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PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMYCOURS
FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS
EDITURA AGROPRINT
TIMISOARA 2014
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Scientific referens:
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Contents
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CARDIOVASCULAR MORPHOPATHOLOGY.....................11
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1. CARDIOVASCULAR MORPHOPATOLOGY
1.1. Heart morphopathology
1.1.1. Congenital anomalies of the heart and vessels
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there is a rich
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be
made
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the
terms
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cells for
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In cats, nasal tumor incidence is much lower than that of the dog.
The most common carcinomas were diagnosed scvamous ones,most having
location on the outside of the nostrils. In horse nasal tumor incidence
increases with age. Most commonly diagnosed tumors were squamous and
glandular epithelium coverage.
Benign tumors, nasal polyps have a high incidence.
In bovine nasal tumor incidence is low reaching only 0.1% of all
respiratory neoplasms. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are
cited. In sheep and goats were reported sporadic neoplasms like those from
cattle. Mention the existence of a oncogen virosis, adenopapillomatosis of
the respiratory mucosa of sheep, morphoclinical externalized through
mucous gland adenomas of the nasal cavity. (5, 11, 16, 19, 24, 41, 43)
3.1.3. Paranasal sinus lesions
Practical importance are shown by sinus inflammatory lesions
called sinusitis. They are the result of the release of inflammation of the
nasal cavities and in sheep by the action of the circulation of injury and
microbial by the parasite Oestrus ovis.
Sinusitis develops usually chronic because by closing holes, or
purulent exudate seromucos not eliminated. Chronicity result is sinus
mucosal atrophy and dissemination of the inflammatory process to the wall
and even bone to the meninges. The most important and most commonly is
the frontal sinusitis of sheep.
3.1.4. Injuries of the auditory tubes diverticulum
Auditory tubes diverticulum or guttural pouches are usually referred
as aerocistite and are the site of inflammation.
Bluetongue aerocystitis is characterized by serous-mucous
hypersecretion and its accumulation in the guttural pouches where
fermentation gives rise to large quantities of gas. It follows timpanism or
pneumatosis of the guttural pouches.
Purulent aerocystisis or guttural pouches empyema is the most
important lesion and occurs almost always as a complication of acute
pharyngitis. It is found as a complication in, glanders or mycosis trivial.
Purulent collection deformed region, causing compression and necrosis of
adjacent organs.
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3.2.1.1. Atelectasis
Atelectasis (gr. Ateles = incomplete and extazis = Large) is
characterized by reduced alveolar space without breathing air and
transforming into a parenchymal tissue unbreathable. After the installation
atelectasis may be: congenital or gained.
Congenital atelectasis is found in death fetuses and is widespread
throughout the organ. Occurs in calves, piglets and foals, because of the lack
of secretion of pulmonary surfactant during intrauterine development, or as a
result of inhalation by the fetus, fetal quantities of fluids (amniotic fluid),
when the births dystocic that can neutralize the action of the surfactant.
Bilateral atelectasis, is found in the dead babies.
Macroscopic the lungs are small, dark blue, compact and free of
crepitation. Docimasia is positive. The newborn who lived a few hours, on
the lung surface areas are observed red-blue clogged body mass (density),
non-aerated, with no crepitation.
Atelectasis earned or acquired during life,is produced
by
obliterating the bronchus
(atelectasis by obstruction) or external
compression exerted on the lung (atelectasis compression).
Atelectasis by obstruction occurs after acute and complete
obliteration of the large bronchi by mucopurulent discharge,
pseudomembrane, parasites, endobronchial tumors, foreign bodies, etc.. The
remaining air is absorbed slowly (2-3 hours) while progressively collapses
alveoli.
Macroscopic it is found smaller depressed areas of red-violet color,
lack of elasticity and without crepitation. On section, the lesion is shaped
like a cone, with the base toward the pleura and docimasia is positive.
Microscopic, the alveoli are collapsed with close walls close, the
lumen was absent, or barely noticeable. Alveolar walls are thickened,
congested histostructural aspect that confers territories macroscopic
atelectasis purplish-red coloration.
Compression atelectasis is a result of external compression,
externalized the lung parenchyma by pleural effusion and gas, and
inflammation of the pleural tumors, mediastinal, aortic aneurysms, etc..
Macroscopic, the color is lighter and microscopic alveolar walls
are very thin. The other aspects are similar to the obstruction atelectasis.
