Katalog 2014 SIYSS

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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL
YOUTH SCIENCE SEMINAR 2014
AUSTRALIA BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC CHINA DENMARK GERMANY HUNGARY
ISRAEL JAPAN MEXICO NORWAY REPUBLIC OF KOREA RUSSIA SINGAPORE
SOUTH AFRICA SWITZERLAND TAIWAN (R.O.C) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar | 1
PARTICIPANTS
WELCOME TO STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SCIENCE SEMINAR 2014
The history of Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar, SIYSS, dates back
as far as 1976. Since then, this weeklong event, hosting prominent young scientists
from all around the world, has been organized annually. In Stockholm, a week packed
with visits to Swedish research institutions and companies as well as participation at
events organized in connection with the Nobel Prize festivities among other things
awaits our participants.
The program aims to promote international understanding and friendship, bringing
together young people from all over the world with similar interests. We wish to
inspire these talented young scientists to continue pursuing a career within their
respective fields of natural science. Furthermore, we wish to inspire Swedish youths
by giving them the opportunity to see and learn about all the fascinating projects the
SIYSS participants, persons their own age, have accomplished. During the seminar
you also have the possibility to listen to the invited guest lecturers, try out interactive experiments and learn more about what a university education entails. We hope
that all our visitors find something striking a chord with them at this smorgasbord of
inspiring projects and activities!
PHOTO CREDITS:
Cover photo: Akademiska Hus (Creative Commons)

Entrance photo (p.3): Stefan Zimmerman
Aula photo (p16): Akademiska Hus (Creative commons)
ANDREA TRGER
Project Manager SIYSS 2014
andrea.trager@ungaforskare.org
2 | Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar
AMO
Emlyn Allwright
Krista Briedis
Carlos Ceballos
Sander Coates
Logan Collins
Corinne Eicher
Sarah Galvin
Petar Gaydarov
Asuka Hannya
Shuhe Hu
Yi-Hsuan Huang
Mitsuaki Kanek
Seo Kyung Kim
Albert Kim
Tammy Lim Ting Yi
Kristian Lotzkat
Rotem Mayo
Eric Schertenleib
Aleksandra Selenina
Matthew Snell
Vincent Stimper
Rka Tth
Dechlan Victory
Lubo Vozdeck
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TRYCK
Emlyn Allwright
Krista Briedis
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
The Impact of Cleaning Broiler Houses

with Antimicrobial Powder on Water
Consumption
Commercial poultry farms use costly, time-consuming
and ecologically damaging methods to clean chicken
houses between production cycles. According to scientific literature, conventional cleaning products can cause
dangerous build-ups of substances such as nitrogen,
which contaminate groundwater sources. In addition, the
process consumes enormous quantities of water.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
South Africa
SCHOOL
Bloemhof Girls
High School
My project investigates a new method of cleaning chicken

houses with an antimicrobial powder which saves water,
money and the environment. The project also examines
the possibility that the use of an antimicrobial powder
promotes stability of the bacterial flora in chicken houses.
This would provide more consistent production results
by using the bacterial competition in the chicken litter to
prevent the establishment of new pathogens.
Surveillance of Tick-Borne Diseases in

the Chicagoland Area
The northeastern and upper midwestern United States are
home to the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), which can carry
and transmit several pathogens to humans.
Medically relevant tick-borne diseases include Lyme
disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and human
babesiosis, which are caused by the microorganisms
Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and
Babesia microti, respectively. It is important to be aware
of the presence of these pathogens in a particular area so
that physicians are able to accurately diagnose and treat
patients with knowledge of their travel history.
To this end, the Chicagoland area tick population was
surveyed for these pathogens using molecular techniques
including polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.
The results demonstrate that Lyme disease is well-established in the area. More importantly, this is the first
report of A. phagocytophilum in the Chicagoland area.
Though B. microti remains to be found, its less
pathogenic relative, B. odocoilei, was detected and is
capable of causing babesiosis in deer and elk.
AGE
22
COUNTRY
United States of America

SCHOOL
The Ohio State University
This studys results confirm the importance of continued

surveillance and risk assessment of tick-borne diseases.
Carlos Alberto Ceballos Mejia
Sander Coates
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Fisiqueando
Investigating Pumping, a Technique

