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Volume 2, Number 1
January-Feb~ary,1996
Olympiad Corner
~ 1~o12 +iaJ2+...:'anf
;=1
Problem 2.
l j-
Given a sequence of
(continuedonpage 4)
Kin-Yin Li
In mathematics, often we are factor mj omitted. ConsideiPj, 2Pj, ...,
interested in fmding a solution to m?j. Upon division by m;, no two of
equations.Considerthe following two these will have the same remainder
problems:
becausethe difference of any two of
them is not divisible by m;- So one of
Problem 1. Given real numbers ml, m2, these,say c?j, has remainderI. Let Vj=
..., fnn (all distinct) and aI' a2, ..., an, c?j,thenv;= I (modmjandv;=O(Iriod
fmd a polynomial v(x) such that mk)for k * i becausePj = 0 (mod mJ.
For problem ),
v(x)=a)
~(x)
~(ml)
+ ...+an
Pn(x)
Pn(mn)
i.e.,
n
l}(x)=il(x-mj),
j=l
j~i
(continuedon page 2)
Pit)
J(n+I)=
where
of (1-1)
with
Pin+l)
-I
)"+I~ (
k~-
Solution
2.
The
(x+llf{x)
-(n+I-x)
r..':
(n+I)!
(k+I)!(n-k)'-
[tpm*,Jtii5E.~]
.~~*~ff;;
g(x)
has degree
(n+2lf{n+
I) = (-I)"(n+2),
./(n+ I) = (-1)1/.
N =70X2+21 x3+ISX2-IOSx2=23
E~3~1
' ~:I!{~70 ; ~lIt ' 70X2
1!;t;;3ji2o~1J:J.tt!?
'21~7.w3~~'ffl:Wi '
fflEI!;t;;Sjil 'ffrP),21 X31!;t;;S~3; ~~
IS X21!;t;;~3.wS' ~7~2 0~.=.I!i:~~
0 tlD*mm~l!I:~
[f*Tr..'M]
~~ftJ:
, R1r:IrnB
at most
which
*M~~~~)t:tX7.wS~/j}ffl:l!{'m
:tgnl!l:~LfJ!im~
n+1.Wearegiventhatg(O)=g(I)='"
= g(n) = O. So g(x) = Cx(x-l)oo-(x-n).
TofindC,
wesetx=-l
C
= =
-(n+2)
(-If(n+2)/(n+I)!
= C(-I)n+I(n+I)!
~s~1i-OO~~
fflJJi.~.A~~~
, :ttp~~
ra'~.mE{$'
last step.
'~-~1i~N
.=.A~ff-t;+~
1i~:f:t;tt-tt
-f::..yIllIfiI1E*J'3
4-':fifiJJ1'~~I!I:'::=.::=.~zllf
='1i1ilfl:zJJi::=.,-t::;-t::;lfI:zJJi
- -illr..'M~~~~~iOO.JJ;;J::
( I)"
expansion
' r~~~*M$*~~
[f*.y~]
:i:EI: =+.=-
l ) k+1
polynomial
~A*~~r~~~
/1X;~1!l:
~*~$
= ' rl:l"JJ~ffiJ?
and
w~f4fX*~~~*
the factor
(x-k)
= (n+l)!/(n+l-
= (-l)'l-kk!(n-k)!
(
B*-ifI
N=2
N=3
(mod3)
(modS)
N=2
*~/J\a91E~I!I:N
~'~~7pH~f~f~;
;
;
~f~~5/J\IE~:Wi
(mod?)
0 .-s~fiEe
~r&'
~~3
.wSW7~/i.';:ffl:l!{'~N~m~,fEffr~
00
0 ~~~llipHfI~
~o
~IRJ
implies.
","'"
-"
'C'.Mt:.
75-i1.~~~~
-
CA-M)).l:t
! .5 1W.
~-1ti.~~
I
~':.~
nt}
~IS
~~~
= v':-r;q~ )~
1--.8.:-1ft.
I~
~ fT ~.J...4=:!.
~~
:.~.:.!h
.d..=! -(A
2.
~(")
Z-
"'"
~~ .1~'5I
:~A<' ,o!
'2..,
A-I
~~(~-'),A.
--::
z. + ~~A
-I
r:;A::t1
!~
~A..
--
~
~-
~-=ij:--
M=-~~y'::lF
if1
~
A~I
~e-; ~-
A > t J ~'D"
-~-
~~Q.Bj
~~'Oj~~
9'.:.F~
~~(ft&;
, ~ flJ'(J
I,f!)t, )it
~ A=/
'-" @I
J( ,.A)6
~~. --~'=.
