horas.
Quarto is a masculine noun. Meia is an adjective, ferninine to agree with hora. After meio-dia
one often hears the masculine form, as if to agree with this noun.
It will be noted that after ser the article is not used before the hour. However, it is used after a
and other prepositions.
76
uma (hora)
s duas (horas)
quatro e dez.
s vinte e oito para as sete.
At one (o'clock)
At two (o'clock)
At 4: 1 0
At 28 to seven
Ao meio-dia.
meia-noite.
meia-noite e vinte.
s oito da manh.
s cinco da tarde.
So dez horas da noite.
Depois da meia-noite.
At (o) meio-dia.
At noan.
At rnidnight.
At 1 2: 20 a.m.
At 8 : 00 a.m.
At 5 : 00 p.m.
It is 1 0 : 00 p.m.
After rnidnight.
Until noon.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Verbs
o meio-dia
noon
vir
come
a meia-noite
midnight
faltar
lack, be lacking, be
o minuto
minute
o quarto
quarter
almoar
missing
o cento
(group o) 1 00
levantar
janeiro
January
deitar
fevereiro
February
wake up
down
maro
March
acordar
abril
April
dar
strike
maio
May
nascer
junho
June
julho
July
agosto //
August
setembro
September
mesmo //
sarne; self
outubro
October
algum, alguma
some
novembro
November
primeiro
first
dezembro
December
inteiro
whole, entire
as frias
vacation
a data
date
plant)
Adjectives
Adverbs
cedo l/
early
here
para c
Expressions
da manh
a.m.
da tarde
da noite
p.m.
Today is a holiday.
Vem c.
Come here.
Chega para c.
Come closer.
States.
Leitura
Em casa levantamos cedo. No inverno acordamos antes do sol nascer. Levantamos e tomamos
caf. Os meninos tm que ir escola e eu tenho que trabalhar. Alguns vo s sete horas, outros
s oito.
Ao meio-dia voltamos para almoar em casa. Ao meio-dia e meia vamos outra vez ao trabalho
ou s aulas. De tarde chegamos em casa a horas diferentes, porque as escolas e o trabalho no acabam
na mesma hora. s seis estamos todos em casa para jantar. Depois os meninos preparam as lies
para o outro dia e a gente grande v o jornal, ou escreve cartas. Mais tarde todos vamos deitar.
77
Exercise C. Put the correct form of vir in each blank, in the sarne person and number as the
example in the present:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hoje eu venho.
Hoje ns vimos.
Hoje ele vem.
Hoje vocs vm.
Ontem eu
Ontem ns
Ontem ele
Ontem vocs
. Antes eu sempre.
amanh.
. Se ns
amanh.
. Se ele
. Antes vocs sempre
_
_
_
_
7 + 6 = 1 3.
8 + 4 = 1 2.
6 + 1 3 = 1 9.
1 1 + 2 = 13.
10 + 5 = 15.
6. 1 4 + 9 = 23.
7. 25 (menos) 8 = 1 7 .
8. 33 - 1 2 = 2 1 .
9 . 7 x(vezes) 4 = 28.
1 0. 6 x 3 = 18.
-
Exercise E. Fill in the blanks with the correct translations of the words in parentheses:
o amigo Joo, que (remained)
Ontem ns (went)
(to see)
em casa
na cidade quando ns (left)
de l. Quando (we arrived)
o nosso
e (saw)
. Ns (went in)
dele , j (it was raining)
mesa. (We knew)
amigo, que (was working)
que ele (would stop)
de (writing)
(coffee made)
e (would have)
que ele (wanted)
para ns. (He called)
a empregada e (said)
sala. Ns
caf mais tarde. Ele (thought)
que ela (would bring)
(stayed)
duas horas com o Joo, (talking)
sobre os amigos e colenesta
e nos tempos em que ns (lived)
gas (we used to have)
cidade.
_
_
_
__
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
78
Lesson XVIII
Verbs irregular in one form only. The following verbs are irregular only in the first person
singular of the present indicative. The present subjunctive, as will be shown later, is derived
from this formo Ali other forms of these verbs are regular. Present Indicative of:
95.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
96.
pedir
ouvir
perder
valer
peo //
pede //
pede //
pedimos /pi/
pedem //
pedem //
ouo
ouve
ouve
ouvimos
ouvem
ouvem
perco // or //
perde //
perde //
perdemos
perdem //
perdem //
valho
vale
vale
valemos
valem
valem
a. Toward, for, movement in the direction of a place, without being specific about arrival.
Partiram para Portugal.
Vamos para frente.
b. To, movement to a place, including arrival, when it is one's normal place or situation, or
will become such.
Eu vou para casa.
Ele se mudou para a cidade.
!.et's go in to eat.
ln order to win, it is necessary to play well.
e. For, to, in comparisons, especially after muito, bastante, and similar words.
Isto muito grande para mim.
Eu tenho bastante dinheiro para a viagem.
Isto muito doce para comer.
f. For, before the intended recipient of something, of the benefits of labor, etc.
97.
A coffee cup.
f. Per, a.
Comemos trs vezes por dia.
Twenty percent.
I traveled by sea.
80
L pelo meio-dia.
Vocabulary
Nouns
o mundo
o sorvete //
a televiso
o rdio
a msica
a pena
a pergunta
a mala
a cerveja //
o barulho
Prepositions
world
ice cream
TV
radio (set)
music
trouble; pity
question
suitcase
beer
noise
Verbs
pedir
ouvir
perder
valer
sem
segundo
sobre //
alm de
without
according to
on; concerning
besides
Adverb
atrs (See expressions) ago
muito
bastante
alto
Expressions
Dez dias atrs.
Todo (o) mundo.
Tomar sorvete.
Ver televiso.
Ouvir (o) rdio.
ouvir msica.
Valer a pena.
Ter pena de . . .
Ouvir dizer que . . .
Perder o trem.
Pedir para ver a casa.
Fazer uma pergunta.
Fazer as malas.
81
Exercise B. Give the plurais of the following nouns and adj ectives:
o nibus
o lpis
3 . o pires
4. simples
1.
5.
2.
6.
o
o
7. o
8. o
a lio
o vero
1 1 . a mo
1 2. o rfo
co
po
alemo
irmo
9.
1 0.
Exercise C. Words which end in -vel /vl/ in Portuguese usualIy correspond to English words in
-ble. Give the English for the following words, and note small differences in the spelling of some:
possvel
2. provvel
3 . impossvel
4. indelvel
5 . mvel
6. solvel
7. estvel
1.
dirigvel
9. utilizvel
1 0. potvel
1 1 . incorrigvel
1 2. terrvel
1 3 . horrvel
14. intangvel
8.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
indestrutvel
passvel
inevitvel
filtrvel
desejvel
legvel
comvel
2.
Lesson XIX
98.
Presen t Indicative
Presen t Indicative
leio
l
l
lemos
lem
lem
creio
cr
cr
cremos
crem
crem
que eu
que voc
que ele
que ns
que vocs
que eles
falar
comer
abrir
fale
fale
fale
falemos
falem
falem
coma
coma
coma
comamos
comam
comam
abra
abra
abra
abramos
abram
abram
The present subjunctive of any verb which has a first person present indicative form ending in
-o (except querer) can be found by removing this final -o and adding the endings of the con
jugation. This method will give the irregular stems used in the present subjunctive , and also the
quality of the vowel in forms stressed on the stern. The student should become familiar with the
following subjunctive forms of verbs that have been studied :
Infinitive
caber
crer
dizer
fazer
ler
ouvir
pedir
perder
pr
poder
ter
valer
caibo
creio
digo
fao
leio
ouo
peo //
perco // or //
ponho
posso //
tenho
valho
caiba
creia
diga
faa
leia
oua
pea //
perca // or //
ponha
possa //
tenha
valha
83
Infinitive
ver
vir
levar
dever
vejo //
venho
levo //
devo //
veja //
venha
leve //
deva //
The other personal endings are added to the same stem. Open vowels close when they occur in
unstressed syllables.
100.
The subjunctive of will. Any verb or phrase which expresses the imposing or the attempt
to impose the will of one person or group on another requires that the dependent verb be in the
subjunctive. Among the verbs which require the subjunctive in such circumstances are the foi
lowing:
querer, desejar
wish, want, desire
mandar
order
dizer
teU to
pedir
ask to
proibir
forbid, prohibit
aconselhar
advise to
deixar, permitir
let, allow to, permit to
preferir
prefer
Note that if the logical subjects of the two verbs are the same, there can be no imposition of
the will of one subject on another. ln that case, the infmitive is used.
The verbs mentioned above are always followed by que before the clause that contains the sub
junctive.
ln many, but not alI cases, there are alternate ways to construct a sentence with these verbs,
without using the subjunctive. Since these constructions vary from verb to verb , however, it is
better to learn first the subjunctive, which is uniform for alI. For examples of the present sub
junctive, see Exercise A, below.
101.
Note on spelling. Certain regular and predictable changes in spelling are made in verb
forms, so that the pronunciation of the stem will be correctly indicated in alI forms. Thus
Vocabulary
Verbs
Nouns
waiter
waitress
package
truth
apple
o garom
a garonete l l
o embrulho
a verdade
a ma
desejar
mandar
dizer
pedir
proibir
aconselhar
permitir
preferir
ajudar (a)
Expression
Eu preferia ficar.
Present lndicative
Present Subjunctive
prolbo
prolbe
proibimos
proibem
prolba
prolba
proibamos
prolbam
Exercise B. Replace the underlined verb with each of the verbs in parentheses, in the sarne per
son and number:
1 . Eu quero que voc acabe o trabalho.
(entregar) o embrulho.
(arranjar) uma empregada.
(ouvir) a msica.
(compreender) a lio.
( dizer) a verdade.
2. Ele manda que os meninos brinquem no jardim.
(fechar) as janelas.
(correr) para casa.
(levantar) cedo.
(beber) leite.
(vir) para casa.
85
Present Indicative
Preterir
Imperfect
Present Subjunctive
Future Subjunctive
1 . falo
2. pedimos
3. ouve
4. perdem
5. valemos
6. ouo
7. tem
8. pem
9. cabe
1 0. deve
1 1 . vem
Exercise D. Pronounce the following forms, taking care with stressed e and o :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aconselho
deixa
desejam
almoa
acordo
6. botam
7 . acendam
8. volto
9 . recebe
1 0. deva
1 1 . veja
1 2. entregue
1 3 . consertam
14. bebo
1 5 . esquea
1 6. pegue
1 7 . possa
1 8. corra
1 9. conheam
20. fe'cha
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
chega
more
levem
neve
chove
come
escreve
vieram
perderam
corre
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lesson XX
102.
Present Indicative
Preterit
trago
traz
traz
trazemos
trazem
trazem
trouxe /trosi/
trouxe
trouxe
trouxemos /trusmus/
trouxeram /trusr/
trouxeram
engolir
vestir
eu
voc
ele
ns
voes
eles
Present Indicative
Present Subjunctive
Present Indicative
Present Subjunctive
visto
veste //
veste
vestimos /vi/
vestem //
vestem
vista
vista
vista
vistamos
vistam
vistam
engulo
engole //
engole
engolimos /gu/
engolem //
engolem
engula
engula
engula
engulamos
engulam
engulam
When the stem-vowel e is followed by m or n, the ehange takes plaee in the first person singular,
but the vowel is c10sed in the third person forms. There are no verbs of this type with o fol
lowed by m or n.
87
sentir
Present Indicative
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
Present Subjunctive
sinto
sente
sente
sentimos /s!/
sentem
sentem
sinta
sinta
sinta
sintamos
sintam
sintam
b. A second type has the stem-vowel u, which changes to o in certain forms. If it is followed
by m or n, the vowel remains cIosed.
subir
sumir
Present Indicative
Present Indicative
eu
subo
voc
sobe //
ele
sobe
ns
subimos
vocs
sobem //
eles
sobem
Present subjunctive suba, etc.
sumo
some //
some
sumimos
somem //
somem
soma, etc.
Verbs of the type of vestir are quite numerous. One should generally assume that a verb of
the third conjugation whose stern vowel is e will bel ong to this type, although there are some
exceptions. There are only a few verbs like engolir, since there are not many whose stern
vowel is o. But several of these are words of high frequency in the spoken language. There are
few more than a dozen of the type of subir, but some are quite important.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Nouns
o correio
o vestido
o cheiro
a escada
a camisa
a volta //
a sala (de estar)
a sade
o esporte //
Verbs
trazer
vestir (eu visto)
vestir-se
despir (eu dispo)
despir-se
seguir (eu sigo)
engolir (eu engulo)
88
o mai
o calo
Adverbs
cad (colloq.)
l fora
de volta
Verbs
bring, wear
put on; dress
dress
take off; undress
undress
follow; go on, keep on
swallow
sleep; go to sleep.
go up; come up
disappear; be gone
feel; be sorry
go away
Expressions
Eu vou (-me) embora.
Ns vamos embora.
Dei uma volta.
Ela ps um vestido.
Ela se vestiu.
Bastante bem.
De uma vez.
Sentir pena de.
Sentir-se bem (mal, doente, etc.)
Sentir um barulho.
Sentir um cheiro.
Meu lpis sumiu.
Ontem eu dormi tarde.
Hoje eu dormi at tarde.
Eu sinto falta dele.
Uma passagem de ida e volta.
Andar a p.
Hoje noite Joo me leva a uma festa e depois vai me trazer de volta. Eu no sei que roupa
eu devo vestir. Os rapazes usam camisa esporte e m algumas festas, mas as moas geralmente
vestem uma roupa mais elegante.
Na semana passada fui a outra festa na casa de um colega. L pelas oito horas peguei um
nibus que ia at aquele bairro e saltei perto da casa onde ele mora. Depois subi uma escada
que leva da rua at a porta da casa. Como fazia calor, as jarielas estavam abertas e o vento en
trava pelas salas trazendo o cheiro das flores to jardim.
Exercise A. Be able to say in either language from the other:
1 . Eu vou sua casa e voc me traz de volta.
2. Por que voc no veste o mai?
3. A Adlia est se vestindo para ir fazer
compras.
4. Levanto cedo e visto-me antes de tomar caf.
5. Vamos ver se tenho uma carta dele, quando
trouxerem o correio.
6. No toma esse caf quente to depressa.
7. Voc deve tomar devagar e no engolir
tudo de uma vez.
8. Como que voc est se sentindo?
9. Eu me sinto bastante bem nesta cidade.
10. Estou ouvindo o barulho de vozes.
1 1 . Podemos sentir o cheiro das flores que
esto na mesa.
1 2 . Ele subiu a escada correndo.
1 3 . Vou subir ao quarto.
14. Temos que subir a p.
1 5 . Os preos esto subindo.
1 6 . Esta estrada sobe a serra.
1 7. Ele subiu no nibus e foi embora.
89
Exercise B. Give the third-person form in the sarne tense and number as the form given:
1 . Dispo-me.
