DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - DASMARINAS

Dasmarinas, Cavite, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Experiment # 1
Phase Relationship of
Circuit Elements

Espanar, Arkel Jed Angelo G.

CPE 31

Date Performed: Nov. 24, 2014

Date Submitted:

Submitted to:
Engr. Mon Solante
Lab Instructor

I.

Objectives:
This exercise examines the voltage and current relationships in
series r, l, c networks. of particular importance is the phase of
the various components and how Kirchhoffs voltage law is
extended for ac circuits. Both domain and phasor plots of the
voltages are generated.

II.

Concepts:
It examines the voltage and current relationships in series
networks. It show us the phase various components and how
Kirchhoffs voltage law is extended for ac circuits. Both domain
and phasor plots of the voltages are generated.
Each element has a unique phase response: ror resistors, the
voltage is always in phase with the current, for capacitors the
voltage always lags the current by 90 degrees, and for inductors
the voltage always leads the current by 90 degrees.
Consequently, a series combination of r, l, c components will
yield a complex impedance with a phase angle bet. 90 and -90
degrees. Due to the phase response, kirchhoffs voltage law must
be computed using vector (phasor) sums rather than simply
relying on the magnitudes. Indeed, all computations of this
nature, such as a voltage divider, must be computed using
vectors.

III.

Equipment:

Function generator
Multitester
Breadboard
10 f capacitor
Coil
2 1k resistor
10vpf
Oscilloscope

IV.

Procedure:

RC Circuit
1. Using Figure 1 with Vin=1 Vp-p sine at 10 kHz, R=1 k, and C=10 nF,

determine the theoretical capacitive reactance and circuit impedance, and

record the results in Table 1. Using the voltage divider rule, compute the
resistor and capacitor voltages and record them in Table 2.
2. Build the circuit of Figure 1 using R=1 k, and C=10nF. Place one probe
across the generator and another across the capacitor. Set the generator to a
10k Hz sine wave and 1 Vp-p. Make sure that the Bandwidth Limit of the
oscilloscope is engaged for both channels. This will reduce the signal noise
and make for more accurate readings.
3. Measure the peak -to- peak voltage across the capacitor and record in Table
2. Along with the magnitude, be sure to record the time deviation between V C
and the input signal (from which the phase may be determined). Using the
Mathfunction, measure and record the voltage and time delay for the resistor
(VinVC). Compute the phase angle and record these values in Table 2.
4. Take a snapshot of the oscilloscope displaying V in, VC, and VR.Compute the
deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of Table 2 and
record the results in the final columns of Table 2. Based on the experimental

values, determine the experimental Z and X C values via Ohms Law (i=VR/R,
XC=VC/i, Z=Vin/i) and record back in Table 1 along with the deviations.
5. Create a phasor plot showing Vin, VC, and VR. Include both the time domain
display from step 4 and the phasor plot with the technical report.
RL Circuit

6. Replace the capacitor with the 10 mH inductor (i.e. Figure 2), and repeat
steps 1 through 6 in like manner, using Tables 3 and 4.
RLC Circuit
7. Using Figure 3 with both the 10 nF capacitor and 10 mH inductor, repeat
steps 1 through 6 in like manner, using Tables 5 and 6. Unfortunately, it will
be impossible to see the voltage of all three components simultaneously with
the source voltage using a two channel oscilloscope. To obtain proper
readings, place the first probe at the input and the second probe across the
capacitor in order to see the phase and magnitude of V C. Then, swap C and L
(placing the second probe across the inductor) to see V L, and finally, swap L
and R (with the second probe across R) in order see V R.
V.
Set up of equipment:
Connect in the circuit The Function Generator to give 10Khz frequency. You
will put the resistor, the capacitor and coil in the breadboard. Connect also
the oscilloscope to see the wave.

VI.

Result:

0.85Vpp
1.02Vpp

1591.55

1600

0.5%

1879.64

1900

1.09%

57.86

58.24

0.66%

57.86
0

0.9Vpp
5.88%
0.588 lag 54 6.67%
1.08Vpp 1
0 5.88%
0%

628.32

630

1181.01
32.14

1190
32.82

1591.55
628.32
2443.95
65.75

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

Observation

1600
630
2434.71
65.85

0.26%
0.76%
2.12%

0.53%
0.27%
0.38%
0.15%

It is hard to see a sine wave if connection is wrong. WE took too

much time in experimenting the connections for the oscilloscope to
show a sine wave.
Conclusion:
It is not easy to connect wires in their correct connections. The wires
should be connected tightly. It takes many ways to connect wires.
Recommendation:
You should Start the experiment immediately because it might take
time to finish it. Make sure the wires are connected tight. Check the
figure carefully and your connections.
Reference

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_5/2.html
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/acinductance.html
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/accapacitance.html

XI.

Questions and answers:

1) What is the phase relationship between R, L, and C components in a series AC

circuit?

Inductive reactance has a positive imaginary impedance or an + 90 degrees. While

capacitive reactance has a negative imaginary impedance (-90 degrees). Purely real
impedance has an angle of 0 degrees. Total current is equals to total voltage / total
impedance. All current are equal. Voltage in resistance, inductor, capacitor is equals
to current times impedance.
2) Based on measurements, does Kirchhoffs Voltage Law apply to the three
tested circuits (show work)?
no
3) In general, how would the phasor diagram of Figure 1 change if the frequency
was raised?
So for a pure capacitor, VC lags IC by 90o, or we can say that IC leads VC by 90o.
4) In general, how would the phasor diagram of Figure 2 change if the frequency
was lowered?
So for a pure loss less inductor, VL leads IL by 90o, or we can say that IL
lags VL by 90o.