Mat 4030

HW 3 Solution
20 Oct, 2007

do Carmo P.65 Q.2

S1 = {(x, y, z) R3 |z = 0 and x2 + y 2 1} is not a regular surface. For

otherwise, there exists a coordinate patch x : D S1 containing the point
(1, 0, 0). One can easily observed that the connected component of x(D) must
be homeomorphic to H = {(u, v) R2 |u2 + v 2 < 1 and v 0}. But H and D
are not homeomorphic: Suppose there is a homeomorphism f : H D, then
we have H {(0, 0)} is homeomorphic to D {f (0, 0)}, but the former set is
simply connected while the latter is not. So there is a contradiction.
S2 = {(x, y, z) R3 |z = 0 and x2 + y 2 < 1} is a regular surface. Let
U = {(u, v) R2 |u2 + v 2 < 1} R2 is the unit open disc. Then the map
x : U S2 given by x(u, v) = (u, v, 0) is a coordinate patch which covers S2 ,
with xu = (1, 0, 0), xv = (0, 1, 0) and xu xv = (0, 0, 1) 6= 0.

do Carmo P.66 Q.11

(a) x(u, v) = (u + v, u v, 4uv), (u, v) R2 . As (u + v)2 + (u v)2 =

4uv, x(R2 ) S. Clearly, x is injective and differentiable with xu =
(1, 1, 4v), xv = (1, 1, 4u) and xu xv = (4u + 4v, 4u + 4v, 2) 6= 0. So
x is a parametrization for S.
xy
2
For any point (x, y, z) S, ( x+y
2 , 2 ) R such that

x(

x+y xy
x+y xy x+y xy x+yxy
,
)=(
+
,

,4
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= (x, y, x2 y 2 ) = (x, y, z).

So x is surjective, i.e. x covers the whole S.

(b) x(u, v) = (u cosh v, u sinh v, u2 ), (u, v) R2 , u 6= 0. As (u cosh v)2 +
(u sinh v)2 = u2 , x({(u, v) R2 |u 6= 0}) S. Clearly x is differentiable
with xu = (cosh v, sinh v, 2u), xv = (u sinh v, u cosh v, 0) and xu xv =
(2u2 cosh v, 2u2 sinh v, u) 6= 0 as u 6= 0. To show that x is injective, let
x(u1 , v1 ) = x(u2 , v2 ) for (u1 , v1 ), (u2 , v2 ) R2 , ui 6= 0. Then u21 = u22
1

(u1 cosh v1 )2
v2 )2
= (u2 cosh
= cosh2 v2
u21
u22
u2 cosh v2
u1 cosh v1
= cosh v2 = u2 sinh v1 = sinh v2
cosh v1

u1 = u2 . cosh2 v1 =

coshv1 =

coshv2 u1 =
ev2 v1 = v2 . Therefore x is a parametrization for S.

ev1 =

We see that xcovers the set {(x, y, z) S|z > 0} for any (x, y, z) S
)) R2 such that
with z > 0, ( z, log( x+y
z

z
z
x+y
x+y

z + x+y z x+y 2
x+y
x( z, log( )) = ( z(
), z(
), ( z) )
2
2
z
(x + y)2 + z 2 (x + y)2 z 2
=(
,
, z)
2(x + y)
2(x + y)
(x + y)2 + (x2 y 2 )2 (x + y)2 (x2 y 2 )2
=(
,
, z)
2(x + y)
2(x + y)
= (x, y, z).

do Carmo P.67 Q.16

(a) The line joining N = (0, 0, 2) to the point (u, v, 0) on the xy-plane is given
by L(u,v) (t) = t(0, 0, 2) + (1 t)(u, v, 0) = ((1 t)u, (1 t)v, 2t). When
L(u,v) intersects the sphere S 2 , we have
[(1 t)u]2 + [(1 t)v]2 + (2t 1)2 = 1
(4 + u2 + v 2 )t2 2t(2 + u2 + v 2 ) + u2 + v 2 = 0
(t 1)[(4 + u2 + v 2 )t (u2 + v 2 )] = 0
t = 0 or t =

u2 + v 2
.
4 + u2 + v 2

When t = 0, L(u,v) (0) = N . So we have

1 (u, v) = L(u,v) (

u2 + v 2
4u
4v
2(u2 + v 2 )
)
=
(
,
,
).
u2 + v 2 + 4
u2 + v 2 + 4 u2 + v 2 + 4 u2 + v 2 + 4

(b) Note that the stereographic projection : S 2 {N } R2 defines a

coordinate patch x = 1 : R2 S 2 {N } omitting the north pole N .
By the same method, we can use it to define another coordinate patch
y R2 S 2 {S = (0, 0, 0)} omitting the south pole S by Y = 1
where is any rotation in R3 around the point (0, 0, 1) which interchanges
N and S. Then {x, y} together cover the sphere.