2. Durmo
3. Visto
4. Sinto
5. Sumo
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
Engulo
Trago
Subimos
Preferimos
Valho
1 1.
12.
1 3.
1 4.
Peo
Ouo
Perco
Sei
I S . Vejo
1 6. Despimos
1 7 . Dormimos
1 8 . Sentimos
1 9. Sumimos
20. Sigo
Exercise C. Fill blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses:
I . (seguir) Eu mando que ele me
2. (trazer) Permitem que eu
3. (subir) Aconselho que voc
4. (dormir) E u quero que voc
5 . (pedir) Preferem que voc
6. (engolir) Ele probe que os meninos
7 . (vestir) Ele manda que ns
8 . (despir) Vocs permitem que eu me
9. (sumir) No quero que vocs
l O. (sentir) No queremos que vocs
_
_
_
_
um amigo.
ao quar t o .
logo .
outro.
o chocolate.
os palets.
nesse quarto?
_
_
_____
_____
____
_
_
_
_
____
pena de ns.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
90
7.
8.
9.
10.
____
os casacos.
_
_
_
_
_
____
num.
_
_
_
_
Lesson XXI
1 04 .
The reflexive verbs. A reflexive verb is one whose object is the sarne person or thing as
the subject. A verb is made reflexive by the use of the reflexive object pronouns. Thus:
My name is Joe.
Her name is Mary.
105.
Use of the reflexive verbs. The reflexive construction is used in various ways, some
with very different meanings from others.
a. The action which the subject perforrns upon itself may be literal.
Ele se viu no espelho.
b. If the subject is inanimate, singular or plural, the reflexive form of the verb may be used
instead of the passive voice. While this usage is fairly frequent, it should be remembered that
the real passive is much more used in BF and limits the reflexive usage considerably.
Falam-se vrias lnguas na Suia.
Fz-se o trabalho num minuto.
c. If the verb is in the third person singular, the reflexive se is used in many expressions al
most as if it were an impersonal, unidentified subject, more or less equal to one in English.
But see the use of the impersonal subject a gente, below.
Como que se pode no gostar de caf?
Vai-se cidade de nibus.
d. The reflexive pronoun objects may have a recfprocal meaning (each other) in the plural.
Eles se escrevem de vez em quando,
Ns nos vemos com freqncia.
Since in many cases it would be difficult to distinguish whether or not the reflexive pronoun
should be understood as reciprocaI, the situation may be clarified by the use of um ao outro,
either as a direct or as an indirect object. If this expression is used, the reflexive pronoun is
omitted.
91
If ali persons or things inc1uded in the expression um ao outro are feminine, both words be
come feminine-uma outra. Otherwise, both are masculine. If more than two individuals
are involved, both words become plural.
Joo e Maria escrevem cartas um ao outro.
As trs mulheres vem umas s outras.
1 06 .
Omission of the reflexive object. ln many cases, the use of the reflexive object simply
maintains the transitive character of the verb, where English would use it intransitively. But BF,
like English, is no longer much concerned with maintaining the distinction between transitive
and intransitive verbs. ln such cases the reflexive object is very often omitted, as in English.
He lies down.
I get up.
The reflexive pronoun nos is never used in BF foUowing the verb, It is either omitted or placed
before the verbo
Ns nos levantamos or Levantamos.
We get up.
Some verbs have alternate expressions, one with a noun or pronoun object, the other with a
reflexive pronoun followed by a preposition.
Eu lembro isso.
Eu me lembro disso.
I remember that.
I remember that.
1 07 .
Equivalents in Portuguese of the impersonal subject "one." ln English there are several
subjects which may be used to denote that the subject is a vague, unidentified person or persons
one, people, you, they, etc. The subject most frequently used in Portuguese is a gente.
A second construction uses the third person singular of the verb and the reflexive pronoun se.
Estuda-se muito e aprende-se pouco.
When action is attributed to unknown persons, the verb may be expressed in the third person
plural, without an expressed subject.
Dizem que no vai haver Carnaval.
1 08.
92
mil
um milho
um milhar
1 ,000
1 ,000,000
1 ,000 (group)
2,200 houses
1 ,000,000 houses
thousands of people
]J1i1lions of people
two million people
1 ,002,003 houses
The hundreds from 200 to 900, and the numbers one and two agree with feminine nouns
except when they precede milho, which is a masculine noun. ln theory, the word e is placed
before any number which is added to the preceding number. ln BF, it is generally used in the
following cases, but omitted in others.
a. Before tens and units, and before cem and cento.
Oitenta e seis
Cento e dez
Trezentos e quarenta e trs
Um milho e cem
86
1 10
343
1 ,000,100
b. After milho and mil, before a multiple of cem, if no smaIler number follows the latter.
mil e quinhentos
Um milho e seiscentos
1 ,5 00
1 ,000,600
Note that in writing numbers the use of the comma and period is exactly reversed from the use
in English.
Fourteen thousand three hundred ninetytwo and twenty-eight hundredths.
14.392,28
The period is implicit in the reading of the numbers; the comma is read vrgula.
trs vrgula cinco
3,5
1 09 .
fiest
second
third
fourth
fifth
sexto //
stimo
oitavo
nono
dcimo
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
Above tenth the ordinaIs are little used, doubtless because they are long and complexo The
cardinal numbers may be used as ordinaIs by placing them after the noun, using the word
nmero when needed.
Captulo 23
Chapter 23
With the names of kings , etc., the ordinaIs are used up to tenth, but the cardinaIs thereafter.
No article is used.
Carlos Quinto
Luiz Quatorze
Charles V
Louis XIV
With days of the month, only primeiro is used. AlI other dates are expressed by cardinaIs.
93
Vocabulary
Nouns
o telefone
a palavra
o relgio
o caderno //
Verbs
telephone
word
watch; clock
notebook
Adjectives
til
cego //
coitado
certo //
errado
fraco
leve //
pesado
escuro
useful
blind
poor, pitiful
certain; correct, right
incorrect, wrong
weak
light (weight)
heavy
dark
enxergar
mudar
encher (de)
atravessar
atrasar
demorar
emprestar
convidar (para)
chamar
chamar-se
lavar (-se)
despedir (like pedir)
Verbs
para c
despedir-se (de)
para c de
para l
para l de
do lado de l
do lado de c
do lado de fora
do lado de dentro
desta vez
quanto tempo
em breve //
de leve //
divertir
divertir-se
(eu me divirto)
Other expressions
Eu queria saber.
No presta ateno a ele.
Coitado do Pedro!
Eu vou me mudar.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1 ,500.
2,438 persons.
5 62 houses.
8 5 1 women.
1 8 . Perdeu-se um cachorro.
Lost: a dog.
1 9. Procura-se empregada.
Wanted: a maid.
Watches repaired.
2. Charles XII
3. Henry II (Henrique)
4. Leo XI (Leo)
4. We'll take a long time to move this heavy table. 19. Did you have a good time?
5. Please pay more attention.
Lesson XXII
1 1 0.
The personal infmitive. Thus far, the impersonal infmitive only has been used in this
texto It is invariable in form and has no subject. There is also a personal infinitive, Le., one
possessing personal endings, which are added to the impersonal infinitive. The translation of
this form varies with the usage. The forms of the personal infmitive are as follows:
Impersonal lnfinitive
falar
Personal lnfinitive
eu falar
voc falar
ele falar
ns falarmos
vocs falarem
eles falarem.
96
There are also endings for the old second person forms. It will be noted that, in verbs which are
are regular in the preterit, the personal infrnitive coincides in its forms with the future sub
junctive. But future subjunctive forms of verbs whose preterits are irregular have a different stern.
Thus fazer:
Future subjunctive fizer, fizermos, fizerem
Personal lnfinitve fazer, fazermos, fazerem
111.
Use of the personal infinitve. There are no rules governing the use of the personal infinitive which have not been violated by the best authors of the language. And there is not a
single idea which cannot be expressed correctly in Portuguese without the use of this formo
However, it is in constant and frequent use both by writers and by speakers of aU levels of
speech, and it is therefore very important. Its use in BF is rather cleariy defined, basically as
foUows:
The infinitive is personal when its logical subject has not yet been mentioned in the sentence,
either as subject or direct object of the preceding verbo It may occasionaUy be heard in these
circumstances also if the infmitive is separated from the preceding verb by several words. A
pronoun used as the subject of the infinitive is always in the subject (nominative) formo It may
be expressed whenever it is emphasized, or merely for clarity, especiaUy in the singular.
The personal infmitive may very often replace the subjunctive, and some times the indicative.
At other times it is used instead of the impersonal infinitive, for greater clarity. When it re
places the subjunctive, the construction varies from verb to verb, so that it is necessary to learn
the constructions which follow each verbo Thus, we may use either the subjunctive or the per
sonal infinitive after dizer, to teU to.
Ele diz que faamos o trabalho.
Ele nos diz para fazermos o trabalho.
ln this instance, the indirect object may be used or omitted. The preposition para must be
used.
Also after pedir the sarne construction is used.
Joo pede que ajudemos na loja.
Joo pede para ajudarmos na loja.
Whenever a conjunction requiring the subjunctive is paraUeled by a preposition having the sarne
meaning, we may replace the conjunction and the subjunctive by the preposition and the personal
infinitive.
Vo jantar depois que ns chegarmos.
Vo jantar depois de ns chegarmos.
1 1 2.
Radical-changing nouns and adjectives. Some nouns and adjectives which end in o in
the masculine singular have the stern vowel // in that form, but have // in alI others. This
applies to adjectives and to nouns in which the difference in gender is shown by changing final
o to a. It should be remembered that most nouns and adjectives keep the vowel of the mascu
line singular in all forms, whether it is // or /j. Those which change must be learned.
97
Vocabulary
Nouns
o av
pI. avs
a av
pI. avs
o fogo ll
pI. fogos ll
o olho l l
pI. olhos ll
o ovo ll
pI. l l
a horta l/
o legume
a couve
o quiabo
o pomar
a laranja
a laranjeira
a manga
a mangueira
a jaca
a jaqueira
Nouns
grandfather
grandmother
fire
eye
egg
garden
vegetable
kale
okra
orchard
orange
orange tree
mango (fruit)
mango tree
jack fruit
jack fruit tree
Adjectives
novo //
pI. and fem. //
castanho
feio
frito
mexido
domstico
new, young
brown (hair, eyes)
ugly
fried
stirred, scrambled
domestic
o cavalo
a vaca
a cabra
a galinha
o pato
o cachorro I/
a fazenda
o fazendeiro
a famma
o aniversrio
o dente
. a lua
a planta
a parte
o lugar
o cabelo //
o milho
a coisa
horse
cow
goat
chicken; hen
duck
dog
farm; ranch
farmer; rancher
family
birthday
tooth
moon
plant
part
place
hair
com
thing
Verbs
calar
olhar (para)
cozinhar Ikul
plantar
existir
criar
montar
Adverbs
ali
quase
tambm no
right there
almost
not . . . either
Expressions
Toda parte
Outra parte
Alguma parte
Fazer anos
Fazer 29 anos
Olha o carro !
Olha para o carro.
Montar a cavalo
A maior parte de
A faze nda mesma
98
Everywhere
Elsewhere
Somewhere
To have a birthday
To have one's 29th birthday
Look at the caro Look out for the caro
Look at the car.
To ride horseback
Most of
The farm itself
Leitura
Meus avs moram na roa. Meu av tem uma pequena fazenda em Minas Gerais. Tem muitos
fazendeiros naquele estado. Algumas fazendas so grandes, mas muitas so mais ou menos
pequenas.
Meu av planta milho e tem uma pequena horta onde planta legumes como couve e quiabo.
Existe tambm na fazenda um pomar, com laranjeiras, mangueiras e jaqueiras. Ele cria tambm
animais domsticos, como cavalos, vacas e cabras. Os cavalos so de montar. As vacas e cabras
do leite e carne para a famI1ia. Meus avs criam tambm galinhas e patos que pem ovos. E meu
av tem um cachorro que anda sempre com ele pela fazenda e guarda a casa de noite.
A maior parte do que a famI1ia e os empregados comem da fazenda mesma. H uma empre
gada que cozinha tudo para a casa.
Exercise A. Learn to say the following, using either the subjunctive or the infinitive:
1 . Ele (nos) diz que sigamos atrs dele.
2. Eu peo que vocs me tragam um sorvete .
esta msica.
2. Ternos medo de entrar na loja.
3. No queremos pagar at saber que a
coisa boa.
4. Antes de criarmos vacas, vamos plantar
milho.
5 . Olhamos para a rua antes de atravessar.
6. Depois de lermos este livro, vamos saber
mais sobre o Brasil.
7. Para ganharmos dinheiro, preciso
trabalhar.
8. No gosto destes cachorros, por serem
feios.
9. Eles partiram sem sabermos.
l O . Quero saltar nesta esquina.
1 1 . No aconselhamos fazer isso.
1 2. Prefiro no ficar.
99
Exercise C. Word usage. Be able to give in English from hearing the Port uguese :
Exercise E. Fill in blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses :
1 . (olhar) No querem que ns
para elas.
os sapatos.
2. (calar) Ele manda que eu
3. (existir) No permitem que essas coisas
a cavalo.
4. (montar) O mdico aconselha que voc
5. (criar) Prolem que ns
cabras na cidade.
_
_
_
_
_
1 00
____
para ns.
de ns.
_
_
_
_
_
_____
nossas xcaras,
_
_
_
_
_
Exercise F. Fill in blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses:
sono.
1 . (ter) Mandaram-nos para cama antes de [ns]
uma viagem ao Rio.
2. (fazer) Era bom [ns]
3. (encontrar) Temos vontade de nos
com vocs l
4. (desligar) Pedilhes para
o rdio.
5. (nascer) Fica bonito de manh depois do sol
6. (vir) Tenho medo de eles
muito cedo.
os cales de banho.
7. (trazer) Eu j disse para vocs
8. (cansar) Estudamos at os olhos se
9. (ganhar) Para eu
, preciso voc me ajudar.
1 0. (poder) Na chuva ficamos sem
nos enxergar.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Lesson XXIII
1 1 3.
Irregular present subjunctives. The rule for forming the present subjunctive states that
we use the first person singular of the present indicative and remove the final 0, to find the
stern of the present subjunctive. However, there are six verbs which do not have a final o in this
formo ln addition, the verb querer does not follow this rule. The present subjunctive of these
seven verbs must be leamed separately. Note further irregularities in the third person plural in
two verbs, dar and ir.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
ser
estar
ir
dar
saber
querer
seja //
seja
seja
sejamos
sejam
sejam
esteja //
esteja
esteja
estejamos
estejam
estejam
v
v
v
vamos
vo
vo
d
d
d
demos
dem
dem
saiba
saiba
saiba
saibamos
saibam
saibam
queira
queira
queira
queiramos
queiram
queiram
The seventh verb is haver, which has not yet been studied.