Applied in Skateboarding Quarter Pipes
Fisiqueando is an interactive software to facilitate

learning and understanding of mechanical physics and is
aimed at students attending high school in Mexico.
AGE
19
COUNTRY
The system is structured through games based on

reasoning in order to develop understanding of topics
included, as well as practical examples of some subtopics
to help understand real issues in a more specific
manner. It also includes practical exercises which allow
the user to evaluate themselves. Moreover, it provides
quizzes covering different levels of difficulty, which give
the students a sense of accomplishment after having
interacted with the program.
Above all, these features allow for the sequential
integration of activities to develop ideas, making it very
easy to use.
Mexico
SCHOOL
Universidad de
Guanajuato
At what angle in a quarter pipe should a skateboarder going

upwards with compressed body extend his body to travel as
high as possible?
The research question relates to skateboarding, a sport in
which a technique called pumping is applied to increase
the height skateboarders reach going upwards quarter pipes.
Pumping is essentially a controlled compression before and
extension through the quarter pipe.
Two experiments were conducted in attempt to test the validity
of a deduced suggested mathematical model. The first one, a
video analysis of an actual skateboarder performing pumping,
did not produce sufficient results. A creative, fully mechanical
design of the second experiment allowed for efficient data
collection, supporting the hypothesis.
Investigating pumping, a technique applied in skateboarding quarter pipes concludes that the angle in a quarter
pipe at which a skateboarder should extend his body from
compressed position to travel as high as possible is the angle
of extension zero (i.e. in the bottom of the quarter pipe). This
is reasoned by the optimal gain of extension by conservation
of angular momentum when the velocity is greatest.
AGE
19
COUNTRY
Norway
SCHOOL
Norwegian University of
Science and Technology
Logan Collins
Corinne Eicher
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
The Conjugative Plasmid RK2 as a Delivery

System for Artificial AnatheriaH Genes: A
Novel Synthetic Biology Alternative to
Traditional Antibiotics
This investigation develops an original synthetic biology treatment
that approaches antibiotic resistance through the novel use of an
artificially designed gene and bacterial conjugation.
AGE
18
COUNTRY

SCHOOL
Fairview High School
The artificial gene, AnatheriaH, disrupts bacterial systems with

high quantities of hydrophobic polypeptides meant to cause
uncontrolled aggregation, toxicity, and cell death. Bacteria were
transformed with a pET11a plasmid containing the artificial gene.
Their growth was then tested with an inducer over fifty hours
using a plate reader. Nearly total growth inhibition was observed
in the experimental group samples. Bacterial conjugation was
used to deliver the AnatheriaH from donor to recipient bacteria.
A solid media mating experiment was performed. Donor bacteria,
containing the conjugative RK2 plasmid with AnatheriaH inserted
into it, were mixed with mCherry expressing recipient bacteria
capable of activating transcription of the gene via a recipient
specific promoter. A lack of mCherry expression was evident in the
groups with AnatheriaH, indicating recipient growth inhibition.
Within the human body, this technique could be used to transfer
the antimicrobial AnatheriaH gene into pathogens and eliminate
infection. This technique is specifically designed to combat
antibiotic resistance.
Saxifraga mutata in the Toggenburg

Saxifraga mutata, a prealpine plant locally endangered
in Central Europe due to its dependency on sites that are
highly influenced by erosion, was the subject of this
project. The study sites were located in the Wattwiler Steintal, a valley characterized by its intact environment in
the Toggenburg region in the eastern part of Switzerland.
In an area of 1.5 square kilometres, all locations of
Saxifraga mutata were mapped by volunteers in a search
operation.
The results show a preference for sites with an orientation
to northeast and a gradient of 20 to 30.
Two sites were monitored more precisely by measuring
the diameter and height of the individuals, monitoring the
climate, classification of the surrounding flora and
analysis of the soil. These two populations differed in
exposition and substrate; the first one grew on moss covered molasse conglomerate exposed to the north, the second on a bare clay erosion slope orientated to southeast.
The experiments showed amongst other things that the
habitat highly influences survivability. Viability analysis
predicted the survival of the first but an extinction of the
second population.
AGE
19
COUNTRY
Switzerland
SCHOOL
University of Zurich
Sarah Galvin
Petar Gaydarov
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
An Innovative Approach to Improve Spin