Oprea 2.1.16
u3
u3
+ uv 2 , v
+ vu2 , u2 v 2 )
3
3
xu = (1 u2 + v 2 , 2uv, 2u)

x(u, v) = (u

xv = (2uv, 1 v 2 + u2 , 2v)
xu xv = (2u(u2 + v 2 + 1), 2v(u2 + v 2 + 1), 1 (u2 + v 2 )2 )
By putting, u = r cos , v = sin , we have
x(r, ) = x(r cos , r sin ) = (r cos

r3 sin3 3
r3 cos3 3
+r cos sin2 , r sin
+r sin cos2 , r2 (cos2 sin2 ))
3
3

and
4
u3
u3
4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =(u
+ uv 2 )2 + (v
+ vu2 )2 + (u2 v 2 )2
3
3
3
3
r3 cos3
2
3
2
=(r cos
+ r cos sin )
3
r3 sin3
+ (r sin
+ r3 sin cos2 )2
3
4
+ r4 (cos2 sin2 )2
3
cos2
cos2
2
+ sin2 ) + r6 cos2 (
+ sin2 )2
=r + 2r4 cos2 (
3
3
sin2
sin2
+ 2r4 sin2 (
+ cos2 ) + r6 sin2 (
+ cos2 )2
3
3
4
+ r4 (cos2 sin2 )2
3
r4
r6
2
=r +
+
3
9
1 2
2 2
= r (3 + r ) .
9
From this, we know that when r takes different values, the value of x must be
different.
So for x(r1 , 1 ) = x(r2 , 2 ), we must have r1 = r2 = r. Now assume

r < 3. Then by simplifying (x)(r, i ), we get from the third coordinate that
cos 21 = cos 22 , cos2 1 = cos2 2 , sin2 1 = sin2 2 . From the first and second
coordinates we obtain
r3
4r3
r3
4r3
sin2 1
cos 21 ) = cos theta2 (r +
sin2 1
cos 21 )
3
3
3
3
4r3
r3
4r3
r3
sin theta1 (r +
cos2 1
cos 21 ) = sin theta2 (r +
cos2 1
cos 21 ).
3
3
3
3
cos theta1 (r +

It remains to show that |r+ 4r3 sin2 1 r3 cos 21 | and |r+ 4r3 cos2 1 r3 cos 21 |
always greater than 0 so that we can deduce cos 1 = cos 2 , sin 1 = sin 2 , and
3

thus theta1 = 2 . But they follows from the estimates

2
4r3
3
r3
r3
r2
2
|r +
sin 1
cos 21 | r
= r(1 ) > r(1
) = 0,
3
3
3
3
3

2
r3
r3
r2
4r3
3
cos2 1
cos 21 | r
= r(1 ) > r(1
) = 0.
|r +
3
3
3
3
3

Oprea 2.1.20

Let x(u, v) = (u, v, uv) , which is a parametrization of the saddle surface.

Then x(u, v) = (u, 0, 0) + v(0, 1, u), where we have (u) = (u, 0, 0), (u) =
(0, 1, u),which are curves.
Moreover, we can let y(u, v) = (u+v, u, u(u+v)) to be another parametrization.
Then y(u, v) = (u, u, u2 ) + v(1, 0, u) with (u) = (u, u, u2 ), (u) = (1, 0, u) as
the directrix and ruling.
Having two different ruled patches y(u, v), x(u, v), the saddle surface z = xy is
doubly ruled.