101
1 14 .
The subj unctive of emotion. Any verb, or a combination of a verb with a noun or
adjective, which expresses emotion, is followed by the subjunctive if the dependent verb has a
subject which is different from that of the main ver bo If the logical subject of the two verbs is
the same, the impersonal infinitive is used, although it is often possible to use the subjunctive
in these cases also.
Eu sinto que ele no possa ir.
Eu sinto no poder ir .
Some of the more frequently used expressions of emotion are the following:
sentir (que)
esperar (que)
to hope (that)
tomara (que)
temer (que)
to fear (that
to be sorry (that)
to be afraid (that)
pena
(that)
(que)
to be glad (that)
The future subjunctive is not used after expressions of emotion ; the present is used instead.
1 1 5.
The past participle. Regular past participles are formed by adding -ado to stems of
verbs of the first conjugation, -ido to those of the second and third conjugations.
falar
falado
comer
comido
spoken
eaten
ouvir
ouvido
heard
Unless used as part of a perfect tense, the past participle agrees with the noun or pronoun it
modifies.
falada l.
uma conversa ouvida na rua.
Essa lngua
1 1 6.
Irregular past participles. The following verbs already studied have irregular past parti-
ciples:
vir
vindo
come
ganhar
ganho
won, earned
ver
visto
entregar
entregue
dizer
dito
said, told
pr
posto jj
put, placed
seen
jj
1 02
delivered
jj
fazer
feito
abrir
aberto jj
open, opened
escrever
escrito
written
done, made
1 1 7.
The passive voice. The passive voice is formed by the use of the auxiliary verb
ser, fol-
lowed by the past participle. The participle agrees with the subject in number and gender.
Joo foi chamado.
Portuguese diffe rs from other Romance languages in that the passive voice is used almost as
frequently as in English. It is also important to remember that the auxiliary
with the past participle whenever the state denoted by the participle is permanent, without
necessarily forming the passive voice.
There is a second construction which corresponds closely with the use of "get" in English with
the past participle . The verb used in Portuguese is ficar.
Fiquei perdido.
I got lost.
Nouns
Nouns
a lngua
tongue ; language
a mata
forest
a selva //
j ungle
a geografia /jiu/
geography
o rnato
a montanha
mountain
a serra //
range (hills or
o morro //
hill
o Rio
Rio
mountains)
o Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
o Rio Amazonas
Amazon River
o distrito
district
a capital
capital (city)
o centro
center
o leste //
east
o oeste //
west
o norte //
north
o sul
south
a costa //
coast
o mar
sea
o interior //
interior
a plancie / si/
plain
o pas
country
Adjectives
federal
federal
nenhum, nenhuma
no
contente
glad, happy
grosso //
thick
Verbs
cobrir (eu cubro
cover
p.p. coberto //
crescer
grow
variar
vary
estender-se
extend
sentir
be sorry, regret
esperar
hope
tomara
(from
tomar)
temer
fear
surpreender
surprise ; be surprising to
Preposition
por causa de
because of
Adverbs
antigamente
formerly
at
even
da
pI. and fe m. / /
1 03
Expressions
ao norte daqui.
ao sul da cidade
a oeste da serra
a leste do Paran.
Ele est variando.
Espera por ele.
Tomara que chova.
Isso foi antigamente.
E da?
north of here
south of town
west of the mountains
east of the Paran
He's delirious.
Wait for him.
I hope it rains.
This was in the old days.
So what?
Leitura
o Brasil tem vinte e dois estados, alm de quatro territrios e um distrito federal. A capital,
Brasllia, fica no centro do pas, no Distrito Federal. A leste da capital se acha o estado de Minas
Gerais, que tem muitas montanhas. Algumas destas so mais ou menos altas, mas nenhuma est
coberta de neve. A maior parte do estado era antigamente coberta de mato. Uma parte do sul
chamada a Zona da Mata, por causa das rvores altas que cresciam l. No tem selvas nesta parte
do Brasil. A selva se encontra nos vales do rio Amazonas, do Paran e do Paraguai. O Amazonas
passa pelo norte do pas, mas o Paran e o Paraguai ficam no oeste e vo para o sul .
A geografia do Brasil muito variada. Mesmo no Rio de Janeiro existem muitos morros e
at uma serra. A Serra do Mar se estende ao longo de uma grande parte da costa do pas. Longe
no interior h plancies cobertas de mato. Da vem o nome do estado de Mato Grosso. O rio
Paran passa entre este estado e So Paulo.
____
_
_
_
_
_____
____
____
_____
Exercise E. Replace each of the underlined verbs with the correct form of each of the other
verbs listed:
1.
o amigo dele.
para a gente.
s perguntas.
com ele.
uma viagem.
os palets.
minha histria.
a lio.
os livros.
a escada.
1 05
o trem.
b. (permitir)
que vo.
c. (preferir)
ficar.
d. (acordar)
na hora.
e. (vir)
de avio.
a roupa tarde.
Maria na rua.
c. (no caber)
na sala.
d. (no pr)
a mesa
e. (no poder)
ir.
a porta.
b. (ir)
igreja.
c. (ser)
rico.
d. (estar)
doente.
e. (dar)
dinheiro.
caf.
b. (saber)
tocar piano.
c. (receber)
cartas dele.
d. (ter)
dinheiro.
e. (valer)
mais.
2. He permits me to go.
1 3 . Let me do that.
Seen by a Brazilian.
7 . She found three eggs laid by her hens.
1 06
Lesson XXIV
1 1 8.
Verbs with infinitives in -air. The verb sair may serve as a model for ali verbs whose infinitives end in -air, of which there are some fifteen.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
Present lndicative
Preteri!
lmperfect Indicative
Present Subjunctive
saio
sai
sai
samos
saem
saem
sa
saiu
saiu
samos
saram
saram
saa
saa
saa
saamos
saam
saam
saia
saia
saia
saiamos
saiam
saiam
1 1 9.
The subjunctive with impersonal expressions. There are very many impersonal expressions, generally formed with an impersonal verb and a noun or an adjective, expressing necessity,
importance , inevitability, probability, etc. The impersonal verb is most frequently ser in the third
person singular. Such expressions, whether affirmative or negative , regularly take the subjunc
tive in the following clause, if there is a subject that is not impersonal. If the impersonal ex
pression indicates certainty, however, the indicative is used in a following clause.
It is
It is
It is
It is
It is
1 20.
The infinitive with impersonal expressions. Most of these sarne impersonal expressions
may be followed by the personal infinitive which becomes the logical subject of the tlrd-per
son verbo The person of the infinitive may be clarified or emphasized by the use of a subject
pronoun.
It
It
It
It
1 21 .
The subjunctive of doubt or disbelief. Any verb or other expression of doubt or disbelief is followed by a subjunctive. Tls includes expressions of belief if they are negative. ln the
affirmative, expressions of belief are followed by the indicative.
I think he knows.
We think they drink coffee,
I believe it is true.
I don't think he knows.
I don't believe it is true.
1 07
ln practice, the subjunctive is often avoided by transferring the negative to the subordinate
verbo
I don't think he knows.
Expressions of doubt are followed by the subjunctive, whether they are affirmative or nega
tive.
Duvido que seja ele.
No duvido que seja ele.
I doubt it is he.
I don't doubt it is he.
ln questions containing expressions of belief, the subjunctive may be used to express the
speaker's doubt .
Voc cr que ele faz isso?
Voc cr que ele faa isso?
Vocabulary
Nouns
a comida
o bife
a carne de porco
// pI . //
a vitela //
o presunto
a fruta
a ma
o pssego
o mamo
o morango
o abacaxi
o acar
o sal
a refeio
o prato
a faca
o garfo
a colher //
o ch
Nouns
food
steak
pork
o feijo
a cozinha
veal
ham
fruit
apple
peach
papaya
strawberry.
pineapple
sugar
salt
me ai (dinner, etc.)
plate, dish
knife
fork
spoon
tea
sair
sair (de)
cair
atrair
acreditar (em)
duvidar
viver
fritar
haja (subj. of h)
Adjectives
incrvel
(in) justo
lamentvel
(im) possvel
(im) provvel
1 08
incredible
(un) just
lamentable,
unfortunate
(im) possible
(im) probable
beans
kitchen; cuisine
Verbs
go out, come out
leave
fall
attract
believe (in)
doubt
live (be alive)
fry
there is, there are
Adjectives
necessrio
inevitvel
(in) desej vel
difcil
fcil
importante
aconselhvel
urgente
seguro
cozido
mal passado
bem passado
necessary
inevitable
(un) desirable
unlikely
likely
important
advisable
urgent
certain, sure
boiled, stewed
rare
well done
Leitura
No Brasil, como em outros pases, a gente geralmente come trs vezes por dia. Pela manh a
gente toma caf com leite e come po com manteiga. Algumas pessoas preferem frutas, que l
so muito boas. H frutas em todos os meses do ano, porque no faz frio na maior parte do
pas. H sempre frutas tropicais, como a laranja e a banana. Durante uma parte do ano h tam
bm abacaxis, morangos, pssegos e mamo. As mas geralmente vm de outros pases.
Ao meio-dia a gente almoa. Esta refeio tambm uma parte importante da comida brasi
leira. Os que trabalham na cidade podem comer um bife com batatas fritas e legume s. Mas em
casa o almoo geralmente mais variado. O bife a carne que os brasileiros preferem, mas comem
bastante carne de porco tambm. O presunto e a vitela se encontram mais nos restaurantes do
que em casa.
Exercise A. Be able to give the Portuguese at a natural speaking pace:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Eu sa de casa s oito.
Sai da!
O trem sai da estao.
Vi muita gente entrando e saindo.
Se este livro sair bem, vai ser publicado.
1.
6.
3.
4.
8.
9.
1 0.
_
_
_
_
conosco.
tarde.
por aqui.
6.
leite.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ele no
voc.
a mesa.
_
_
_
_
_
Exercise F. Fil! in blanks with the past participles of the verbs in parentheses, making necessary
changes for agreement:
_
_
_
_
em voz alta.
_
_
_____
no cho.
_
_
_
_
5 . (cobrir) Pratos
_
_
_
_
6.
____
(tocar) Msica
7 . (crer) Histrias
na vitrola.
pelo povo.
8. (escrever) Livros
9. (pr) Mesas
1 0. (fazer) Sapatos
1 1 . (entregar) Embrulhos
1 2 . (ganhar) Tempo
1 3 . (ver) Luzes
14. (dar) Andando de mos
em portugus.
na sala de jantar.
____
mo.
_____
para casa.
_
_
_
_
I S . (cair) Neve
____
ao longe.
_
_
_
_
durante a noite.
1.
people.
6.
8.
9.
10.
1 10
Lesson XXV
1 22.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
Present lndicative
Preterit
lmperfect lndicative
Present Subjunctive
rio
ri
ri
rimos
riem
riem
ri
riu
riu
rimos
riram
riram
ria
ria
ria
ramos
riam
riam
ria
ria
ria
riamos
riam
riam
singular form
(eu, voc, ele)
ns
vocs, eles
ser
falar
comer
abrir
falasse
falssemos
falassem
comesse
comssemos
comessem
fosse //
abrisse
abrssemos fssemos
abrissem
fossem
1 24.
Use of the imperfect subjunctive. This tense is used instead of either the present or future subjunctive whenever the verb of the main clause is in any past tense. The choice of the
imperfect is purely a matter of the sequence of tenses.
a. If the main verb is in the present or future tense, or in the imperative, the subjunctive in a
dependent clause will be in the prese-nt (or in the future in the cases previously given).
111
b. I f the main verb is in any past tense (inc1uding the conditional), the subjunctive of the
dependent clause will be in the imperfect.
c. ln certain cases the expression of emotion, although put in the present tense may be the
result of a condition which existed in the pasto ln such cases, the imperfect subjunctive may
follow a present tense.
Eu quero que voc v congo.
Eu queria que voc fosse congo.
Ele sente que voc esteja doente.
Ele sentia que voc estivesse doente.
Ele sente que voc estivesse doente.
1 25 .
Subjunctive in adverbial clauses. The subjunctive is used in many dependent adver
bial clauses (those introduced by an adverbial conjunction).
quando
enquanto
The following may be followed by either the present or the future, but BF usually prefers
the future.
logo que
assim que
depois que
as soon as
as soon as
after
before
until
b. Following an adverbial conjunction of concession (although, even if), the present sub
junctive (never the future) must be used, whether or not the statement of the following
verb is factual. The main conjunctions of this type are:
embora
ainda que
posto que
although, even if
although, even if
although, even if
1 12
50
de maneira que
de modo que
de jeito que
ln ali cases, following a past tense, a subjunctive in the dependent clause will be in the im
perfect tense.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Conjunctions
o jeito
a espcie
a pedra //
o futebol //
o time
o pssaro
a cana (de acar)
o pedao
a terra //
a foto (grafia)
o cho
o dedo //
way, manner
kind
rock, stone
soccer
team
bird
cane
(broken) pie ce
land, earth
photo (graph)
ground; fioor
finger; toe
Conjunctions
antes que
at que
embora //
ainda que
posto que //
before
until
although
although
although
para que
de maneira que
de modo que //
de jeito que
Verbs
rir
sorrir
cortar
pagar
sentar (-se)
descer
comear (a)
chupar
laugh
smile
cut
pay
sit down
come down, go down
begin (to)
suck
Adverb
s
only, just
Adjectives
seguinte /si/
prximo (x Is!)
passado
juntos
s or sozinho //
=
following
next
past, last
together
alone
Expressions
Domingo passado
No ano seguinte
No ano que vem
Ele comea a estudar.
Tomara que eu pudesse.
Tirei uma foto.
Tiraram a mesa.
last Sunday
the next year
next year
He begins to study.
I wish I could.
I took a picture.
They cleared off the table.
1 13
Exercise C. Give the imperfect subjunctive in the sarne person and number as the following
present subjunctives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
1 1 . Que eu leia.
12.
13.
1 4.
15.
1 6.
Que ns saiamos.
Que ele viva.
Que vocs tragam
Que eu saiba.
Que eles vejam.
1 7 . Que ns ponhamos
1 8. Que ele d.
1 9. Que voc queira.
20. Que eles vo.
Exercise D. Put in the blanks the correct forms of the words in parentheses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1 14
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_____
sobre ele.
_
_
_
_
_
____
falando.
Exercise E. Change the following sentences to past time (Note: some sentences may not remain
in the subjunctive):
1. Voc pode ir quando quiser.
2. Vocs vo ficar aqui enquanto formos cidade.
3. O inverno fica feio enquanto no nevar.
4. Eu vou deitar assim que subir ao quarto.
5. Ele vai abrir a porta depois que ouvir as vozes de fora.
6. Voc deve se vestir antes que desa sala.
7. Vamos sair antes que ele chegue.
8. No podemos sentar at que os senhores se sentem.
9. Ele no muito novo, embora jogue futebol.
1 0. Dou dinheiro aos meninos para que se divirtam.
