STATIC PILE ANALYSIS

Ultimate Capacity of Piles, QULTIMATE

Qultimate = Qbearing + Qskin friction
Ultimate Capacity of Piles,
QALLOWABLE

Qallowable =

= coefficent of friction
between pile and sand

* The pressure diagram is dependent on the critical

depth DC.
Dc = 20d pile for dense sand
= 10d pile for loose sand

Qbearing + Qskin friction

F .S.

I. PILES on SAND
A. Based on Standard Penetration
Test (SPT) N Values (Meyerhofs
Model)
a. Point Bearing Capacity

II.
PILES on CLAY
a. Point Bearing Capacity (Skemptons
Formula)
Qbearing = cNc Atip

c = cohesion
Nc = bearing capacity factor

Nc = 9
Atip = area of the tip of the pile

Qbearing = q p Atip

q p = allowable bearing strength

= for N 50, 57.5Nvalue ( in kPa ) 2900kPa
0.8

Pave

= for N > 50, 0.59 Nvalue

Pvb

b. Skin Friction Capacity

b.1) Tomlinson Formula ( method)
Qfriction = cL p
c = cohesion

L = length of the pile

Atip = area of the tip of the pile

= adhesion factor or friction constant

p = perimeter of pile's cross sectional area

b. Skin Friction Capacity

Qfriction = PVZ pL
= friction factor

b.2) Vijayvergiya - Focht Formula (

method)
Qfriction = pL ( 'v + qu )

= for N 15, 1.5 0.245 z

= for N < 15,

Nvalue
1.5 0.245 z
15

= pL ( 'v + 2c )

Pave = 100kPa
PVZ = effective soil pressure

p = perimeter of pile's cross sectional area

at z distance
p = perimeter of pile's cross sectional area

L = length of the pile

L = length of the pile

B. Based on the Sands Intrinsic Property

(Janbus Model)
a.
Point Bearing Capacity
Qbearing = PV * Nq Atip

PV = pressure at the bottom of the pile

Nq = bearing capacity factor
2

1 + sin R 2P tan R
=
e
cos R

= effective friction factor

'V = vertical effective pressure

at midheight of soil layer being analyzed

qu = unconfined compressive strength of soil

c = cohesion of the soil

b.3) Burland Formula ( method)

Qfriction = pL
p = perimeter of pile's cross sectional area
L = length of the pile

= skin factor

R = angle of internal friction at remolded state

U = angle of internal friction at undisturbed state

= k 0

,for soft, fine-grained soil

3
7
=
, for dense, coarse-grained soil
12
Atip = area of the tip of the pile

= for overconsolidated clays, (1 sin R ) tan R OCR

b. Skin Friction Capacity

Qfriction = pw*0 L k
p = perimeter of pile's cross sectional area
w 0 L = area of pressure diagram
k = coefficient of lateral pressure
between pile and sand

= for normally consolidated clays, (1 sin R ) tan R

= average vertical effective pressure

at midheight of pile in a layer

PILE ANALYSIS on SAND

1. A 16 m precast-concrete pile having a diameter of 400 mm is driven through a 5 m thick soft clay layer and a
loose compacted sand deposit. The sand has a uniform drained friction angle of 34. The water is at the bottom of
the clay layer. The unit weight of clay is 18 kN/m3 and the saturated unit weight of sand is 19.60 kN/m3. If the
bearing capacity factor Nq = 72, coefficient of compressive lateral earth pressure between pile and sand is 1.20,
and the angle of friction between sand and pile is 28. Neglect skin friction on the clay layer. Determine the
allowable pile capacity if the factor of safety is 2.0.
2. A complete pile is to be driven into a medium dense to dense sand. The piles diameter is 0.30 m and its
embedded length is 10 m. No groundwater was encountered and the ground water table is not expected to rise
during the life of the structure. Use the following data: coefficient of lateral earth pressure is 0.95; angle of
internal friction is 38; bearing capacity factor Nq = 80; angle of friction between sand and pile surface is 24; FS =
2; sand = 20.14 kN/m.

PILE ANALYSIS on CLAY

A 0.36 m square pile is to be driven in a clayey soil. The pile is 15 m long. The water table is located 10 m below the NGL.
The specific gravity of soil solids is 2.71 and void ratio of 0.4. The clay has an unconfined compressive strength of 120
kPa and an angle of internal friction of 23. If the factor of safety is 2,
a. Determine the capacity of the pile using method using = 0.45
b. Determine the capacity of the pile using method
c. Determine the capacity of the pile using method using = 0.188
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED PILE FOOTING
A 500mm x 500mm column carrying a service DL = 920 kN (including the weight of the footing and the soil above the
footing) and LL = 730 kN is to be supported on piles. The working capacity of a pile is 250 kN and its ultimate capacity is
440 kN. The piles diameter is 300 mm. Use minimum clear spacing of 0.9 m between two piles and 0.45 m between the
piles to the edge of the pile cap. Use fc = 27.6 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED PILE FOOTING
A pile cap sits on 5 250 mm diameter piles arrange in a quincunx formation carries the following loads:
Axial

Moment Along X

Moment Along Y

DEAD LOAD

900 kN

100 kN - m

96 kN - m

LIVE LOAD

800 kN

160 kN - m

102 kN - m

The footing is roughly 25 % of the superimposed dead load. Use fc = 21 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
NOTE: The clear spacing between two piles could be 2.5dPILE. In practice, the advisable minimum clear spacing between
two piles is 900 mm. Meanwhile, the advisable pile-edge distance is ranging from 450 mm 600 mm