Oprea 2.1.21

From example 2.1.14, we learn that the parametrization of helicoid is x(u, v) =

(av cos u, bv sin u, bu), and so
x(u, v) = (0, 0, bu) + v(a cos u, a sin u, 0).
We have directrix (u) = (0, 0, bu) and ruling (u) = (a cos u, a sin u, 0) that
helicoid is a ruled surface.

Oprea 2.1.27
Example 2.1.5(the Monge Patch)
x(u, v) = (u, v, f (u, v))
f
xu = (1, 0,
)
u
f
xv = (0, 1,
)
v
f 2
f
f 2
Thus , E = 1 + ( u
) , F = ( u
)( f
v ), G = 1 + ( v ) .

Still within the example 2.1.5, we have parametrization of paraboloid.

x(u, v) = (u, v, u2 + v 2 )
xu = (1, 0, 2u)
xv = (0, 1, 2v)
Thus,E = 1 + 4u2 , F = 4uv, G = 1 + 4v 2 .
4

 Example 2.1.9(Geographical Coordinates)

x(u, v) = (R cos u cos v, R sin u cos v, R sin v)
xu = (R sin u cos v, R cos u cos v, 0)
xv = (R cos u sin v, R sin u sin v, R cos v)
Thus, E = R2 cos2 v, F = 0, G = R2 .
Example 2.1.10 (Surface of Revolution)
x(u, v) = (g(u), h(u) cos v, h(u) sin v)
g h
h
xu = ( ,
cos v,
sin v)
u u
u
xv = (0, h(u) sin v, h(u) cos v)
g 2
h 2
) + ( u
) , F = 0, G = (h(u))2 .
Thus, E = ( u

Example 2.1.13 (Torus)

x(u, v) = ((R + r cos u) cos v, (R + r cos u) sin v, r sin u)
xu = (r sin u cos v, r sin u sin v, r cos u)
xv = ((R + r cos u) sin v, (R + r cos u) cos v, 0)
Thus, E = r2 , F = 0, G = (R + r cos u)2 .
Example 2.1.14 (Helicoid)
x(u, v) = (av cos u, av sin u, bu)
xu = (av sin u, av cos u, b)
xv = (a cos u, a sin u, 0)
Thus, E = a2 v 2 + v 2 , F = 0, G = a2 .
Exercise 2.1.16 (Ennepers Surface)
u3
u3
+ uv 2 , v
+ vu2 , u2 v 2 )
3
3
xu = (1 u2 + v 2 , 2uv, 2u)

x(u, v) = (u

xv = (2uv, 1 v 2 + u2 , 2v)
Thus, E = (1 + u2 + v 2 )2 , F = 2uv, G = (1 + u2 + v 2 )2 .
Exercise 2.1.22 (Hyperboloid)
x(u, v) = (a cosh u cos v, b cosh u sin v, c sinh u)
xu = (a sinh u cos v, b sinh u sin v, c cosh u)
xv = (a cosh u sin v, b cosh u cos v, 0)
Thus, E = a2 cosh2 u cos2 v + b2 cosh2 u sin2 v + c2 sinh2 u,
F = 0, G = a2 cosh2 u sin2 v + b2 cosh2 u cos2 v.
5

 Exercise 2.1.23 (Another patch for hyperboloid)

u v 1 + uv uv 1
,b
,c
)
u+v u+v
u+v
v2 1
v2 + 1
2v
,b
,c
)
xu = (a
2
2
(u + v)
(u + v)
(u + v)2
2u
u2 1
u2 + 1
xv = (a
,b
,c
)
2
2
(u + v)
(u + v)
(u + v)2

x(u, v) = (a

1
(4a2 v 2 + b2 (v 2 1)2 + c2 (v 2 + 1)2 )
(u + v)4
1
F =
(4a2 uv + b2 (v 2 1)(u2 1) + c2 (v 2 + 1)(u2 + 1)
(u + v)4
1
G=
(4a2 u2 + b2 (u2 1)2 + c2 (u2 + 1)2 )
(u + v)4

Thus, E =

From the examples, we see that

E 1 if and only if all u-parameter curves are parametrized by arc length.
G 1 if and only if all v-parameter curves are parametrized by arc length.
F 0 if and only it every pair of u-,v-parameter curves are orthogonal to
each other at every point inside the coordinate patch.

When r = 3, we have (r, ) = ( 3, 0), ( 3, ) takes the same point of the

surface via x.