Exercise F . Idiomatic usages:
1 . Ele janta comigo na sexta que vem.
2. Sbado passado foi dia de chuva.
3. Aquelas duas andam sempre juntas.
4. Ele jogou uma pedra em mim.
5 . Cortei o dedo com uma faca.
6. Paguei o almoo dos dois.
7. Paguei vinte cruzeiros por isto.
8. Senta aqui, por favor.
9. No acho lugar para (me) sentar.
1 0. Voc quer descer com este embrulho?
1 1 . Ele est descendo a escada.
1 2. Diverte-se na feira.
1 3. Isto bom de chupar o dedo.
1 4. No tem jeito de fazer isso.
1 5 . De jeito nenhum!
16. Temos que dar um jeito para arranjar
um carro.
17. Ele ficou sem jeito.
1 8 . Meu tio muito jeitoso.
1 9. O nosso mundo a Terra.
Lesson XXVI
1 26.
1 16
Present Indicative
Preterit
Present Subjunctive
hei
h
h
houve
houve
houve
haja
haja
haja
ns
vocs
eles
havemos
ho
ho
houvemos
houveram //
houveram //
hajamos
hajam
hajam
The imperfect indicative is regular. The future and imperfect subjunctive may be derived from
houveram.
1 27.
Uses of haver. Although it is derived from the Latin verb meaning "to have ," this verb
neve r has that meaning in BF.
The third person singular forms in the various tenses of the indicative and subj unctive are used
to mean "there is (are)," "There was (were)" etc. ln addition, all forms of the present and imper.
fect may be used as auxiliaries of the future and conditional as explained below. Oilly the third
person singular of the preterit is used nowadays.
The word h, when followed by a noun or expression of a period of time, means "ago."
H dois anos
1 28.
The expression of futurity in Portuguese. We have already taken up two methods of expressing the future-the use of the auxiliary ir, and the simple present. There are two others.
AlI are used in the colloquial as well as the literary language.
The simple future tense is formed by adiiing the endings -ei, - -emos, -o to the full infinitive of
the verbo The sarne endings are used in all three conjugations.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
falar
comer
abrir
falarei
falar
falar
falaremos
falaro
falaro
comerei
comer
comer
comeremos
comero
comero
abrirei
abrir
abrir
abriremos
abriro
abriro
farei, etc.
trarei, etc.
direi, etc.
The present tense of the verb haver, followed by de and the infinitive, forms a periphrastic fu
ture tense. This form may have the meaning "He is to speak, he is supposed to speak," etc.,
but is often exactly equivalent to the simple future. The forms are as follows:
falar
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
hei de falar
h de falar
h de falar
havemos de falar
ho de falar
ho de falar
The least used in BF is the simpie future. The verbs which have only one syllable preceding the
ending serei, 'starei, terei, irei, farei, etc.-are heard fairly frequently ; longer verbs are used much
less in this formo But all the four constructions are perfectly natural in BF. See exercises for ex
amples.
1 17
-
1 29 .
The conditional tense. The conditional represents two quite different meanings, both
in English and in Portuguese. For example, it may represent futurity after a verb in past time .
Compare :
b. The imperfect of ir with the infinitive may be used, if the conditional stands for the fu
ture in sequence after a verb in a past tense, but not elsewhere. This usage corresponds to
English.
Ele diz que vai voltar.
Ele disse que ia voltar.
c. The simple conditional tense. This tense is formed by adding the endings -ia, -ia, - amos,
-iam to the infinitive (with the sarne three short forms mentioned above).
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
falar
comer
abrir
falaria
falaria
falaria
falaramos
falariam
falariam
comeria
comeria
comeria
comeramos
comeriam
comeriam
abriria
abriria
abriria
abriramos
abririam
abririam
d. The imperfect indicative of haver, followed by de and the infinitive, forms a conditional
tense. The meaning may be simply the conditional or there may be also connotations of
of expectation, previous agreement, etc . , as with the similar construction of the future.
falar
dizer
The simple conditional (falaria, etc.) is very little used in BF, except in those verbs which
have only one syllable before the ending. Even in these the imperfect is used more or less as
often as the conditional. The construction eu ia falar is used in practically the sarne way as
in English. Eu havia de falar is used quite frequently, but often carries connotations in
addition to the basic meaning of the conditional.
1 30.
Placing of personal pronoun objects with the future and conditional. Formerly the
pronoun objects were in many cases placed between the infinitive and the endings in the sim
pie future and conditional.
Falar-me-
Di-Io-ei.
Verse-iam.
1 18
This construction is becoming rather unusual even in literary style. ln BF it is totally absent. ln
fact, it is practically unintelligible to Brazilians, if used in speech. The objects me, nos, lhe, lhes,
and se should always be placed before the future and conditional. A subj ect pronoun may be
used in order to avoid beginning the clause with an object pronoun.
Ele me falar.
Eles se veriam.
The object pronoun may follow the infinitive in those constructions in which the infinitive is a
separate word. However, it is more usually placed between the forms of ir and the infinitive.
Eles haviam de ver-se.
Eles vo me dizer.
The other object pronouns -voc, o senhor. ele, etc. -are placed after ali verb forms, as if they
were nouns.
Eu disse que levaria voc . .
Vocabulary
Nouns
Nouns
a rede ll
o quarto
a cor ll
o trabalhador
o sotaque Isul
o garoto ll
o jogo ll
pI. jogos I l
net; network;
hammock
(bed) room
color
worker
(foreign) accent
boy
game
Adjectives
japons
forte ll
carioca (m. and f.)
ll
limpo
sujo
alegre ll
pobre ll
moreno
profissional
simptico
Japanese
strong
from Rio
clean
dirty
jolly, cheerful
poor
dark (complexion)
professional
nice, agreeable
o lixo
o escndalo
o bicho
o ar
trash
loud talk, quarrel
animai
air
Verbs
haver
mexer
escolher
caoar (de)
armar
conversar
procurar
cantar
custar
queimar
tocar
(se e above)
stir, mix
choose , pick, select
tease
set up
chat
look for; try to
sing
cost
bum
play (music); ring (bel!);
touch
Adverbs
primeiro
alis
first
besides; or rather
Preposition
apesar de
in spite of
1 19
Expressions
Armar uma rede.
Armar um escndalo.
Custa-me crer.
Alto, moreno e simptico.
Tocar piano.
Amanh irei casa de meus tios, que moram numa fazenda. Primeiro telefonarei para eles
para dizer a que horas chegarei l. Quando eu chegar, escolherei uma rede das vrias que eles
tm em casa, para armar num dos quartos da casa. Depois de conversar com os tios e primos,
sairei para procurar os lugares bonitos que eu lembro das outras visitas. Espero que tudo esteja
como era, porque eu gosto de ver os pssaros de cores brilhantes que cantam nas rvores da
fazenda.
H vrios trabalhadores que moram na fazenda. Um deles um japons que planta legumes.
Apesar dos muitos anos que mora no Brasil, ele ainda fala portugus com um forte sotaque.
Alis, meus tios sempre caoam do meu sotaque carioca, que diferente do jeito de falar deles.
Custa-me crer que h dez anos eu j ogava futebol aqui com os outros garotos. Saamos de casa
limpos e alegres e, depois do jogo, voltvamos para casa sujos e cansados. Geralmente perdamos,
porque os fIlhos dos trabalhadores so fortes e jogam muito bem. Havia um deles, um moreno,
que ficou conhecido nos jogos profissionais.
Exercise A. Study the following examples of constructions expressing the future and condi
tional and their equivalents:
1.
2. Eles escolhero os lugares logo que chegarem. They will pick their places as soon as they
arrive.
Eles vo escolher os lugares logo que chegarem
Eles ho de escolher os lugares logo que
chegarem.
3.
(No clue to futurity would permit armam, unless the context of the conversation makes it
clear.)
4.
1 20
9. Eu gostaria de viajar.
(ln this meaning, "I'd like," only the conditional is used with this verbo But the imperfect
is usual if the verb is querer. )
Exercise B. Idiomatic usages:
1 . A mulher armou um escndalo.
2. No mexe nas minhas coisas.
3. Pe acar no caf e mexe.
4. Por que est se mexendo na cadeira?
5 . Queimei um dedo no fogo.
6. Todo mundo caoa de mim.
7. Custa crer que voc sej a ruim.
8. Estou procurando meus sapatos.
9. Ele procura sempre estar limpo.
1 0. Mostra a mo!
1 1 . Antes de haver gente no mundo, havia
bichos.
1 2 . Muitos brasileiros gostam do jogo do
bicho.
l 3 . Tem bichos do ar, bichos da terra e
bichos do mar.
14. Tem at bichos to pequenos que no
se vem.
1 5 . Ele alto, moreno e simptico.
16. Em garoto, eu jogava pedras nos
pssaros.
1 7 . Vocs conhecem a cano "A Garota
de Ipanema"?
1 8 . Eu tenho dois, alis trs bons amigos.
1 9. Apesar de ser pobre, ele est sempre
alegre.
20. Voc tem um pouco de sotaque americano.
2 1 . Esta ma est bichada.
Exercise C. Change the underlined verb to an appropriate past tense and make any other neces
sary changes:
1 . Eu quero que voc ria.
2 . Mando que vocs venham da escola ao meio-dia.
3. Ele proibe que joguem futebol na rua.
4. Eladiz que trar o filho quando vier.
5. Eu peo que me dem uma hora para estudar.
121
Imperfect Subjunctive
1 . Haja
2. Vocs mexam
3. Voc caoe
4. Ns queimemos
5. Eu arme
6. Eu desa
7. Ele jogue
8. Eles riam
9. Eu me divirta
1 0. Voc viva
1 1 . Ele caia
1 2. Eu sinta
13. Vocs leiam
1 4. Ele siga
1 5 . Ele traga
Exercise E. Pronounce the following, giving special care to the stressed vowels:
1 . Joga
2. O jogo
3. os jogos
4. Eles cortam
5. Ele desa
6. Eu comeo
7. Eles se divertem
8. Eu mexo
9 . Vocs escolham
1 0. Eles conversam
1 1 . Houvesse
1 2 . Que eu mostre
1 3 . Que ele caoe
14. Alegre
1 5 . Carioca
1 6. Forte
1 7 . Av
1 8. Espcie
19. A pedra
20. O leste
2 1 . O oeste
22. A costa
23. O pssego
24. A vitela
25. Os olhos
Lesson XXVII
131 .
Verbs formed on the stern -duzir. This root does not exist in Portuguese as a verb, but
numerous compounds of it do existo They a11 have one irregular foem; the third person singular
of the present indicative has lost the final e. Ali other forms are regular.
He produces.
He reduces.
You induce.
Ele produz.
Ele reduz.
Voc induz.
Other verbs formed on this root are given in the vocabulary, below.
1 32.
The perfect tenses. The perfect tenses are formed by using the simple tenses of the
verb ter as auxiliaries of the past participle. The verb haver may be used theoretically, and it oc
curs in literary style, especially in the imperfect. But BF always uses ter. The participle is in
variable when used with ter or haver.
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
P/uperfect lndicative
Future Perfect
Indicative
tenho falado
tem falado
tem falado
temos falado
tm falado
tm falado
tinha falado
tinha falado
tinha falado
tnhamos falado
tinham falado
tinham falado
terei falado
ter falado
ter falado
teremos falado
tero falado
tero falado
1 23
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Fu ture Perfect
Subjunctive
eu
tenha falado
tivesse falado
tiver falado
voc
tenha falado
tivesse falado
tiver falado
ele
tenha falado
tivesse falado
tiver falado
ns
tenhamos falado
tivssemos falado
tivermos falado
vocs
tenham falado
tivessem falado
tiverem falado
eles
tenham falado
tivessem falado
tiverem falado
Perfect infinitive:
impersonal
ter falado
to have spoken
personal
etc.
tendo falado
English equivalents of the perfect tenses. Most of the perfect tenses correspond rather
closely to the tenses of the English verbo But one must distinguish in some cases.
a. The present perfect in English is usually expressed by the preterit in Portuguese.
Eu G) falei.
I have spoken.
The compound tense is used in Portuguese when the action or condition is either continuous
or continuai in the recent pasto It comes up to, but does not specifically include, the presento
There is no general equivalent in English, but often the best means of expressing the meaning
is the progressive form of the present perfect.
Como que voc tem estado
But note :
Eu j viajei na Europa vrias vezes.
c. The future perfect tense has the sarne meaning as in English, but is used somewhat more,
and also more than the simple future indicative in Portuguese .
At segunda-feira terei acabado.
1 24
d. The conditional perfect is used somewhat more than the simple conditional in Portuguese,
but is often replaced by the pluperfect indicative .
Se eu tivesse visto o Joo, teria falado
com ele. (tinha falado com ele.)
e. The three perfect tenses of the subjunctive in Portuguese are usually expressed in the
indicative in English. Since the future perfect is seldom used in English, the meaning is
usually expressed by the present perfect. But if futurity is implied, after certain conjunc
tions, the form must be the future perfect in Portuguese.
Espero que ele j tenha chegado.
Voc no deve sair antes que tenha
acabado de jantar.
Sentimos que ele tivesse perdido
a festa.
Vamos sair quando voc tiver acabado o
jantar.
Ele ir conosco assim que se tiver vestido.
Note that all three perfect tenses of the subjunctive are in current use in BF.
1 34.
a. If the verbo following se expresses habitual action or state (the most usual meaning of the
simpie present indica tive), the present indicative is used in Portuguese. The present subjunc
tive is not used after se.
Se ele d com um amigo, sempre fica
conversando.
b. ln the past, if the verb following se expresses an admitted fact or a possible fact, the indi
cative is used.
Se ele dava com um amigo, sempre
ficava conversando.
Se ele esteve em casa ontem, ningum
viu.
e. I f the verb following se refers to action or condition which will or may exist in inde
finite future time, the future subjunctive is used, if the main verb is in the present or
future.
Voc pode ir amanh, se quiser.
f. When se is followed by alternatives, one or the other of which is true (the meaning o f
"whether"), only the indicative i s used.
No sei se ele foi ou ficou.
Ainda no me disseram se ele vai ou no
vai.
Vocabulary
Nouns
o namorado
a namorada
o corao
o noivo
a noiva
os Estados Unidos
a mquina
a perna //
a dor //
a chave
Nouns
boy friend
girl friend
heart
fianc ; groom
fiance , bride
United States
machine
leg
pain ; grief
key
Adjectives
louro
lindo (superlative of
bonito)
firme
ltimo
blond
beautiful
firm, steady
last (of ali)
Adverb
ultimamente
lately
o curso
a encrenca
a arquitetura
a companhia
o contrato
course
difficulty ; "mess"
architecture
company
contract
Verbs
produzir
reduzir
conduzir
reproduzir
introduzir (em)
induzir (a)
pertencer (a)
apresentar
namorar
gastar pp. gasto
quebrar
faltar
sonhar (com)
agentar
formar
formar-se
produce
reduce
conduct, lead
reproduce
lead into, introduce
(into)
induce (to)
belong (to)
present (play); introduce (man)
"go with," "date"
spend (money)
break
be lacking
dream (about)
stand (pain) ; hold firm;
endure
form ; graduate
be graduated
Expressions
Ficaram noivos.