Polarization in Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 Thin Films
for Spin Transport Electronics
The utilization of half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs) has been
proposed as an ideal method of producing spintronic devices,
such as magnetic random access memory and magnetoresistive
read head devices. HMF based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs),
which would be utilized for next generation electronics, can
theoretically lead to infinitely large tunneling magnetoresistance
(TMR) and up to 100% spin polarization.
AGE
18
COUNTRY

SCHOOL
Arizona State University
Among existing HMFs, Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS) exhibits strong

spin-polarization as the Fermi Level lies between band gaps
of minority carriers. CFAS films were sputtered on thermally
oxidized Si and MgO substrates in growth temperatures ranging
from room temperature to 600C. Another batch was grown at
room temperature and annealed at the same temperatures.
To ensure high quality of thin films, electrical and structural
characterization was done using a 4point probe and Rutherford
Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) respectively. CFAS/AlOx/Pb
devices were fabricated by synthesizing AlOx as a barrier and Pb
as the top electrode in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system.
Low temperature electrical measurements (up to 4.2K) were
conducted.
Mathematical modeling of the data indicated high spin-polarization values obtained by optimizing interfacial strain and growth
and annealing temperatures.
Hammin Distance of Polynomials over

GF(2)
Why finite fields?
Finite field algebra is an important part of modern
mathematics. In the last several decades, it has had
tremendous applications in cryptography, coding theory, and
computer science, thus involving almost every part of modern
life.
Moreover, notable works, including those of Jean-Pierre Serre
and other mathematicians, describe the way finite fields may
be applied to provide important results for infinite fields.
Irreducible polynomials over finite fields are in a way like
prime numbers important both to theory and practice, but
elusive and seemingly random, not easy to classify. This is
what makes them both difficult and alluring to study.
In the project we examine a conjecture concerning
irreducible polynomials over GF(2) more precisely sets
similar to the set of irreducible polynomials.
The conjecture states that the Hamming distance of every
polynomial over GF(2) and its closest irreducible is at most
4. The purpose of the research is to find the expectation for a
given polynomial to have a certain Hamming distance from a
random set. This helps us find the properties of the
irreducible polynomials that lead to a proof.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Bulgaria
SCHOOL
Model High School

of Mathematics
Akad. Kiril Popov
Asuka Hannya
Shuhe Hu
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Microorganisms as Alternative Sources

for Fats, Lipids, and Petroleum
AGE
24
COUNTRY
Japan
SCHOOL
Kyoto University
Oils, which consist of various molecular species, are

important constituents of our daily diet. Unsaturated fatty
acids, which are contained in our dietary fats, have been
reported to decrease the risk of heart disease and
prevent allergy. Therefore, they have come under spotlight in the food and medical field. However, only fish and
plant oils are available natural sources for these unsaturated fatty acids, with the supply being affected by the
weather, fish catch, or yield. For that reason, I aimed to
produce these useful fatty acids in larger quantities and
in a more stable manner by microorganisms more stably
in larger quantity.through the use of microorganisms.
I am working with biotechnology to improve the productivity of the useful oils by a filamentous fungus called Mortierella alpina, which produces various kinds of oils. I am
working to improve both the ratio of the useful oils in the
lipid produced, and the total amount of oils produced.
Oils produced from M. alpina also include ones which
could be raw materials for diesel and plastics. If mass
production is would be achieved in the future, these oils
could become substitutes for petroleum in addition to
having medicinal value.
Synthesis of Carbon-coated TiO2