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Cleft palate is cleft palate can be localized only to the soft palate,
Staff iloschizis, or may involve the soft palate and hard palate
simultaneously, uranoschizis, in which case the oral cavity communicates
with the nasal cavity.
Cheilognatopalatoschizis or mouth of the wolf is the absence of a
union bud lips, jaw and palate you.
Agnathia (gr. a = lacking and gnathos), lack jaws.
Brahignatia (gr. brachys = short) or the presence of maxillary
micrognathia shorter compared to normal peers. In dogs bulldogs there is
often a high brahignatie.
Prognation (gr. pro = before and Gnat) - jaws longer than normal.
On the pathological brahignatia or prognatia not ensure normal incidence of
the dental arches. Kampilognatia (gr. kampylos = bending and Gnat) is cross
beak abnormality incompatible with prehension feed. It is only found in
birds, especially chickens turkeys. (5, 11, 16, 19, 25, 41, 43)
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dogs);
- abnormally shaped (coronary dysmorphia, root);
abnormal structure (enamel, dentin) etc..
4.1.7.2. Wear hanges
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inflammation, resulting in the final fiber paths with hard edges which often
hosts foreign body
Pseudopapillomatoas ruminitis is a productive inflammation
characterized by the appearance on the surface lining of the rumen, of
whitish nodules,
increased consistency, following annexation by
neighboring papillae fibrosis peaks with demarcation of territory corneum. It
will gradually increase in size by scaling unable to format horn.
Granulomatous inflammation is relatively rare . (5, 11, 16, 19, 41, 43)
4.5.5. Prestomach tumors
Prestomach tumors are represented by papillomas, fibromas,
leiomioame as benign forms, namely carcinomas and sarcomas, as
malignancies. Latest usually occur in enzootic leucosis of
cattle.
Prestomachs tumors are rare except papillomas and fibropapiloamelor. They
are associated with oral papillomatosis and / or esophagus.
4.6. Morphopathology of mammalian stomach
4.6.1. Topographic changes
Topographic changes of the stomach, are found in ruminants, horses
and carnivores and are represented by moving, twisting or
transdiaphragmatic hernias.
Moving ruminant stomach, abomasul or clot can migrate into left
paralombar sep sometimes with torsion and in small animals are found quite
frequently stomach twisting .
Stomach torsion is followed by exaggerated timpanism, thereof from
the fermentation of food. Stomach walls are thickened, red-purple, as a
result of congestion stasis.
Transdiaphragmatic hernia occurs due to the diaphragm rupture,
followed by entry of a part of the stomach in the thoracic cavity.
4.6.2. Volumetric changes
Dilated stomach, or gastrectasia, is characterized by excessive
accumulation of food in the stomach. It has particular importance in horses
and cattle, but can be found in the other species.
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Salivary gland tumors are rare in all animal species. Have been
reported in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and cats, but not in pigs.
The location of the tumor may be in the parotid salivary glands and.
It was found that these tumors occur in animals that are mostly older and are
malignant in most of the cases.
Malignant tumors are fast growing, fastened to the skin, are very
painful and cause metastases in regional lymph nodes.
4.10. Pancreas morphopathology
4.10.1. Anomalies of pancreas
Congenital aplasia and hypoplasia of the islands Langherhans,
causes of diabetes in dogs 2-3 months.
Ectopic pancreas in dogs can be found in the form of small nodules
in submucosa or muscular stomach, intestine, liver parenchyma in the
mesentery, etc..
Dilatation of the pancreatic ducts causes a blister-like pancreatic
gallbladder. This anomaly is cited in cats (often die by uremic poisoning).
Pancreatic hypoplasia is diagnosed more frequently in dogs and
calves. In calves, the pancreas is underrepresented small, imprecisely
defined and pale. (5, 11, 16, 19, 41, 43)
4.10.2. Dystrophies of the pancreas
Dystrophies of the pancreas are predominantly histological order
and found in many febrile diseases, toxic and wasting.
Steatosis, granular dystrophy, vacuolar and hyaline, are seen in
some poisoning of birds in aflatoxicosis hypovitaminosis E and
hiposelenosis.
Their importance is relatively low, the diagnosis being established
by microscopic examination.
Pancreatic atrophy occurs quite frequently and has two
morphological forms: primary and secondary.
Primary diffuse atrophy progresses without obvious changes of the
pancreas.