Em fins do ms
Ele se formou em filosofia.
Ela faltou aula.
Ela matou a aula.
Pelo menos
Meu amigo Waldemar tem uma namorada loura e linda. Quando se viram pela primeira vez,
ele lhe deu logo o corao. Como no conhecia a famtlia da moa nem pertencia ao grupo de
amigos da casa, pediu que eu fosse l com ele e apresentasse. Depois eu introduzi o Waldemar
na roda que os amigos da famtlia formavam.
1 26
Acho que Waldemar sonhou com a moa depois desse primeiro encontro. Pelo menos, sei que
os dois comearam a namorar. Dentro de poucos meses ficaram noivos. Dizem que vo casar logo
que ele acabar o curso na universidade e se formar. Deve formar-se em fins deste ano, se no
houver encrencas.
Waldemar estudante de arquitetura. Depois de formado vai trabalhar para uma companhia
de arquitetos que tem contratos em Mato Grosso. Os noivos vo morar em Cuiab, capital do
estado. uma cidade pequena, mas uma que deve crescer muito nos prximos anos. S que fica
muito longe dos grandes centros culturais do pas.
Exercise A. Verbs in -duzir. Give each sentence with the verb in the preterit tense:
1 . Estas terras produzem muito caf.
2. Por que voc no introduz a msica brasileira aqui?
3. Ele me induz a falar aos estudantes.
4. De tudo isso , deduzimos que ela sua namorada.
S . Meu dinheiro se reduz a muito pouco.
6. Eu conduzo este grupo pela escola.
7. Esta mquina reproduzir o que voc escreveu.
Exercise B. Uses of the perfect tenses of the indicative :
1 . O Joo tem contado esta histria em toda
parte.
2. Ele tem ganho e gasto bastante dinheiro.
3. Tem feito um tempo bonito ultimamente.
4. Voc tem visto o Luiz?
5 . Quantas horas voc tem dormido nestas
ltimas semanas?
6. Voc tem passeado no carro de seu pai?
7. Tenho sonhado com voc todas as noites.
8. Ele quebrou a perna e tem sentido muita
dor.
9. H quanto tempo voc est estudando?
1 0. Ns j nos encontramos muitas vezes.
1 1 . Quando procurei o Joo, ele j tinha
sado.
1 2. Terei entrado em casa antes da chuva cair.
1 3. Ele vai trabalhar no ano que vem, quando
j se ter formado.
1 4. Se tivssemos gasto o dinheiro, no
teramos podido comprar isto.
1 5 . Eu j teria feito essa viagem, se tivesse
tido tempo.
a carta a tempo.
a caneta.
8. Quando voc tiver jantado, vamos sair.
este embrulho.
1 0 . Leva esta chave, caso tiverem fechado
a porta.
Exercise D. Ifclauses and conditional sentences:
1 . Se voc est com fome, come isto.
seguinte.
3. Eles podem se casar, se quiserem.
9. Ns morvamos l se pudssemos.
falL
in.
be different.
se me mandou.
1 1 . Se Joo falou sobre isto, eu no ouvi.
gostava.
1 3 . Se tivssemos sabido disso, no teramos
falado.
1 4. Se fossem pedir uma coisa dessas, ningum
dava.
1 5 . Se o cinema j tiver comeado, vamos
esperar.
1 6. No pode sair enquanto fizer frio.
Lesson XXVIII
135.
Forms of verbs in -ear. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ear add an i following stressed
e. The affected forms of passear are
Present Indicative
eu
voc
ele
ns
vocs
eles
passeio
passeia
passeia
passeamos /si/
passeiam
passeiam
Present Subjunctive
passeie / yij
passeie
passeie
passeemos jsij
passeiem
passeiem
1 29
1 37.
Position of object pronouns with verbs in the perfect tenses. The object pronouns
are placed with respect to the auxiliary ter in the perfect tenses. They are not connected with a
hyphen when they foIlow ter. ln BF there is also a strong tendency to place the object between
the two parts, even when a negative or conjunction precedes.
Tm me dito.
They have told me .
He had not given to him.
No lhe tinha dado.
1 38.
a. Que is the most frequently used relative pronoun. It may refer to persons or things, singu
lar or plural, and may be subject or object.
b. Quem as a relative pronoun is most often used to include tts antecedent. It may be trans
lated "he who," "anyone who," "the one who." ln this usage it is always singular.
Quem pergunta aprende.
Ele anda como quem tivesse se perdido.
Quem pedir receber.
Quem deve ganhar sou eu.
Quem is also used as a simple relative pronoun when it is the object of a preposition, always
referring to a person or persons. This usage is generally avoided in BF. ln some cases, the
idea is expressed in a different formo Frequently the preposition is omitted and que is used.
This construction is not approved by normative grammar, but is very frequent in BF. Quem
used in this way may be either singular or plural, but without change ofform.
Aquele o senhor com quem eu jantei.
uma pessoa que eu gosto. (Literary: de
quem)
Aqui vem o homem que eu dei o dinheiro.
(Literary: a quem)
d. O qual (a qual, os quais, as quais) is practically liIlted to literary usage, often after preposi
tions, sometimes for clarity when the antecedent is not the last noun mentioned.
H uma casa velha l, em frente da qual
se acha um chafariz.
Encontrei com a me de Joo, a qual
tem estado doente.
130
1 39.
The subjunctive in relative clauses. The su bjunctive is used in relative clauses whenever
the antecedent of the relative pronoun is not a known, predetermined person or thing, but any
one which may fit the conditions stated in the sentence. It is also used if the antecedent is
negative or otherwise shown to be nonexistent.
I wouldn't like a man who did (might do,
d encrencas.
No tem ningum que possa fazer isso.
If the relative pronoun may refer to any or all of the individuaIs named by the antecedent, and
the action refers to the future, the future subjunctive is used. Otherwise, one uses the presento
The future is more or less equivalent to the meaning expressed in English by whoever, which
o prmio.
ln any of these sentences, if a past tense is used in the main clause, the present or future sub
junctive will be replaced by the imperfect.
He said that anyone who wanted to eat would
have to work.
Nouns
Nouns
a criana
o prmio
child
a piscina
swimming pool
prize
a ceia
supper
o chafariz
fountain
a bicicleta I l
bicycle
o restaurante I tl
restaurant
a toalha
towel
Verbs
a toalha de mesa
tablecloth
a areia
sand
a praia
beach
odiar
hate
o castelo ll
castle
pentear
comb
o fato
fact
nadar
swim
a peteca ll
stop
espalhar
spread, scatter
hand)
dirigir
dirigir -se a
go to
Adjectives
tal pi. tais
such (a)
apinhado (de)
crowded (with)
antigo
ancient ; forme r
Adverb
l de cima
passear
Prepositions
feito '
segund02
com0 3
like
according to
like
from above
131
Expressions
Passear de carro.
Go driving.
Passear a p.
Go walking
Passear de bicicleta.
Passear a cavalo.
Go horseback riding.
used)
De fato.
ln fact.
An ancient city.
Like a cat.
Como um gato.
Like a cato
Notes on prepositions:
1
Feito
as
a preposition,
be foUowed by
subject
person.
3
Como
is a conjunction. lt is used like the English preposition like, but is folIowed by the
at
toalhas na areia e deita para tomar o sol. As crianas constroem castelos e cidades na areia,
correm pela praia, ou jogam peteca. s vezes at difcil atravessar a praia para chegar at a
gua.
Exercise A. Examples of usage :
1 . Os cariocas passeiam no parque.
2.
4.
6.
8.
12.
1 32
8.
9.
1 0.
Exercise E. Fill each blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses:
1 . (saber) No h ningum que no
isto.
dirigir este carro?
2. (poder) H algum que
3. (assar) Estou procurando a Maria, que
a carne bem.
4. (comer) Nunca vi um rapaz que
tanto.
com voc.
5. (parecer) L conheci uma moa que
6. (querer) Todo o homem que
jantar deve escrever o nome aqui.
7. (nadar) Quem
nesta piscina tem que usar calo.
8. (ouvir) Ele falou to baixo que no houve quem
de l.
9. (cair) Quebrou-se o copo que
1 0 . (vir) Ele estava preparado para o que
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Ii you are caught in the rain, call at the door you are in front of.
7. We went bicycle riding with the fellow you have heard about.
8. I will do whatever you say.
9. He wants to buy a house that has large windows.
1 0. I'm looking for a restaurant that has (= gives) scrambled eggs for breakfast.
1 1 . There is not a room in this hotel that doesn't have two windows.
1 2. I want a shoemaker that can fix my shoes.
Lesson XXIX
1 40.
The subjunctive with rela tive adverbs. Each of the rela tive adverbs como, quando, onde,
quanto is given an indefinite meaning referring to any manner, time, place or quantity, when
the subjunctive follows. The subjunctive is nearly always future Cor imperfect). ln some instances
in which the reference is to one situation which will fulfill stated conditions, the present is used.
141.
The subjunctive with talvez and similar words. Any verb modified by talvez or synony
mous words or expressions which precede it, is in the subjunctive. If such words follow, the
verb is in the indica tive. The future subjunctive is not used.
1 34
1 43 .
Such expressions as "Let it be as it may." ln these expressions the present subjunctive
is used in the first part, foIlowed by the future . Both forms are put in the imperfect to express
past time.
1 44 .
Diminutives and augrnentatives. BF uses very many diminutives and quite a lot of
augmentatives. Many of these must be learned with care, since the connotations, the choice of
suffix in each case, and the form of the suffix may vary.
The most frequently used of the suffixes fonning a diminutive is -(z) inho. It is applied freely
to almost any noun or adjective, and some times to other words. A final unaccented vowel is
dropped before -inho. The form -linho is added to the entire word in the following cases:
a. After words ending in a diphthong, oral ar nasal.
me
mother
mezinha
boi
ox
boizinho
little mother, de ar
mother
little ox.
sister
spade
irmzinha
pazinha
little sister
little spade
animal
animalzinho
little animal
d. After final -r. ln the pronunciation of most Brazilians, the final -r is silent, leaving a final
stressed vowel.
dor
little pain
pain
dorzinha
little pair
par
pair
parzinho
But: devagar
devagarinho or devagarzinho
The pluraIs of diminutives are forme d from the plurals of the nouns and adjectives, and have ali
the changes found in those plurals.
co
lio
cezinhos
liezinhas
animal
pires
animaizinhos
pirezinhos
135
All diminutives which are formed freely on the base words and which are felt as diminutives
also retain the quality of the vowel which was stressed in the base word, even though certain
vowels are not normally heard in unstressed syllables.
copo //
p
glass
foot
copinho //
pezinho //
li ttle glass
little foot
The most frequently used augmentative suffix is -o, sometimes preceded by any one of sev
eral syllables to give it reinforced vigor. The feminine form is -ana, but many feminine nouns
that do not denote persons take masculine augmentative endings.
a mesa
grande
table
large
a casa
carro
bonito
house
car
pretty
o meso
grandalho,
f. grandalhona
o casaro
carro
bonito, bonitona
large table
huge
mansion
big car
very handsome
Vocabulary
Nouns
as balas
a reunio
o txi /ks/
a situao
o boi
a p
a dor //
o par
o Carnaval
o desfile
a sede //
a fantasia
o passo
povo // pI. //
scio
a dana
Nouns
candy
meeting
taxi
situation
ox
spa de
pain
pair; partner
(dancing)
Carnival
parade
seat, base
costume
step
people
member
dance
Adverbs
talvez //
qui (literary)
perhaps
perhaps
Adjective
popular
oficial
popular, of the
people
official
a Quaresma //
a Pscoa
o compositor
o samba
a marcha
a cano
a organizao
o, a habitante
a atividade
Lent
Easter
composer
samba
march (music)
song
organization
inhabitant
activity
Verbs
reunir-se
atender
preceder
compor
lanar
aceitar
p.p. aceito, aceitado
promover
desfIlar
danar
planejar
assistir a
concorrer
meet, gather
take care of, answer
precede
compose
launch, throw
accept
promote
parade
dance
plan
be present at, attend
(once)
compete
Expressions
Pode ser que ele venha.
Ele atende os fregueses.
1 36
Leitura
Para o carioca o grande feriado e a grande festa do ano o Carnaval. O povo se prepara
durante meses para os trs dias oficiais (precedidos de vrios dias no oficiais) desta festa tradicional.
Vem logo antes da Quaresma uns quarenta dias antes da Pascoa. Nos morros o povo compe
sambas e marchas que tenta lanar para ver se so aceitos pelo pblico como as canes mais popu
lares do Carnaval.
Em vrios morros do Rio existem "Escolas de Samba," que so organizaes dos habitantes
do morro para promover as atividades do desfile de Carnaval. Cada escola tem uma sede onde os
scios se renem para preparar-se para desfilar, cantando e danando, durante os dias oficiais.
Planej am e fazem as fantasias que vo usar. Tocam as msicas que preferem, practicam os passos
das danas e se preparam para concorrer aos prmios dos desfIles.
Exercise A. Fill each blank with a correct form of the verb in pare"+heses:
1 . (existir) No creio que tal coisa
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
este livro.
este presente.
_
_
_
_
a classe.
_
_
_
_
uma cerveja.
, perdemos o nosso tempo.
_
_
_
_
Exercise B. Say in Portuguese, using the subj unctive or the infinitive, or both when possible :
1 . George told them to dance.
137
Cadeira
Homem
Ingls
Manh
Caf
6. Flor
7. Carro
8. Ruim
9. Bom
1 0. Boa (boazinha)
1 1 . Preto
1 2. Baixo
13. Velho
14. Nova
1 5. Papel
Sapato
Festa
Tempo
Sala
5. Dinheiro
6. P
7. Escada
8. Gorda
9. Solteira
1 0. Casa
Exercise G. Read each word aloud and give the corresponding thirdperson form:
1 . Construo
2. Devo
3. Visto
4. Peo
5 . Morro
6. Pego
7. Perco
8. Introduzo
9. Passeio
1 0. Durmo
1 38
1 1 . Subo
12. Encho
1 3 . Vo
14. Chego
1 5 . Ouo
1 6. Valho
17. Sumo
1 8. Mexo
19 . Fecho
20. Despeo
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Caio
Hei
Caibo
Instruo
Cubro
Trago
Digo
Fao
Sigo
Sei
Appendix
1 4S. Conjugation of regular verbs. The following verbs are given in the traditional six forms
in each tense, including the old second person forms used with tu and vs.