~"-
"""
--
.If
-(I-A)";'
-,
~ A~'
(r~~)-
We
*****************
Problem Corner
We welcomereadersto submitsolutions
to the problems posed below for
publication consideration. Solutions
should be preceded by the solver's
name, address,school affiliation and
gradelevel. Pleasesendsubmissionsto
Dr. Kin- Yin Li, Dept of Mathematics,
Hong Kong University of Scienceand
Technology, Clear
Water Bay,
Kowloon. The deadline for submitting Solution 1: Independent solution by
LIU Wai Kwong (Pui Tak Canossian
solutionsis February28, 1996.
College)andYUNG Fai (CUHK).
Problem
the
equation
26.
Show
COS1tX
that
the
solutions
are
all
of
Construct
irrational
Un-t
u"
numbers.
(Source:
1974
Putnam
a sequence
Exam.)
U,.+l
P(un)
<
have
for
for
n
?;
we
get
*
This
Therefore,
implies
I.
...,
P(I)
J3.)
P(x)P'(x).
=
zero=
P'(l)
College).
P(UU
l:t
equation
P'(UU
= is P'(uJ
the
that
P(un)
P(U".J,
get
Note
4xP'(2r-I)
is
P(un)
functional
4, we
P'(x)0
P(x)
and
?;
but
the
P(l)
so
I (otherwise
P(Un.U,
Differentiating
P,
?;
= O.
P'(UJ)
polynomial=
constant.
-I
A ",,~~~~==~~==:::7
>
-.
rational,
and
1C
imply
are
Since
C
for
-1
would
for
I~
U2 = -land
I
ti or
(P(u,.+u2/2)
I,
2
Un <
Ul=
-B
Solution
2:
an is
...+
Suppose
degree
n ~ I.
ao(2x2
-1)n
P(x)
such
= al)X" + alX'.1
polynomial
with
Then
+al(2x2
_1)n-1 +
( aox n +alx
n-1
...+an
) 2 -1.
+ ...+an
2
Comparing
the
coefficients
of
x2Il,
find
ai,
...,
ak
are
known
Comparing
the
left
yields
side
involving
yields
rational
aD,
be
coefficients
...,
a number
of ~l-k-l,
ako but
form
involving
rational.
aD,
rational.
rational
of the
number
ak+1 is also
to
we
right
side
aOak+l plus
ao, ...,
Hence
the
number
the
aD, aI,
ak.
a
So
...,
an
+
are an
all rational.
is
rational.Then However,
P(I)
= ao + P(l)
a1 +
(P(1)2/2)
contradiction.
-1
forces
Therefore
P(l)
= l:t
P(x)
J3,
must
be
constant.
11m an -nl
n~(X)
<-n~(X)m
lim
2 +n 2
.l.mn=o
(continuedonpage 4)
Problem Corner
(contmuedfrompage 3)
So for all m,
anI = lim an ,
Page4
.
(1)
<
og
ak
og
a30000
<
1996
1995
fork=
= 1.)
1,2, ...,30000;
(continuedfrom page I)
}::Ioga j > 15000(logal+ loga30000)
> I.
j=1
(by (ii,
but
0 < b"J -b. < log 1996
(by (i)).
J')
1995
Solution: Independentsolution by HO
Wing Yip (ClementiSecondarySchool) Sothereis a k ~ 30000 suchthat
and YU Chun Ling (Ying Wa College).
{log 1995} < {bk} < {log 1996}
continents.
Other commended solvers: CHAN
Wing Sum (HKUST), William
CHEUNG Pok Man (S.T.F.A. Leung
Kau Kui College, KU Yuk Lun
(HKUST), LIU Wai Kwong (Pui Tak
CanossianCollege) and WONG Him
Ting (HKU).
Problem 25. Are there any positive
integersn such that the first four digits
from the left side of n! (in base 10
representation)is 1995?
Solution 1: LIU Wai Kwong (Pui Tak
CanossianCollege).
Let [x] be the greatest integer not
exceedingx and {x} =x -[x]. Also, let
a.:J = I + J"x10'&, b 0 = lo g 1081
and b.=
.J
log 10&!+ (log a) + ...+ log aj)forj> O.
Olympiad Corner
30000
(n)
og-
n-+J
Consequently, the
begins with 1995.
number
(108+k)!
*****************
SecondDay
Taipei, April 15, 1995
Probiem 4. Given n (where n ~ 2)
distinct integers ml, m2,..., mil' Prove
that there exist a polynomial .f{x) of
degreen and with integral coefficients
which satisfiesthe following conditions:
(i) .f{m)=-l,foralll
~i~n.