Tema nr.

6
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Creating Functions
1. Function full_name:
A. Create a function called full_name. Pass two parameters to the function: an employees last
name and first name. The function should return the full name in the format: last name,
comma and space, first name (for example: Smith, Joe). Save your code.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION full_name(p_last_name employees.last_name%TYPE,
p_first_name employees.first_name%TYPE)
RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
BEGIN
RETURN p_last_name || ', ' || p_first_name;
END;
Function created

B. Test your function from an anonymous block which uses a local variable to store and display
the returned value.
DECLARE
nume VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
nume:=full_name('Popescu', 'Ion');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(nume);
END;
Popescu, Ion

C. Modify your anonymous block from step b to remove the local variable declaration and call
the function directly from within the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE call. Test the block again.
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(full_name('Popescu', 'Ion'));
END;
D. Now call the function from within a SQL SELECT statement. Execute a SQL statement (not
a PL/SQL block) which displays the first_name, last_name and full name (using the function)
of all employees in department 50.
SELECT first_name, last_name, full_name(last_name, first_name) AS full_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50;
2. Function reverse_string:
A. Create a function which accepts a character string as input and returns the same character string
but with the order of the letters reversed. For example Smith would be returned as htimS. Save
your code. Hint: you will need to declare a local variable to store the reversed string, and build its
contents by reading the input one character at a time (using SUBSTR) in a loop structure, starting
from the last character. Each execution of the loop reads the preceding character and concatenates it
to the reversed string.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION reverse_string(p_sir VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
i int;
v_character CHAR;
result VARCHAR2(50):= ;
BEGIN
result:=NULL;
i:=LENGTH(p_sir);
LOOP
result:=result ||SUBSTR(p_sir,i,1);
i:=i-1;
EXIT WHEN i=0;
END LOOP;
return result;
END;

B. Test your function using the following SQL statements:

SELECT last_name, reverse_string(last_name)
FROM employees;
LAST_NAME

REVERSE_STRING(LAST_NAME)

Abel

lebA

Davies

seivaD

De Haan

naaH eD

Ernst

tsnrE

Fay

yaF

Gietz

zteiG

Grant

tnarG

Hartstein

nietstraH

Higgins

sniggiH

Hunold

dlonuH

More than 10 rows available. Increase rows selector to view more rows.

SELECT country_name, reverse_string(country_name)

FROM wf_countries;
COUNTRY_NAME

REVERSE_STRING(COUNTRY_NAME)

Canada

adanaC

Republic of Costa Rica

aciR atsoC fo cilbupeR

Republic of Cape Verde

edreV epaC fo cilbupeR

Greenland

dnalneerG

Dominican Republic

cilbupeR nacinimoD

State of Eritrea

aertirE fo etatS

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia aipoihtE fo cilbupeR citarcomeD laredeF

The Holy See (State of the Vatican City)

)ytiC nacitaV eht fo etatS( eeS yloH ehT

Kingdom of Spain

niapS fo modgniK

Republic of San Marino

oniraM naS fo cilbupeR

More than 10 rows available. Increase rows selector to view more rows.

Using Functions in SQL Statements

1. Function sal_increase
A. Create and execute a function sal_increase using the following two code samples. The first creates
a function which returns an employees new salary if a percentage increase is granted. The second
calls this function in a SELECT statement, using an increase of 5 percent.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sal_increase
(p_salary employees.salary%TYPE,
p_percent_incr NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
BEGIN
RETURN (p_salary + (p_salary * p_percent_incr / 100));
END;
SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5)
FROM employees;
LAST_NAME

SALARY

SAL_INCREASE(SALARY,5)

King

24000

25200

Kochhar

17000

17850

De Haan

17000

17850

Whalen

4400

4620

Higgins

12000

12600

Gietz

8300

8715

Zlotkey

10500

11025

Abel

11000

11550

Taylor

8600

9030

Grant

7000

7350

More than 10 rows available. Increase rows selector to view more rows

B. Now, suppose you want to see the same information in your SELECT statement, but only for those
employees for whom the increased salary would be greater than 10000. Write and test two SELECT
statements to do this. In the first, do NOT use your function. In the second, use your function. Use an
increase of 5 percent.
SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5)
FROM employees;
SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5)
FROM employees
WHERE sal_increase(salary , 5)>10000;

Review of the Data Dictionary

1.
Write and execute a SELECT statement that lists all the stored objects you have created in
your account so far. The query should return the object name and type and its status. Order the output
by type of object.

SELECT object_name,object_type,status
FROM user_objects
order by object_type;
2.
Change the query from question 3 to show all functions and procedures to which you have
access. Include the owner of the object as well.
SELECT object_name,owner
FROM all_procedures;

Review of Object Privileges

1. If you wanted user SUSAN to be able to execute SELECT and all DML statements on your
wf_countries table, what SQL statement would you execute to give her the required privileges?
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ON wf_countries TO pintea;

2. Another user TOM creates a table called tomtab, and does not grant you any privileges on it.
A. If you try to execute the following statement, will it work?

INSERT INTO tom.tomtab (.) VALUES (..);

NU VA MERGE
B. Examine the following code. Now the INSERT statement has been included in a procedure which
you have created. Will it work now?
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE my_ins_proc
IS
BEGIN
INSERT into tom.tomtab (.)
VALUES ();
END;
NU VA MERGE
C. TOM now executes the following statement:
GRANT INSERT ON tomtab TO <your user name>;
Will your my_ins_proc procedure work now? Why or why not?
VA MERGE DEOARECE DA DREPTUL DE INSERARE
D. TOM now REVOKEs your INSERT privilege on tomtab. TOM then writes the following
procedure. Which privilege must TOM grant to you to allow you to execute the procedure? With this
privilege, will your INSERT work now when you invoke TOMs procedure?
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE tom_ins_proc
IS
BEGIN
INSERT into tom.tomtab (.)
VALUES ();
END;
TREBUIE DREPTUL DE EXECUTE