Impersonal infinitive.
falar
comer
abrir
Personal infinitive
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
falar
falares
falar
falarmos
falardes
falarem
comer
comeres
comer
comermos
comerdes
comerem
abrir
abrires
abrir
abrirmos
abrirdes
abrirem
Presen t participle
falando
comendo
abrindo
comido
aberto (irregular)
Past participle
falado
Present indicative
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
falo
falas
fala
falamos
falais
falam
como
comes
come
comemos
comeis
comem
abro
abres
abre
abrimos
abris
abrem
falei
falaste
falou
falamos
falastes
falaram
comi
comeste
comeu
comemos
comestes
comeram
abri
abriste
abriu
abrimos
abristes
abriram
falava
falavas
falava
falvamos
falveis
falavam
comia
comias
comia
comams
comeis
comiam
abria
abrias
abria
abramos
abeis
abriam
Preterit indicative
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
Imperfect indica tive
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
139
falarei
falars
falar
falaremos
falareis
falaro
comerei
comers
comer
comeremos
comereis
comero
abrirei
abrirs
abrir
abriremos
abrireis
abriro
falaria
falarias
falaria
falaramos
falareis
falariam
comeria
comerias
comeria
comeramos
comereis
comeriam
abriria
abririas
abriria
abriramos
abrireis
abririam
falara
falaras
falara
falramos
falreis
falaram
comera
comeras
comera
comramos
comreis
comeram
abrira
abriras
abrira
abrramos
abrreis
abriram
Conditional
eu
tu
ele
nos
vs
eles
Simple pluperfect
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
Imperative mood
fala (tu)
falai (vs)
come (tu)
comei (vs)
abre (tu)
abri (vs)
Present subjunctive
que eu
que tu
que ele
que ns
que vs
que eles
fale
fales
fale
falemos
faleis
falem
coma
comas
coma
comamos
comais
comam
abra
abras
abra
abramos
abrais
abram
falasse
falasses
falasse
falssemos
falsseis
falassem
comesse
comesses
comesse
comssemos
comsseis
comessem
abrisse
abrisses
abrisse
abrssemos
abrsseis
abrissem
falar
falares
falar
falarmos
falardes
falarem
comer
comeres
comer
comermos
comerdes
comerem
abrir
abrires
abrir
abrirmos
abrirdes
abrirem
Imperfect subjunctive
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
Future subjunctive
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
140
Forms of the auxiliary ter, used in the perfect tenses. The preterit indicative is not
used as an auxiliary.
146.
Impersonal infinitive
Personal infinitive
ter
(eu) ter
(tu) teres
(ele) ter
Present indicative
tenho
tens
tem
temos
tendes
tm
Future indicative
terei
ters
ter
tnhamos
tnheis
tinham
Conditional
teremos
tereis
tero
Present subjunctive
teria
terias
teria
teramos
tereis
teriam
Imperfect subjunctive
tenhamos
tenhais
tenham
tenha
tenhas
tenha
tinha
tinhas
tinha
(ns) termos
(vs) terdes
(eles) terem
tivesse
tivesses
tivesse
tivssemos
tivsseis
tivessem
Future subjunctive
tiver
tiveres
tiver
147.
tivermos
tiverdes
tiverem
Impersonal infinitive
Personal infinitive
haver
haver
haveres
haver
Imperfect indicative
Imperfect subjunctive
havia
havias
havia
havamos
haveis
haviam
houvesse
houvesses
houvesse
havermos
haverdes
haverem
houvssemos
houvsseis
houvessem
Radical-changing verbs.
First conjugation, vowel e: levar
148.
Present indicative
levo //
levas //
leva //
Presen t subjunctive
levamos
levais
levam //
leve //
leves //
leve //
levemos
leveis
levem //
141
Present indicative.
noto jj
notas jj
nota //
Present subjunctive
notamos
notais
notam /j
note //
notes /j
note jj
notemos
noteis
notem //
Present subjunctive
Presem indicative
devo /j
deves jj
deve j/
devemos
deveis
devem jj
deva lj
devas jj
deva jj
devamos
devais
devam j/
Present indicative
movo jj
moves jf
move jj
Present subjunctive
movemos
moveis
movem jj
mova jj
movas jj
mova jj
movamos
movais
movam //
Present subjunctive
vestimos jvij
vestis jvi/
vestem //
vista
vistas
vista
vistamos
vistais
vistam
Note: Verbs in which e fs followed by m or n change only the first person singular. E.g., sentir.
All present subjunctives change.
Not all verbs of the third conjugation with the vowel e have thls change; some have others.
Thlrd conjugation, vowel o: engolir lul
1 42
Presen t subjunctive
engolimos lul
engolis lul
engolem ll
engula
engulas
engula
engulamos
engulais
engulam
Present subjunctive
Present indicative
eu subo
tu sobes l l
ele sobe ll
ns subimos
vs subis
eles sobem l l
suba
subas
suba
subamos
subais
subam
Note : Verbs in which u is fo11owed by m or n change this vowel to o in the three forms of the
indicative, but it is closed / /. E.g., sumir.
1 49 .
Present indicative
passear
eu
tu
ele
ns
vs
eles
passeio
passeias
passeia
Present subjunctive
passeamos
passeais
passeiam
passeie
passeies
passeie
passeemos
passeeis
passeiem
instruo
instruis
instrui
Present indicative
ns
vs
eles
instruimos
instrus
instruem
ro
ris
ri
roemos
roeis
roem l l
Note : A11 verb forms in the indica tive in which the personal ending -e would follow a stressed
vowel change this ending to -i, to indicate the fact that the two vowels form a diphthong:
Verbs in -iar and -uar. principiar, continuar.
Present indicative
eu
tu
ele
principio
principias
principia
Present indicative
ns
vs
eles
principiamos
principiais
principiam
continuo
continuas
continua
continuamos
continuais
continuam
Note : Verbs in -iar (except odiar, see above), and verbs in -uar, are stressed on the next-to-Iast
vowel regularly.
Verbs in -air. These verbs, of which there are about fifteen, have certain irregularities in com
mon. cair
1 43
Present indicative
eu
tu
ele
caio
cais
cai
Preterit indicative
ns
vs
eles
camos
cas
caem
eu
tu
ele
ca
caste
caiu
ns
vs
eles
camos
castes
caram
151.
Caber
caibo
couberam //
cabido
creio
creram //
crido
Preterit
coube
coubeste /kubsti/
coube
coubemos /ku/
coubestes /kubstis/
couberam /kubr/
1 52.
Crer
Imperative
1 53.
Dar
cremos
credes //
crem
cr (tu)
crede (vs)
dou
deram //
Present indicative
dou
ds
d
Preterit
damos
dais
do
Present subjunctive
d
ds
d
144
dado
demos
deis
dem
dei
deste //
deu
demos
destes //
deram //
1 54.
Dizer
digo
dizemos
dizeis
dizem
disse
disseste / /
disse
dissemos
dissestes //
disseram //
Condilional
direi
dirs
dir
dito
Preterit
digo
dizes
diz
disseram //
diremos
direis
diro
diria
dirias
diria
diramos
direis
diriam
estou
estiveram //
estado
Imperative
diz (tu)
dizei (vs)
1 55 .
Estar
Present indicative
Preterit
estamos
estais
esto
estou
ests
est
Present subjunctive
esteja //
estejas //
esteja //
1 56 .
Fazer
estejamos
estejais
estejam //
est (tu)
estai (vs)
fao
fizeram //
feito
Preteri!
fazemos
fazeis
fazem
farei
fars
far
estivemos
estivestes //
estiveram //
Impera tive
Present indicative
fao
fazes
faz
estive
estiveste / /
esteve //
fiz
fizeste //
fz
fizemos
fizestes / /
fizeram //
Condilional
faremos
fareis
faro
faria
farias
faria
faramos
fareis
fariam
hei
houveram //
havido
Imperative
faz (tu)
fazei (vs)
1 57 .
Haver
Present indicative
hei
hs
h
Preteri!
havemos
haveis
ho
houve
houveste //
houve
houve mos
houvestes //
houve ram //
145
1 58.
Ir
vou
Present indicative
Present subjunctive
v
vs
v
1 59 .
Ler
1 60.
Ouvir
fui
foste //
foi
fomos
fostes //
foram //
Imperative
vamos
vades
vo
vai (tu)
ide (vs)
leio
leram //
Present indicative
leio
ls
l
ido
Preterir
vamos
ides
vo
vou
vais
vai
foram //
lido
Imperative
lemos
ledes //
lem
l (tu)
lede (vs)
ouo
ouviram
ouvido
pediram
pedido
puderam //
podido
Present indicative
ouo
ouves
ouve
161.
ouvimos
ouvis
ouvem
Pedir
peo //
Present indicative
pedimos
pedis
pedem //
peo //
pedes //
pede //
1 62.
Poder
posso //
Preterir
podemos /pu/
podeis /pu/
podem //
pude
pudeste //
pde
pudemos
pudestes //
puderam //
1 63 .
ponho
puseram //
posto
Pr
Preterit
pomos
pondes
pem
Imperative
Imperfect indicative
punha
punhas
punha
1 46
pus
puseste //
ps
pnhamos
pnheis
punham
pe (tu)
ponde (vs)
pusemos
pusestes / /
puseram //
1 64 .
Querer
quero //
Present indicative
quero //
queres //
quer //
1 65 .
Rir
queremos
quereis
querem //
1 66 .
Saber
queiramos
queirais
queiram
quer (tu)
querei (vs)
rio
riram
quisemos
quisestes //
quiseram //
rido
Imperative
rimos
rides
riem
ri (tu)
ride (vs)
sei
souberam //
sabido
Preterit
Present indicative
sabemos
sabeis
sabem
sei
sabes
sabe
quis
quiseste //
quis
Impera tive
Present indicative
rio
ris
ri
querido
Preterit
Present subjunctive
queira
queiras
queira
quiseram //
soube
soubeste //
soube
soubemos
soubestes //
souberam //
foram //
sido
Present subjunctive
saiba
saibas
saiba
1 67 .
saibamos
saibais
saibam
Ser
sou
Preterit
somos
sois
so
Imperfect indicative
era //
eras //
era //
fui
foste //
foi
fomos
fostes //
foram //
Present subjunctive
ramos
reis
eram //
seja //
sejas //
seja //
sejamos
sej ais
sejam //
lmperative
s (tu)
sde (vs)
147
1 68.
Ter
tenho
Present indicative
tenho
tens
tem
Imperfect indicative
1 69.
Trazer
tnhamos
tnheis
tinham
tem (tu)
tende (vs)
trago
trouxeram //
1 70.
Valer
tivemos
tivestes / /
tiveram //
trazido
Preterit
trazemos
trazeis
trazem
trarei
trars
trar
tive
tiveste //
teve //
Impera tive
Present indicative
trago
trazes
traz
tido
Preterit
temos
tendes
tm
tinha
tinhas
tinha
tiveram //
trouxe /s/
trouxeste /us/
trouxe /s/
trouxemos /use/
trouxestes /us/
trouseram /us/
Conditional
traremos
trareis
traro
traria
trarias
traria
traramos
trareis
trariam
valho
valeram //
valido
viram
visto
valemos
valeis
valem
Ver
vejo //
Preterit
vemos
vedes //
vem
vi
viste
viu
vimos
vistes
viram
venho
vieram //
vindo
Imperative
v (tu)
vede (vs)
1 72.
Vir
Preterit
vimos
vindes
vm
vim
vieste //
veio
viemos
viestes f/
vieram //
Imperative
Imperfect indicative
vem (tu)
vinde (vs)
vnhamos
vnheis
vinham
vinha
vinhas
vinha
Irregular past participles. The following verbs given in this text have irregular past
participles:
1 73.
abrir
aceitar
cobrir
descobrir
dizer
entregar
escrever
fazer
aberto /f
aceitado, aceito
coberto f/
descoberto f/
dito
entregue /f
escrito
feito
ganhar
ganho
gastar
morrer
gasto
morrido (with ter)
morto (elsewhere)
pago
posto
visto
pagar
pr
ver
vir
vindo
1 74.
Object pronouns of the third person. The following object pronouns are almost completely unused in BF, and are increasingJy rare in the literary language.
o
a
him, it
her, it
v-lo
v-lo
vemo-lo
f-lo
olhar:
olhas:
olhamos:
fiz:
them
them
os
as
OS,
sentir:
sentes:
sentimos:
fez:
senti-lo
sente-lo
sentimo-lo
fe-Io
When these forms follow a verb form which ends in a nasal sound, they take an intial no, thus:
do:
do-no
falam:
falam-no
When these direct objects are combined with indirect object pronouns they produce the fol
lowing forms:
me -I- o = mo
me + a = ma
me + os = mos
me + as = mas
nos + o = no-lo
nos + a = no-la
nos + os =no-Ios
nos + as = no-las
te + o = to, etc.
lhe or lhes + o = lho, etc.
vos + o = vo-lo
vos + a = vo-la
vos + os = vo-los
vos + as = vo-las
These pronouns or combinations may be placed between the infinitive and the endings of forms
of the future and conditional. Thus:
Oar-mo-
Falar-lho-ei.
Contar-vo-Io-amos.
conhec-Io-.
1 75 .
tu
you (thou)
vs
you (ye)
te
vos lu/
you, to you
a ti
a vs
to you
your (thy)
vosso, -a //
your
Vocabularies
adjective
num.
number
adv_
adverb
obj.
object
art.
artic1e
pI.
plural
conj.
conjunction
p.p.
past participle
contr.
contraction
prep.
preposition
def.
definite
preso
present tense
f.
feminine noun
pron.
pronoun
fem.
feminine
reflexo
reflexive
indef.
indefinite
reI.
rela tive
interrogo
interroga tive
S.
singular
m.
masculine noun
subj .
subjunctive
n.
noun
superl.
superlative
neut.
neuter
V.
verb
English-Portuguese
accept, V. aceitar.
according to, prep. segundo.
acquainted: be - with, conhecer.
activity, n. atividade, f.
advisable, adj . aconselhvel.
advise, V. aconselhar.
afraid, adj. com medo, medroso.
be
, ter medo, estar com medo.
after, adv. depois.
-
prep. depois de
conj . depois que.
afternoon, n. tarde, f.
afterwards, adv. depois, mais tarde.
1 50
ago, h, atrs
a year ago, h um ano, faz um ano, um
ano atrs.
da manh.
com raiva.
animal, n. animal, m.; bicho, m.
anniversary, n. aniversrio, m.
another, adj., pron. outro, um outro.
answer, v. responder.
- telephone, atender o telefone .
appear, v . (seem) parecer; (beeome visible)
aparecer.
apple, n ma, f.
April, n. abril, m .
architect, n. arquiteto, m.
architecture, n. arquitetura, f.
around, prep.
around here, por aqui.
arrange, v. (fix up) arranjar.
arrive, v. chegar.
as, conj. como.
do it as he does, faz como ele.
read as you wait, l enquanto esperar.
as cold as, to frio como.
as far as, prep. at.
as soon as, conj. logo que, assim que.
ashamed, adj . com vergonha.
be
, estar com vergonha.
ask, v. (question) perguntar.