Nanomaterial and its Application in
Photocatalyst
Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst is one of the most promising materials in
waste water treatment. How to improve its photocatalytic property
has been a long term but very important scientific issue. Inspired by
the exciting discovery of graphene, I here present that few-layered
graphene coated TiO2 nanoparticle composite has been successfully
synthesized with ordinary glucose as carbon source in a conventional
but facile method.
By optimizing the hydrothermal reaction time, temperature, and
calcination temperature, we obtained TiO2/G nano-composite
with enhanced surface conductivity. Its physical properties were
investigated by a series of characterizations such as TEM, Electrics,
Raman and EDX. These characterizations revealed that highly
conductive graphitized carbon layer was successfully coated on
TiO2 nanoparticles, which have the average grain size of 100 nm. By
establishing a mathematical model with physical properties analysis,
we estimated that the thickness of carbon layer is about 0.4 nm,
which indicates that the structure of carbon is indeed graphene. This
material exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance with high
efficiency, strong adsorption and a distinctive recycling ability.
This environmental-friendly material is a perfect candidate for
photocatalysis to degrade organic dye in waste water treatment and
other applications.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
China
SCHOOL
University of Science
and Technology of China
Yi-Hsuan Huang
Mitsuaki Kaneko
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Mechanistic Characterization of a
Transcription Factor bZIP16 in Regulating
Arabidopsis Flowering Pathways
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
SCHOOL
Taipei Municipal
Jianguo High School
It is mysterious how plants perceive environmental signals to

regulate molecular mechanisms to determine the best time to
flower. In plants, bZIP transcription factors are master regulators
of many central developmental and
physiological processes. In 2012, bZIP16 was reported to promote
seed germination and hypocotyl elongation during the early
seedling development by repressing RGL2 and PIL5. Interestingly,
a previous study has indicated that RGA and RGL2 both negatively
regulate the floral transition. This inspired us to investigate
whether bZIP16 also functions in Arabidopsis flowering time
control.
By observing phenotypes, we found that bZIP16 mutants showed
late-flowering phenotypes under long-day and short-day
conditions. After performing a transcriptomic comparison, qRTPCR and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay, these experiments
revealed that bZIP16 significantly represses the expression of FLC
and promotes the expression of SOC1 and FT. Furthermore, bZIP16
directly binds to the FLC promoter harboring G-box motif.
Our studies demonstrated that bZIP16 not only promotes
seed germination and hypocotyl elongation in early seedling
development but also plays a positive role in floral induction.
It also revealed bZIP16 as a new floral regulator in controlling
flowering time.
Coherent Growth of High-quality AlN/

GaN Short-period Superlattice
Ultraviolet (UV) light impacts organic substances as indicated by sunburns due to UV light.Since it can also affect
bacteria and viruses, UV light is widely used for food and
water purification.However, the available light sources,
which are gas lasers or mercury lamps, show low efficiency and are harmful to the environment.
To overcome these problems, you might think of using
light emitting diodes (LEDs), which show high efficiency
and contribute to saving fossil fuel. UV LEDs make use of
aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) semiconductor crystals.
Although LEDs theoretically show high efficiency, present
AlGaN-based LEDs exhibit low efficiency due to defects
in crystals. Since the efficiency of white LEDs has been
improved by obtaining high quality crystals, high quality
AlGaN crystal growth technique is needed.
In our laboratory, we try to obtain high quality AlGaN by
two key technologies, the coherent growth and AlN/GaN
short-period superlattices (SPSLs). The high quality AlN/
GaN SPSLs grown in our laboratory showed UV light emission. They may realize portable UV LEDs and contribute to
the suppression of the numerous bacterial infections.
AGE
24
COUNTRY
Japan
SCHOOL
Kyoto University
NOTES
PRESENTATIONS
09:15 Opening ceremony

Krista Briedis

Shuhe Hu

Dechlan Victory

Lubo Vozdeck

Aleksandra Selenina

Seo Kyung Kim

10:07 Break
10:25

11:07
Asuka Hannya
Eric Schertenleib
Emlyn Allwright
Tammy Lim Ting Yi
Logan Collins
Carlos Alberto Ceballos Mejia
Break
11:20 Ulrica Edlund

Associate Professor, KTH
12:05 Break
12:20

Kristian Lotzkat
Yi-Hsuan Huang
Matthew Snell
Corinne Eicher
Vincent Stimper
Rotem Mayo
13:02 Break
13:20

Sarah Galvin
Rka Tth
Sander Coates
Mitsuaki Kaneko
Albert Kim
Petar Gaydarov
14:02 Break
14:15 Niclas Lindvall

