Different Types of Magnetic Materials and its Properties

Different Types:
1. Diamagnetic materials
E.g: Cadmium, Copper, Silver, Bismuth, Tin, zinc, Gold, Niobium and
its compounds.
2. Paramagnetic materials
E.g: Aluminum, Calcium, Oxygen, Platinum, Titanium and Chromium.
3. Ferromagnetic materials
E.g:
a. Ferromagnetic materials
E.g: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
b. Anti-ferro magnetic materials
E.g: Ferrous oxide, Manganese oxide, Zinc ferrite
c. Ferrimagnetic materials
E.g: Nickel ferrite, Manganese ferrite, Ferrous ferrite
Diamagnetic Materials
Definition
These materials when placed in a magnetic field, becomes weakly
magnetized in the direction opposite to that of the applied field. There is no
permanent dipole moment in each atom. The induced magnetic moment
produced in these materials during the application of the external magnetic
field decreases the magnetic induction present in the specimen.
Origin
A material contains a large number of electrons and the orbits of these
electrons are randomly oriented in space. The current that is produced due
to movement of electron in an orbit produces magnetic field in a direction at
right angles to the plane of the orbit. This magnetic field induces a magnetic
moment in the atom in a direction opposite to it. These magnetic moments
are randomly oriented. Hence the magnetic moments of all such electron gets
cancelled resulting in the net magnetism equal to zero in the material.
When an external magnetic field is applied to the material, rotation of
dipoles take place producing an induced dipole moment: This induced dipole
moment opposes the applied field. The magnetism which is created in a
direction opposite to that of the external field is called diamagnetism.
Characteristics of diamagnetic materials
1. Susceptibility ( m) of a diamagnetic material is always negative. The relative
permeability r < 1.
Example For Cadmium, ( m) = - 0.18 x10-6

For Copper, ( m) = - 0.086 x10-6

For Silver, ( m) = - 0.2 x10-6
2. When magnetic field is applied, it repels the magnetic lines of force. This
property is exhibited by superconductors. Hence we call all superconducting
materials (at low temperature) as perfect diamagnet. When the temperature
is increased beyond it critical temperature, diamagnetism suddenly
disappears and it behaves like a normal conducting material.
3. It does not depend on temperature and the strength of applied magnetic
field.
4. No magnetic moment is present in the material.
Paramagnetic Materials
Definition
Paramagnetic materials become weakly ionized when placed in a
magnetic field in the same direction as that of the applied field. It has
permanent dipole moment in each atom. When external magnetic field is
applied, the induced magnetic moment is produced which increase the
magnetic induction present in the specimen.
Origin
The orientation of the magnetic moment along the direction of the
external field gives rise to paramagnetism. The permanent magnetic moment
arises due to orbital motion of electron around the nucleus and spin motion
of electron about its own axis. The magnetic moment due to former disappears
due to the effect of electric field of the neighbouring charges. But the magnetic
moment due to electron spin are randomly oriented in the absence of external
field. When the external field is applied, the magnetic moments tend to align
in the direction of the applied field resulting in large magnetization. But due
to the thermal agitation of the atoms the magnetic moments are partially
aligned in the direction of the external field resulting in weak magnetization.
Characteristics
1. Susceptibility ( m) is positive and small.
Example For aluminum, ( m) = 0.065 x10-6
For Calcium, ( m) = 1.10 x10-6
The relative permeability r > 1.
2. When magnetic field is applied to paramagnetic material, it is attracted
towards the centre of the material.
3. Susceptibility is inversely proportional to absolute temperature of the
material. m (1/T)

Curies law for high temperature

= (C/T)

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin; C = Curie constant

At low temperature

= C/(T-)

paramagnetic curie temperature

is always very low. When the temperature T < curie temperature, the
paramagnetics becomes diamagnetic.
4. Spin alignment: All spins are randomly oriented.
Ferro Magnetic Materials
Definition
Ferromagnetic materials are strongly magnetized in the direction of the
applied magnetic field. It possesses enormous permanent magnetic moment
in each atom. When external magnetic field is applied, a large amount of
induced magnetic moment is produced which increases the magnetic
induction present in the specimen.
Origin
The presence of permanent magnetic moments in the atoms or molecules
in the specimen gives rise to ferromagnetism as this magnetic moment align
themselves in the same direction as that of the external field. The exchange
interaction between unpaired electrons of adjacent atoms in the crystal lattice
gives rise to local molecular magnetic field resulting in spontaneous
magnetization.
Characteristics
1. Magnetic susceptibility value is large and positive. The temperature
dependence of susceptibility for ferromagnetic materials is said to be complex.
2. When magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetic
lines of force are strongly attracted by the specimen.
3. Ferromagnetic materials exhibit hysteresis. Even if the magnetic field is
removed from the material, it retains the magnetism due to spontaneous
magnetization. They have permanent dipole moment.
4. The permeability of a ferromagnetic material is not a constant, as magnetic
induction (B) does not vary linearly with magnetic field strength (H).
5. When the temperature of the ferromagnetic material is greater than its
Curie temperature, then ferromagnetic is converted into a paramagnetic
material.

Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism:

The only type of magnetic order which has been considered thus far is
ferromagnetism, in which, in the fully magnetized state, all the dipoles are
aligned in exactly the same direction. There are, however, substances which
show different types of magnetic order. In antiferromagnetic materials such
as Cr and MnO, the dipoles have equal moments, but adjacent dipoles point
in opposite directions. Thus the moments balance each other, resulting in a
zero net magnetization.
In ferromagnetic materials (also called ferrites) such as
MnFe2O4, the
magnetic moments of adjacent ions are antiparallel and of unequal strength.
So there is a finite net magnetization. By suitable choice of rare-earth ions in
the ferrite lattices it is possible to design ferromagnetic substances with
specific magnetizations for the use in electronic components.