- for, pedir
- to, pedir para.
ask a question, fazer uma pergunta.
at, prep. (time) a.
(place) em.
- once, j.
attend, v. (regularly) freqentar.
(once) assistir a.
attention, n. ateno, f.
pay
, prestar ateno.
aUract, v. atrair.
August, n. agosto, m.
aunt, n. tia, f.
Aunty, Titia.
autumn, n. outono, m.
avenue, n. avenida, f.
away, adv. embora.
he is
, est fora.
.
--
bird, n. pssaro, m .
birthday, n . aniversrio, m.
, fazer anos.
have a
black, adj . preto.
blackboard. n. quadro-negro, pedra.
blond, adj . louro.
hloom, n. flor, f.
, em flor.
in
b/ossom, n. flor, f.
blow, v. ventar.
blue, adj . azul.
boiled, adj . cozido.
book, n. livro, m.
bookseller, n. livreiro, m.
bookstore, n. livraria, f.
bom, adj. nascido.
-
--
be -, nascer.
boy-friend, n. namorado, m.
Brazi/, n. Brasil.
Brazilian, n., adj . brasileiro.
bread, n. po, m.
break, v. quebrar.
breakfast, n. caf, (m.) da manh.
, tomar o caf da manh.
eat
, com caf da manh.
for
breeze, n. brisa, f.
bride, n. noiva, f.
bright, adj . brilhante.
bring, v. trazer.
brother, n. irmo, m.
brown, adj . (eyes, hatr) castanho;
(c/othes, etc.) marrom.
brush, n. (bushes) mato, m.
bui/ding, n. edificio, m.
bund/e, n. embrulho, m.
bum, v. queimar.
bus, n. nibus, m.
bush, n. (low growth) mato, m.
but, conj . mas.
butter, n. manteiga, f.
buy, n. compra, f.
--
v. comprar.
1 52
caf, n. caf , m.
call, v. chamar.
be called, chamar-se.
can, v. poder.
candy, n. balas, f. pI.
cane, n. cana, f.
capital, n. (city) capital, f.
car, n. carro, m.
Camival, n. Carnaval, m.
carry, v. levar.
case, n. caso, m.
in case, conj . caso.
castle, n., castelo, m.
catch, v. pegar, apanhar.
- sight of, enxergar.
center, n. centro, m.
certain, adj . certo, seguro .
city, n. cidade, f.
chair, n. cadeira, f.
chalk , n. giz., m.
change, v. mudar.
chat, v. conversar.
chi/d, n. criana, f.
chi/dren, crianas, fIlhos, meninos.
choose, v. escolher.
church, n. igreja, f.
c/ass, n. aula, f.
(group of students) turma, f.
classmate, n . colega, m. or f.
classroom, n. (sala de) aula, f.
c/ean, adj . limpo.
clear off, v. (table) tirar.
c/ock, n. relgio, m .
c/ose, v . fechar.
clothes, n. roupa, f.
c/oudy, adj. nublado.
coast, n. costa, f.
coat, n. (suit) palet, m.
(topcoat) casaco, m.
coffee, n. caf, m.
coffee pot, n. cafeteira, f.
cold, adj. frio.
n. frio, m.
, estou com frio.
I am
est fazendo frio.
It is
colleague, n. colega, m. or f.
college, n. faculdade, f.
c% r, n. cor, f.
comb, n. pente, m.
v. pentear,
--
-,
day, n. dia, m.
good
bom dia.
in the -- time, de dia.
December. , n. dezembro, m.
delay, v. tr. atrasar.
-,
1 53
fact, n. fato, m.
fali, n. (season) outono, m.
v. cair.
- asleep, cair no sono.
fami/y, n. famI1ia, f.
1 54
fruit, n. fruta, f.
fry, v. fritar.
full, adj . cheio .
fuss, n. escndalo, m .
game, n . jogo, m .
"gang, " n . (the gang) turma, f.
garden, n. (flower) jardim.
(vegetable) horta, f.
gather, v. reunir-se .
general, adj . geral.
generally, adv. geralmente.
geography, n. geografia, f.
German, n., adj . alemo.
get, v. (receive) receber.
(become) ficar.
(get for one) arranjar.
behind, atrasar-se .
- in, entrar.
- married, casar (-se).
-- off, saltar.
-- ready, preparar-se .
- a present, ganhar um presente.
-- up, levantar (-se)
- well, repor-se.
gift, n. presente , m.
girl, n. (small) menina, garota.
(older) moa, f.
girl friend, n. namorada, f.
give, v. dar.
glad, a dj . contente.
glass, n. (water) copo, m.
go, v. ir, andar.
-- away, partir, ir (se) embora.
- back, voltar.
-- down, descer.
-
hair, n. cabelo, m.
half, adj . meio.
ham, n. presunto, m.
hammock, n. rede, f.
hand, n mo , f.
v. entregar.
heaven, n. cu, m.
heavy, adj. pesado.
he/p, v. ajudar.
hen, n. galinha, f.
her, pron. ela.
posso pron. dela.
here, adv. aqui, c.
high, adj. alto.
highway, n. estrada, f.
him, pron. ele
history, n. histria, f.
hit, v, dar em.
ho/d, v. segurar.
- firm, agentar.
holiday, n. (dia) feriado, m.
home, n. casa, f.
at - , em casa.
hope, v. esperar.
I hope that, tomara que.
horse, n. cavalo, m.
ride a , montar a cavalo.
horseback, adv. a cavalo.
hot, adj. quente .
hour, n. hora, f.
house, n. casa, f.
how, adv. como.
- much, quanto.
- many, quantos.
hundred, num. cem, cento.
hunger, n. fome, f.
hungry, adj. com fome.
be
estar com fome.
hunh? adv. hein?
hurried/y, adv. com pressa.
hurry, n. pressa, f.
be in a
, ter pressa.
v. correr.
-
-,
ka/e, n. couve, f.
keep, v. guardar
on, seguir.
key, n. chave, f.
kid. n. (child) menino.
-
v. brincar.
kind, n. espcie, f.
king, n. rei, m.
kitchen, n. cozinha, f.
knife, n. faca, f.
know, v. (fact) saber.
- how, saber.
- (person) conhecer.
lack, n. falta, f.
adv. mal.
important, adj. importante .
impossib/e, adj. impossvel.
improbab/e, adj. improvvel.
in, prep. em
- front 01, prep. em frente de.
- order to, prep. para
- order that, conj. para que.
- short, adv. enfim.
- spite of, prep. apesar de.
be /acking, faltar.
ladder, n. escada, f.
lady, n. moa, f.
lag behind, v. ficar atrs.
lake, n. lago, m.
land, n. terra, f.
language, n. lngua, f.
large, adj . grande.
larger, largest, adj. maior.
1 56
v. faltar.
lot, n.
a - of, muito.
/ots of, muito.
loud, adj . , adv. alto.
lave, v. gostar de.
low, adj . baixo.
luck, n. (good) sorte, f.
(bad) azar, m.
lucky, adj . com sorte.
be - ter sorte.
/unch, n. almoo, m.
,
v. almoar.
ma 'am, n. s.enhora.
machine, n. mquina, f.
maid, n. empregada, f.
mail, n. correio, m .
v . pr n o correio.
make, v. fazer.
- fun of, caoar de.
man, n. homem, m.
mango, n. (fruit) manga, f.
mango tree, n. mangueira, f.
manner, n. maneira, f., modo, m. jeito, m.
many, adj . muitos.
March, n. maro.
march, n . .<music) marcha, f.
maroon, adj . marrom.
marry, v. casar-se (com).
Mary, n. Maria.
mass, n. (church) missa, f.
matter, n.
what's the -? O que voc tem?
May, n. maio, m.
may, v. poder.
maybe, adv. talvez.
mE;. pron. me.
meal, n. (e.g., dinner) refeio, f.
meat, n. carne, f.
meet, v. (be introduced) conhecer.
(run into) encontrar.
(gather) reunir-se.
meeting, n. reunio, f.
member, n. scio, m.
mend, v. consertar.
mess, n. (trouble) e ncrenca, f.
midnight, n. meia-noite, f.
milk, n . leite, m.
milkman, n. leiteiro, m.
million, n. milho, m.
mine, posso pron. (o) meu.
1 57
minute, n. minuto, m.
miss, n. (title) senhorita, f.
miss, v.
- a train, perder um trem.
- (a person) ter saudade de.
- class, faltar aula.
missing, adj. em falta.
mister, n. (title) senhor.
mix, v. mexer.
Mommy, n. Mame.
Monday, n. segunda-feira, f.
money, n. dinheiro, m.
month, n. ms, m.
moon, n. lua, f.
more, adj., adv. mais.
morning, n. manh.
in the - , de manh.
good . bom dia
most, adj . , adv. (o) mais.
motel, n. motel, m.
mother, n., me, f.
mountain, n. montanha, f.
move v. mudar, mover, mexer.
movie, n. cinema, m.
Mr. (title) senhor.
Mrs. (tille) senhora.
much, adj . , adv. muito.
not , nem muito.
how much, quanto.
music, n. msica, f.
must, v.
1 - go, tenho que ir.
it must be late, deve ser tarde.
-
name, n. nome, m.
my - is, Chamome.
na"ow, adj . estreito.
natural, adj. natural.
near, adv. perto .
prep. perto de.
adj. nenhum.
nem . . . nem.
north, n. norte, m.
- o/, ao norte de.
not, adv. no.
- much, nem muito.
- always, nem sempre.
- ali, nem todos.
notebook, n. caderno, m.
nothing, pron. nada.
November, n. novembro , m.
number, n. nmero, m.
October, n. outubro, m.
o 'clock, adv. hora, f.
odor, n. cheiro, m.
o/, prep. de
office, n. (doctor's) consultrio, m.
o.K., adv. est bem.
okra, n. quiabo, m.
old, adj. velho.
on, prep. em, sobre.
on top o/, prep. sobre.
once, adv. uma vez.
one, num. um.
only, adv. s, apenas.
onto, prep. em.
open, adj . aberto.
v. abrir.
oppose, v. oporse a.
or, conj. ou
eilher . . . -, ou . . . ou.
orange, n. laranja, f.
orange tree, n. laranjeira, f.
orchard, n. pomar, m.
order, n. ordem, f.
v. mandar.
in - to, para.
in order that, conj . para que.
organization, n. organizao, f.
orphan, n. rfo, m. rf, f.
other, adj ., pron. outro.
ought, v. deve, devia.
our, ours, pron. (o) nosso.
out, adv. fora
-- of stock, em falta.
-- there, l fora.
- here, c fora.
outside, adv. fora.
prep. fora de.
over, adv. sobre, em cima de.
owe, v. dever.
OX, n. boi, m.
pack (v,) bags, fazer as malas.
package, n. embrulho, m.
pain, n . dor, f.
pair, n . par, m.
paper, n. papel, m.
news
jornal, m.
parade, n. desfile, m.
v. desfilar.
parents, n. pais, m. pI .
park, n. parque, m.
part, n. parte, f.
partner, n. (daneing) par, m.
party, n. festa, f.
pass, v. passar.
past, adj . passado.
pay, v. pagar.
- attention, prestar ateno.
peach, n. pssego.
pen , n. caneta, f.
- point, pena, f.
penei/, n. lpis, m.
people, n. (nation) povo, m.
(persons) pessoas, f. pI.
(in general) a gente.
per, prep. por.
perhaps, adv. talvez, qui.
permit, v. permitir, deixar.
person, n. pessoa, f.
-,
1 59
prohibit, v. proibir.
promote, v. promover.
proof, n prova, f.
propose, v. propor.
purchase, n. compra, f.
v. comprar.
put, v. pr, botar.
- away, guardar.
back, repor, devolver.
- on (c/othes) pr.
- on (shoes) calar.
- out (side)pr fora.
- out (light) apagar.
_.
qua"el, v. escndalo, m.
quarter, n. (fourth) quarto, m.
question, n. pergunta, f.
ask a - , fazer uma pergun ta.
quick (Iy), adv. depressa.
quite, adv. bastante.
- a bit of, (adj) bastante
radio, n. rdio, m.
- station, rdio, f.
rage, n. raiva, f.
rain, n. chuva, f.
v. chover.
v. dormir,
go to
, dormir.
sleepiness, n. sono.
sleepy, adj. com cono.
be , ter sono.
slow (ly), adv. devagar.
small, adj . pequeno.
smaller, smallest, adj . menor.
smell, n. cheiro, m.
-
v. sentir um cheiro.
smile, v. sorrir.
snow, n. neve, f.
v. nevar.
so, adv. to, assim
- much, tanto.
- many, tantos.
conj . de modo que, de jeito que
conj. (purpose) para que.
soccer, n. futebol, m.
soldier, n. soldado, m.
some, adj. , pron. algum.
sometime, alguma vez.
sometimes, s vezes.
somewhat, um pouco.
somewhere, nalguma parte.
son, n. filho, m.
song" n. cano, f.
soon, adv. (early) cedo.
. (immediately) j, logo.
as - as, conj. logo que,
sorry, adj. com pena.
be -, sentir
be - for, ter pena de.
south, n. sul, m.
- of, ao sul de.
spade, n. p, f.
Spaniard, n espanhol, m.
Spanish, adj . espanhol.
speak, v. falar.
spend, v. (money) gastar.
(time) passar.
spite, n .
in - of, prep. apesar de.
spoon, n. colher, f.
sport, n. esporte, m.
spread, v. espalhar.
spring, n. (season) primavera, f.
square, n. (city) praa, f.,
largo, m.
stair, n. escada, f.
stand, v. ficar em p.
- up, pr-se em p.
(endure) agiientar.
.
161
start, v. comear.
state, n. estado.
station, n. estao, f.
stay, v. ficar.
steady, adj. firme.
steak, n. bife, m.
step, n. passo , m.
stewed, adj . cozido.
stilL, adv. ainda
stir, v. mexer.
stone, n. pedra, f.
stop, v. intr. parar.
v. falar, conversar.
ta/l, adj. alto.
taste, n. gosto, m.
v. (try out) provar.
(have a tas te) ter gosto.
taxi, n. txi, m.
tea, n. ch, m.
teach, v. ensinar.
teacher, n. professor, m.
professora, f.
team, n. time, m.
telephone, n. telefone, m.
television, n. televiso, f.
tell, v. (say) dizer.
(order) dizer.
(story) contar.
fen, num. dez
tenth, adj. dcimo.
territory, n territrio, m.
test, n. prova, f.
v. provar.
than, conj. que, do que.
more - two, mais de dois.
thanks, thank you, obrigado.
that, demon. pron. esse, aquele
reI. pron. que.
conj. que.
- way, por ali.
that which, o que.
theater, n. teatro, m.