PhD Student, Chalmers
Fancy physics in the entrance hall - 10:40 & 13:35

AGE
20
COUNTRY
Republic of Korea
SCHOOL
KAIST
Seo Kyung Kim
Albert Kim
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Construction of Pseudomonas fluorescens

SIK W1 protease-knockout(prt) Mutant:
Improvement of P. fluorescens Protein
Manufacturing Factory
Environmental Toxins, Oxidative Stress,

and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in HTB-11
cells: New Approach to Alzheimers
Disease Therapy
Pseudomonas fluorescens have been widely used as protein

manufacturing factories due to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC)
transporter in their chromosomes. ABC transporter makes
passage via plasma membrane of P.fluorescens to transport
materials, such as thermostable lipase (TliA). The signal peptide
on the C-terminal of this protein, called LARD3, is especially
crucial for its secretion.
Background: Alzheimers disease is a neurodegenerative disorder

that afflicts approximately 5.4 million people in the United States.
4-Nonylphenol is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that has been
shown to adversely affect anti-oxidant capability and mitochondrial
function in the brain. Genes differentially expressed in 4-NPexposed and -non-exposed cells are promising candidates for
therapeutic agents, i.e. anti-oxidant Goji berry.
By this, I constructed new recombinant plasmids coding useful

proteins fused with LARD3, and transformed P.fluorescens with
the plasmids to produce the useful proteins in large amounts.
However, the transformed P.fluorescens showed lower protein
production efficiency than expected. Therefore, I hypothesized
that a certain enzyme called protease in P.fluorescens degrades
the target proteins while released, and constructed the new
type of P.fluorescens mutants.
Results: Different treatments of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) were

administered to 4-NP-exposed cells (1uM 4-NP) to determine the
most effective concentration combination. Based on microarray
data, several potential Alzheimers biomarkers involved in
oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were identified as
differentially expressed in 4-NP-exposed and non-exposed HTB-11
cells. These data were validated with a conventional RT-PCR.
The mutants are called P.fluorescens prt because their

protease gene is removed from their chromosomes by knockout, and showed higher efficiency in secretion of target
proteins. This allows a wide variety of medical proteins to be
produced with high efficiency.
Conclusion: Genes involved in AD progression, oxidative stress,

and mitochondrial dysfunction were significantly altered by
4-Nonylphenol and as such, Goji berry extract presents itself as
a potential therapeutic agent that can be tailored to target and
reverse these environmentally-induced processes at the molecular
level.
AGE
19
COUNTRY

SCHOOL
Neuroscience Research
Institute
Tammy Lim Ting Yi
Kristian Lotzkat
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Reactions of Bis(oxy)enamines with

Transition Metal Halides
Halooxime ethers have attracted much attention given their
importance as direct precursors to proline derivatives, unnatural
amino acids and alkaloids. Having numerous industrial and
biological applications, a novel and improved method of synthesis
for bromooximes from corresponding nitronates and/or bis(oxy)
enamines has been developed.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Singapore
SCHOOL
National Junior College
This general and convenient method allows for a one-pot

synthesis and is efficient in terms of synthesis time and
resources, generating high percentage yields of 70%-90%,
approximately 2 times higher than previously known methods.
Only a minimum of 15 minutes is required for the reaction to
proceed to completion as tested by
isolation and aqueous work up of extracts from the reaction
mixture at different time intervals. This method uses metal
halides,
specifically CoBr2, as a stronger Lewis acid and a tertiary amine
as a catalyst. Competitive reactions between different metal
halides were also carried out, and the yields showed good results
even if the halide group was varied. New and known compounds
were also synthesized by various characterization methods.
This work has significant impact in the context of developing
precursors to synthesizing a host of important molecules that
have specialized application in the biological industry and the
fundamental understanding of how chemical synthesis can be
improved.
Lunar Cup-like Depressions