Secondary pancreatic atrophy is manifested by chronic interstitial
fibrosis associated with pancreatic degenerative changes.
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In the atrophic stage, the liver reaches a third of its normal size,
hence the name of atrophic cirrhosis. The color is yellow-brown, depending
on the conjunctiva hyperplasia accompanying degenerative changes.
Consistency is greatly increased, even harsh, cutting making it difficult.
Liver surface is uneven because of yellow nodules, which range in
size from a grain of hemp (cirrhosis granular) to that of a nut (nodular
cirrhosis). Sometimes the body surface is crossed by numerous grooves with
a depth of 5-10 mm, lobes subdivided pseudolobi of the liver (lobar
cirrhosis).
Microscopic stands marked intralobular fibrosis with lobe split into
two or more pseudolobuli (coordoane centrilobular hepatic vein free),
hepatocellular dystrophy and necrobiosis.
Atrophic necrosis is more common in carnivores and swine, but
can be found in other species. In cattle is more common in the left hepatic
lobe, which reaches a degree of atrophy exaggerated, leaving the fibrous
band whitish-reddish, hard, sharp edges against right hepatic lobe that
hypertrophy.
Cirrhosis hypertrophic occurs in calves with Salmonella etiology,
in swine feeding due to industrial waste or waste from the cafeteria, the
rabbits in some viruses, in aflatoxicoz.
Macroscopic, the liver is increased in volume, smooth surface, high
consistency and color variable, gray, yellow, or green.
Microscopic proliferation in the conjunctiva of Disse space is
particularly intense and diffuse, isolating groups of hepatocytes, or liver
almost every cell that will undergo necrobiosis by anoxia and compression.
This type of cirrhosis in cattle can be installed even during
intrauterine development due to moldy feed containing aflatoxin and other
mycotoxins, namely feeding cows with feed acid (borhoturi storage).
In light of current knowledge it seems there is a connection between
liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Interstitial hepatitis is characterized by theconnective proliferation
starts initially at portobiliare spaces, hence the name of this liver. They are
found in all species and are parasitic in nature.
Macroscopic evolve in two anatomoclinical ways:
- interstitial hepatitis multiple or outbreaks;
- diffuse interstitial hepatitis. Whatever form of presentation, their
morphogenesis is similar.
Initially, there is a traumatic phase, manifested macroscopically by
tracks or foci hemoragiconecrotic ,produced by parasite migration of
nehapatofili /hepatofili parasites through the liver parenchyma. Then follows
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is called funiculitis. It
and stallions, rarely in
serous, hemorrhagic,
the spermatic cord
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Topographic changes
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erythematous;
papular;
vesicular
pustular or impetiginoase (they participate and pyogenic flora);
crusted;
scvamoas e (pronounced desquamation evolving);
warty, externalized by the appearance of skin growths;
lichenoid characterized by cracking cornified epidermis.
Hives (Latin urtica = stinging nettle) is an immediate-type allergic
dermatitis, caused by some toxic, insect bites (hives exogenous) or may be
due to ingested or inhaled produced by animals (hives endogenous).
Macroscopically observed itchy patches and blisters at the contact of
the agent sensitized and affected skin area.
8.1.5.3. Exudative dermatitis
Exudative dermatitis are represented by purulent and gangrenous
inflammation.
Or purulent dermatitis pyoderma by location can be superficial and
deep.
Superficial suppurative dermatitis.
This category is part intertrigo and impetigo.
Intertrigo (Latin inter = between and Terere = a fruit) is purulent
inflammation of the skin of the folds or pleats. Macroscopically observed
with depilation and reddish areas covered by an exudate seropurulent,
smelly.
Pyodermatitis in this category is noted in the folds of obese animals,
the dogs of the labial folds Cocker, the Pekingese and Bulldog facial folds.
They are of infectious origin (bacteria, fungi, yeasts) are favored skin
moisture (sweating).
Impetigo (lat. = ringworm ringworm) is characterized by the
appearance of blisters on the skin surface (microabscesses) in the stratum
corneum of the epidermis, that burst and form crusts content clots.
It is observed in distemper in puppies and adult dogs is likely to
traumatic plus pyogenic germs (staphylococcus, streptococcus).
Deep purulent dermnatitis are is characterized by purulent exudate
in all layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis). From this category
includes: folliculitis, furuncle and phlegmon.
Folliculitis (lat. folliculus = bag) is a purulent inflammation of the
hair follicle root.
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