"
their, theirs, posso pron. deles, delas
then, adv. ento.
thence, adv. da, dali.
there, adv. (near you) a.
(distant) l.
table, n. mesa, f.
tablecloth, n . toalha (f) de mesa.
take, v. (possession of) tomar.
(drink) tomar.
(conduct) levar, conduzir.
- care of, atender.
- leave, despedirse.
v. tr. deter.
1 62
think, v. pensar.
(have an opinion) achar.
third, adj . terceiro.
thirst, n. sede, f.
thirsty, adj. com sede.
be
ter sede.
thirty, num. trinta.
this, demo pron. este.
this way, por aqui.
thousand, num. mil.
n. milhar, m.
three, num. trs.
three hundred, num. trezentos.
through, prep. por.
throw, v. jogar.
Thursday, n. quinta-feira, f.
thus, adv. assim.
till, prep. at.
time, n. tempo, m.
(oeeasion) vez, f.
three times, trs vezes.
two times two, duas vezes dois.
what time is it? Que horas so?
this time, desta vez.
have a good time, divertir-se .
tire, V. cansar.
get tired, cansar-se .
to, prep. a, para.
today, adv. hoje.
toe, n dedo (do p) m.
together, adj . juntos.
tomorrow, adv. amanh.
tangue, n . lngua, f.
tonigh t, adv. hoje ( noite).
too, adv. (also) tambm.
(exeessively) muito.
tooth, n. dente, m.
topeoat, n. casaco, m .
tom, adj . rasgado.
toueh, V. tocar.
toward, prep. para.
towel, n. toalha, f.
town, n. cidade, f.
toy, n. brinquedo, m.
train, n . trem, m.
trash, n. lixo, m.
travei, v. viajar.
treat, V . tratar.
tree, n rvore, f.
trip, n. viagem, f.
trouble, n. pena, f.
-
(diffieulty) encrenca, f.
it 's no
, no d trabalho.
true, adj . verdadeiro.
it 's
verdade.
truth, n. verdade, f.
try, V. tentar, procurar.
Tuesday, n. tera-feira, f.
tum on (/ight) acender.
tum, n. volta, f.
twenty, num. vinte.
twiee, adv. duas vezes.
two, num. dois.
two hundred, num. duzentos.
-
1 63
visitor, n. visita, f.
voice, n. voz, f.
wait, v. esperar.
waiter, n. garom m.
waitress, n. garonete, f.
wake up, v. acordar.
walk, n passeio, m.
v. ir a p, andar.
(for pleasure) passear a p.
(side) walk, n. calada, f.
war, n. guerra, f.
warm, adj . quente.
I'm -, estou com calor.
it 's warm, est fazendo calor.
wash, v. lavar (-se)
watch, n. relgio, m.
v. olhar.
TV ver televiso
water, n. gua, f.
way, n (manner) maneira, f. modo, m,
jeito, m.
do ir this way, faz assim.
go that way, vai por ali.
we, pron. ns
weak, adj . fraco.
wear, v. usar, vestir.
weather, n. tempo. m.
Wednesday, n. quarta-feira, f.
week, n. semana, f.
well, adv. bem.
- done (food) bem passado.
west, n. oeste, m .
- 0[, a oeste de.
what, interrogo pron. que, o que.
reI. pron. o que.
interrogo adj . que
when, adv. quando.
where, adv. onde.
(direction) aonde, para onde.
where is, !.:ad.
whether, conj. se.
wh ich , reI. pron. que.
interrogo pron. qual.
while, conj . enquanto.
white, adj. branco.
who, interrogo pron. quem.
reI. pron. que, quem.
-
1 64
Portuguese-English
1 65
bolso, m. l l pocket.
bom, adj . good.
bom dia, good morning.
boa tarde, good evening.
boa noite, good evening, good night.
bonito Ibu/ , adj . pretty, handsome
botar, to put.
branco, adj. white.
Brasil, m. Brazil
brasileiro, m. Brazilian.
breve l/, adj . short, brief.
em breve, soon.
brilhante, adj. brilliant, bright.
brilhar, to shine .
brincar, to play, to "kid"
brinquedo ll, m. toy.
brisa, f. breese.
c, adv. here.
para c, (to) here.
por c, hereabouts.
cabelo //, m. hair
caber, to fit into, to be contained in.
No cabe dvida, there's no doubt.
cabra, f. goat.
cachorro, ll m. dog.
caoar (de), to make fun of.
cada, adj. each.
cada um, pron. each.
cad, adv. where is (are)
cadeira, f. chair.
caderno, /l m. notebook.
caf, m. coffee, caf
caf da manh, breakfast.
cafeteira, f. coffee pot.
cair, to fall
cair na gua, to go in swimming.
calada, f. sidewalk.
calo, m. athletic shorts.
calo de banho, swimming trunks.
calar, to put on (shoes).
calor, l/ m. heat.
tenho calor, I'm hot.
estou com calor, I'm hot.
faz calor, it's hot (weather)
cama, f. bed.
camisa, f. shirt.
campo, m. field; the country.
cana, f. (sugar) cane.
cano, f. song.
caneta l/ , f. peno
cima, adv.
em cima, above , upstairs.
em cima de, prep. above,
cinema, m. movie
cinco, num. five
cinqenta, num. fifty .
coberto, // adj . & p. p., covere d.
cobrir, to cover.
coisa, f. thing.
alguma coisa, something.
outra coisa, something else.
coitado, m. poor fellow
colega, jj, m., f. elassmate ; colleague
colher jj, f. spoon
com, prep. with.
comear, to begin .
comer, to eat.
comida, f. food.
comigo, pron. with me.
como, adv. & conj . how, as, like.
companhia, f. company.
compor, to compose, make up.
compositor, m. composer.
compra, f. purchase, buy.
comprar, to buy, purchase.
compreender, to understand.
comprido, adj. long (in space)
comum, adj . common.
concorrer, to compete.
conduzir, to conduct, to lead.
conhecer, to know, to meet, to recognize
conosco jj, pron. with uso
consertar, to fix, mend, repair.
consigo, pron. with him (seU) your (seU)
themselves, yourselves, etc.
consulta, f. consultation, conference.
consultar, to consult.
consultrio, m. (dr's) office.
contar, to tell (story), to count.
contente, adj . pleased, happy.
contrato, m. contracto
conversa, /j f. chat, conversation.
conversar, to chat, to talk.
convidar (para), to invite (to).
copo j j, m. glass.
cor //, f. coloro
corao, m. heart.
correio, m. mail, post office.
correr, to run, to hurry.
correr perigo, to run risk.
cortar, to cut.
1 67
costa / /, f. coast.
couve, f. kale.
cozido, adj . boiled, stewed.
cozinha, f. kitchen, cuisine .
cozinhar, to cook.
crer (em), to believe (in).
crescer, to grow.
criana, f. child.
criar, to raise (animais)
cruzeiro, m. Braz. monetary unit.
cultivado, adj . cultivated.
curso, m. course.
curto, adj . short.
custar, to cost, to be difficult.
custa-me crer, it's hard for me to
believe.
da, das, contraction, of the
da, contr. from there, from then on
thence.
dana, f. dance.
danar, to dance.
daquele, l/, contr. of that.
daqui, contr. from here.
dar, to give, to strike .
dar a aula, to recite.
dar bom dia, to say good moming.
dar cartas, to deal cards.
dar com, to run into.
dar duas horas, to strike two.
dar em, to hit, hit upon.
dar para a rua, to face the street
dar para a msica, to be good at
musico
dar um grito, to yell.
dar uma olhada, to take a look.
dar um passeio, to take a stroll.
dar uma volta, to take a stroll.
dar-se bem com, to get along with.
dar-se conta de, to realize.
data, f. date (on calendar)
de, prep. of, from.
dcimo, adj . tenth.
dedo l/, m_ fmger, toe.
dedo da mo, finger.
dedo do p, toe.
deitar, to lay, to lie down.
deitar-se, to lie down, go to bed.
deixar, to let, allow, permit.
to leave. abandono
deixar de fazer, to stop doing.
1 68
1 69
frio, m. cold.
adj . cold.
ter frio, to be cold.
fazer frio, to be cold (weather).
fritar, to fry .
p . p. fritado, frito.
frito, adj. fried.
fruta, f. fruit.
futebol , ll m. soccer.
galinha, f. hen.
as galinhas, the chickens.
ganhar, to earn (money), to get (a present),
to win (a game).
p. p. ganho.
garom, m. waiter.
garonete , /l f. waitress.
garfo, m. fork.
garoto, ll m. boy.
gastar, to spend (money).
p. p. gasto.
gelo, ll m. ice.
gente, f. people.
a gente, one, they, people.
geografia, f. geography.
geral, adj. general.
geralmente, adv. generally.
giz, m. chalk.
gostar (de), to like, to love.
gosto Il , pI. gostos I l, m. taste, pleasure.
grande, adj. big, large, great.
grosso ll, pI. & f. /l, adj. thick.
grupo, m. group.
guardar, to guard, to keep, put away.
guerra l/, f. war.
h, there is (are); ago.
habitante , m. or f. inhabitant.
haja, subj . of haver.
haver, auxiliary of fut.
hein? adv. Eh?
histria, f. story, history.
hoje, ll adv. today.
hoje noite, tonight.
homem, m. mano
hora, l/ f. hour; o'clock.
horta, l/ f. (vegetable) garden.
igreja, ll f. church.
importante, adj. important.
impor, to impose.
171
m, f. of mau, bad.
ma, f. apple.
me , f. mother.
maio, m. May.
mai, m. (woman's) bathing suit,
maior //, adj . larger, greater.
mais, adv. more, mosto
mal , adv. badly, poorly
mal passado, rare (meat).
mala, f. suitcase, trunk.
Mame , Mommy.
mamo, m. papaya.
mando, f. mandona adj . bossy.
mandar, to order, to have (something done),
to sendo
maneira, f. way, manner.
de maneira que, conj . so, so that.
manga, f. mango (fruit).
mangueira, f. mango tree.
manh, f. morning.
de manh, in the morning.
da manh, a.m.
manteiga, f. butter.
mo, f. hand. pI. mos.
mo, by hand.
mquina, f. machine.
mar, m. sea.
marcha. f march (music).
maro, m. March.
Maria, f. Mary.
marrom, adj. maroon, brown,
mas, conj . but.
mata, f. forest.
mato, m. bush, low woody growth.
mau, adj . f. m, bad.
mdico, m. doctor (physician).
medo // , m. fear.
com medo, afraid.
ter medo, be afraid.
meio, adj . half.
meia-noite, f. midnight.
meio-dia, m. noon, midday.
melhor //, adj . better, best
menina, f. girl.
menino, m. boy.
menor //, adj . smaller, littler.
menos, adv. less, fewer, minus.
me, pron. me.
ms, pI . meses, m. month.
mesa / / , f. table.
1 72
1 74
pomar, m. archard .
popular, adj . popular, of the people.
pr, to put ; to put on (clothes);
to lay (eggs); to set (table);
to pour (water).
pr-se , to set (sun).
por, prep. for, by, through, along, per.
por que, adv. why.
porque, conj . because.
porta, ll , f. door.
portugus, n., adj . Portuguese.
possvel, adj . possible .
posto l/, f. ll, p.p. of pr.
posto que, conj . although, even if.
pouco, adj. Jittle (quantity)
um pouco, a little (bit).
poucos, few
adv. little ; somewhat.
povo l/, pI. ll, m. people (nation)
praa, f. (city) square.
praia, f. beach.
prato, m. plate, dish.
prazer ll m. pleasure
muito prazer em conhec-lo,
very glad to meet you.
preceder, to precede.
precisar de, to need.
preciso, adj . necessary.
preo l/, m. price.
preferir, to prefer, like better.
prmio, m. prize, premium.
preparar, to prepare, get ready.
presente, m. gift, present.
adj . present.
pressa, l/ , f. haste, hurry.
com pressa, in a hurry, hastily .
prestar ateno, to pay attention.
presunto, m. ham.
preto l/, adj . black.
prima, f. cousin.
primavera, f. spring (season).
primeiro, adj . , adv. first.
primo, m. cousin.
procurar, to look for ; to try to.
produzir, to produce.
professor, ll, m. teacher, professor.
professora ll, f. teacher, professor.
profisso, f. profession.
profissional, adj. professional.
proibir, to prohibit, forbid.
promover, to promote.
1 76
tio, m. uncle.
tirar, to take off, take out.
tirar uma foto, to take a picture.
tirar a mesa, to c1ear off the table.
Titia, f. Aunty.
Titio, m. Uncle.
toalha, f. towel.
toalha de mesa, f. tablecloth.
tocar, to touch, to ring (bell),
to play (music).
tocar piano, to play the piano.
tomar, to take (possession);
to accept; to drink.
tomar banho, to take a bath.
tomara, I wish; would (that).
trabalhador, m. & adj . worker.
trabalhar, to work.
tratar, to treat.
trazer, to bring.
trem, m. train.
trs, num. three.
treze, !! , num. thirteen.
trezentos, num. three hundred.
trinta, num. thirty.
tudo, pron. aU, everything.
turma, f. c1ass (people); the "gang" .
ultimamente, adv. lately.
ltimo, adj. last (in a series).
um, uma, indef. art. & num. one.
universidade, f. university.
urgente, adj. urgent.
usar, to use, to wean (c1othes, hair, etc.)
til, adj. useful
vaca, f. cow.
valer, to be worth.
v;ller a pena, to be worth while .
vamos, form of ir, let's.
vamos? shall we?
variar, to vary,
vrios, adj . several.
177
Index
Imperative mood, 25
Imperfect: indica tive, 67; subjunctive, 1 1 1
ImpersonaI subject, 92
ImpersonaI expressions: with subjunctive,
1 07 ; with infinitive, 1 07
Indefinite artic1e, 1 7, 23
Indirect object, 50, 55, 63
Infinitive, 1 4 ; perfect, 1 23 ; personaI,
96, 97 ; with impersonaI expressions, 1 07
De (preposition), 7 1
Definite artic1e, 1 1 , 30; for possessive
adjective, 42
Demonstrative adjective and pronoun, 38
Dirninutives, 1 3 5
Dizer: forms of, 1 4 5 ; use of, 57
Em (preposition), 1 2, 72
Emphatic affirmative and negative, 1 8
Possessive : of nouns,
12;
of adjectives,
33, 34, 42
Ser:
Spelling changes,
forms of,
use of,
of,
auxiliary verb,
141;
59
76
of,
148
25, 4 1
87, 1 4 1 ;
97 ; in adjectives, 97
Reflexive verbs, 9 1 , 92
Relative pronouns, 1 30
Requesting assent (no ), 26
Rir, forms of, 1 47
in nouns,
of,
1 48 ; as
33
Trazer, forms
Ter:
66
1 4,
26, 27 ; old informal, 1 50
We ather,
38
27;
formal,
18
1 79