The primary objective of this project was to find a mathematical model that can predict the size of the object,
which has made any given crater. Through a scale experiment, where meteor impacts were simulated it was
possible to derive a mathematical model, which can give
an estimate of the volume of the object. The model was
tested on the lunar crater Alphonsus. It showed that the
object, which had made Alphonsus, had a volume on 3,6
km3.
The secondary objective of this project was to find a
mathematical model that could be used to calculate
the size of a lunar crater, based on observations made
from Earth. Through theoretic mathematical analysis, it
was possible to make two mathematical models, which
can determine the diameter and the depth of a given
lunar crater. The models were tested on the moon crater
Alphonsus. The conclusion is that it is possible to use
observations from Earth to determine the diameter of the
lunar crater Alphonsus with an uncertainty of 3.57% and
the depth with an uncertainty of 11.37%.
AGE
19
COUNTRY
Denmark
SCHOOL
Alssundgymnasiet
Snderborg
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Israel
SCHOOL
Harel High School
Rotem Mayo
Eric Schertenleib
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Common Cancer Mutations Grant Cells

Apoptotic Resistance
Jet and Film On the Interaction

Between a Laminar Jet and a Soap Film
Apoptosis is a mechanism that allows damaged cells to

self-destruct, and thus be removed from the body before
causing it any harm. This process is meant to ensure that
mutated cells that pose a threat to the body are
eliminated. However, cancer cells, despite having
undergone a series of extreme mutations, often evade
apoptosis due to a manipulation of key regulatory
elements in the control circuit.
This paper explains the relevant physics behind the

interaction of a thin liquid jet with a soap film. I observed
three different shapes, each characteristic to a regime:
absorption, refraction and a critical regime.
In an attempt to explain this apparent apoptotic

resistance in cancer cells, this research focuses on
common oncogene mutations that occur in a protein
called Bcl-2, one of the proteins tasked with the
inhibition of apoptosis in a healthy cell by sequestering
the pro-apoptotic proteins.
In this work we showed that cancer mutations in Bcl-2
enhance its affinity to its target proteins. This could cause
the over-inhibition of apoptosis and prevent the process
from occurring in a mutant cell. Identifying these unique
mutations may allow scientists to develop new cancer
treatments by initiating apoptosis in the defected cells.
I was able to give a new and in-depth explanation of the

transition between the different regimes using dimensionless analysis and force balance. In addition to this, I can
describe the critical and the refraction regime accurately.
I then compared my work with a previous study and pointed out some major physical and mathematical shortcomings in the former paper.
The experiments were conducted with a membrane pump
capable of producing a pressure of up to 6 bar. For the jet
I used 10 medical injection needles of different diameters. The theory I derive fits the experimental data well
and can be considered consistent.
AGE
20
COUNTRY
Switzerland
SCHOOL
ETH Zurich
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Russia
SCHOOL
Lyceum No.4,
Murmansk
Aleksandra Selenina
Matthew Snell
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Differences between cylinder and

plane geometries.
Free Radicals and Art: A Cultured

Experience
The geometry of both a plane and a cylinder coincide

in some way. This paper tackles the problem of the
construction of cylinder geometry and comparing it to
the geometry of a plane. One should note that many basic
properties of the simplest figures on a cylinder have not
been described in literature.
In recent years, we have come to realise that there is a

serious problem involving the biodeterioration of artwork.
The presence of biological material in the media used to
produce art causes damage to the work itself over the
course of time. This research attempts to identify chemicals that are capable of reversing or preventing biodeterioration.
During the study of geometry, many students get an

impression about the stability of its basic facts. This
work helps to get away from standard representations
in geometry. For example, it shows that through the two
points on a cylinder, one can draw an infinite number of
straight lines, whereas a circle cannot be drawn around
every triangle on a cylinder. Furthermore, in this paper we
prove new theorems of cylinder geometry. In the study,
we have reviewed the basic concepts of geometry on
the cylinder similar to those on a plane, formulated and
proved the corresponding theorems, compiled a brief
description of the main differences between cylinder and
plane geometries and enumerated the most important
geometry facts and properties of shapes defined
throughout the study.
We know through recent research that the free radical

nitric oxide is the signalling molecule that causes controlled and synchronised dispersal of biofilm colonies.
Nitroxides display similar qualities to nitric oxide but as a
more stable radical. We have used 25 different nitroxide
compounds to test their effectiveness on the change in
biofilm biomass as well as the change in number of free
swimming bacteria. One compound Carboxy-tempo displayed the desirable qualities of nitric oxide by reducing
the biofilm biomass and increasing the number of free
swimming bacteria, in both prevention and treatment.
This research currently offers no discussion why this
compound is so effective but it may be brought forward
into further research.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Australia
SCHOOL
Notre Dame College
AGE
19
COUNTRY
Germany
SCHOOL
Karl-Schmidt-RottluffGymnasium
Vincent Stimper
Rka Tth
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
A Generalized Model of the Double

Pendulum
Evolutionary Analyses of Conserved

Noncoding Elements
The double pendulum is a well-known example which

shows that harmony and chaos can exist in a single
system. In the classical model it is is assumed the double
pendulum moves inside a homogeneous gravitational
potential. However, this is only an approximation for the
real gravitational potential of the earth which is radial.
In this paper a model is derived which does not use this
approximation.
Over 90% of our genome does not contain genes. This is

known as noncoding DNA. My project targeted a specific
type of it: Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs), which
are very similar sequences found in evolutionarily
distant species. Their conservation suggests function.
CNEs are quite easy to identify computationally, but little
has been confirmed experimentally, because such a study
is laborious and uncertain. If there were CNEs that are
conserved within a smaller taxonomic group (e. g. fishes)
but have dissapeared from the rest of the vertebrate
lineage, disrupting them would cause substantial change
specific to that group.
The equation of motion is calculated and for different

inertial conditions numerically solved with the aid of a
computer. Using this simulation and analytical methods
the motion of the newly created double pendulum is
investigated. To visualize the simulation results, Poincar
maps and the Lyapunov exponent are used. As a result it
is shown that the new model is a generalized model of the
double pendulum since it includes the classical model as
a limiting case. Furthermore it is proved that the double
pendulum moves more chaotically the closer it gets to
the centre of the gravitational potential. There are also
some motions which seem to be periodic, but actually are
chaotic.
My goal was to find such sequences with bioinformatic

methods, in order to make research less cumbersome.
We identified CNEs within pairwise alignments generated
by the University of California, and mapped them to each
other through the zebrafish-fugu alignment. We then
created a (very large) table that told us which CNE is
present in which species.
I found more than 2600 fish-specific sequences. I could
also visualize this matrix in a phylogenetic tree that shows
the evolutionary relationships between CNEs.
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Hungary
SCHOOL
Alternatv Kzgazdasgi
Gimnzium
AGE
18
COUNTRY
Australia
SCHOOL
Kings Baptist
Grammar School
Dechlan Victory
Lubo Vozdeck
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Microalgae and Biofuels
Rolling Friction
It has been acknowledged that wide spread use

of petroleum sourced transport fuels is no longer
environmentally or economically sustainable. As a result,
a need for an environmentally friendly and renewable fuel
source has arisen.
There are many theories in books or on the Internet,

each of which describes rolling friction in a different
way. The basic idea used in almost all theories is that the
deformations of underlay cause a force which we observe
as rolling friction. Some theories claim that there is a
bulge formed in front of the rolling body and this bulge is
supposed to cause rolling friction.
Biofuels are a renewable and carbon neutral alternative

to petroleum based fuels. They are derived from the
refinement of biomass that can be accumulated from
sources such as: oil crops, animal fats and waste cooking
oils. When derived from these sources, biofuels cannot
effectively be used to meet the existing demand for
transport fuel. Microalgae, however, have been identified
as a source of biomass that can meet existing transport
fuel demands. Compared to other biomasses, microalgae
can be grown in almost any environmental conditions and
produce a high yield of oil per area of land.
Consequently numerous research institutions including
the University of Adelaide have conducted research into
the large scale production of biofuels from microalgae.
Although there are no experiments that would either

confirm or disprove the theory, it seems to be generally
accepted. The aim of this work is to design and perform
an experiment that would capture the deformations of an
underlay under a rolling body and that would afterwards
either confirm or disprove the theories described above.
Another aim of this work is to introduce a theory that
would describe the origin of rolling friction and that would
correspond with the performed experiments.
The experiments concluded that no bulge in front of the
body could be discovered and so disproved the generally
accepted model of rolling friction.
AGE
19
COUNTRY
Czech Republic
SCHOOL
Gymnazium Vyskov
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