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By Hank Zumbahlen
AMPLIFIER TRANSFER
FUNCTION
Fa (s)
For the single-pole low-pass case, the transfer function has a phase
shift given by:
(1)
45
0
1
LOW-PASS FILTER
0
1
0
300 600 900 1.2m 1.5m 1.8m 2.1m 2.4m 2.7m 3.0m
TIME (Seconds)
Figure 3. Input (center trace) and outputs of a singlepole high-pass filter (top trace) and low-pass filter
(bottom trace).
90
45
INPUT
HIGH-PASS FILTER
AMPLITUDE (V)
For the second order low-pass case, the transfer functions phase
shift can be approximated by:
(3)
90
0.01
0.1
10
0
100
FREQUENCY (Hz)
(2)
www.analog.com/analogdialogue
180
45
135
90
90
135
45
180
0.01
0.1
(4)
0
100
10
FREQUENCY (Hz)
0
20
20
60
AMPLITUDE (dB)
PHASE (Degrees)
40
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.01
Q = 20
Q = 10
Q=5
Q=2
Q = 1.414
Q=1
Q = 0.707
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1
0.1
20
40
60
10
80
0.01
100
Q = 20
Q = 10
Q=5
Q=2
Q = 1.414
Q=1
Q = 0.707
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1
0.1
10
100
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 5. Phase and amplitude response of a 2-pole low-pass filter section as a function of Q.
180
20
160
120
AMPLITUDE (dB)
PHASE (Degrees)
140
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.01
Q = 20
Q = 10
Q=5
Q=2
Q = 1.414
Q=1
Q = 0.707
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1
0.1
Q = 20
Q = 10
Q=5
Q=2
Q = 1.414
Q=1
Q = 0.707
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1
20
40
60
1
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10
100
80
0.01
0.1
10
100
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 6. Phase and amplitude response of a 2-pole high-pass filter section as a function of Q.
that spreads out the traces a bit more, so the graph is a little
more interesting.
2) The Qs are generally a bit higher.
3) An odd number of poles emphasizes the difference between
single- and two-pole sections.
The filter sections were designed using the Filter Design Wizard,
available on the Analog Devices website.
The f0s and Qs of the sections follow:
135
80
PHASE
60
60
GAIN
40
40
20
20
180
100
80
RL = 2k
CL = 100pF
20
10
100
1k
10k
100k
90
SECTION 1
SECTIONS 1, AND 2
SECTIONS 1, 2, AND 3
100
10nF
10k
100k
10nF
1.82k
5.23k
AD822
1k
110nF
45
10.5k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10.5k
45
180
10
20
10M
1M
90
135
f03= 342 Hz
100
f02 = 960.8 Hz
Q2 = 4.545
f01 = 615.8 Hz
Q1 = 1.178
1.82k
10nF
46.4k
909
1.6F
AD822
46.4k
AD822
10nF
1.69k
5.49k
AD822
AD822
140k
(A4)
Section
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
f 0
690.5
1017.8
362.3
Q
1.1779
4.5451
References
1. Zumbahlen, H. Phase Relations in Active Filters. Analog
Dialogue. Volume 41, No. 4. October 2007.
2. Daryanani, G. Principles of Active Network Synthesis and Design.
J. Wiley & Sons (1976). ISBN: 0-471-19545-6.
135
SECTION 1
SECTIONS 1, AND 2
SECTIONS 1, 2, AND 3
45
0
45
90
135
100
1k
10k
100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Conclusion
Appendix
AD822
180
Figure 11 shows the phase response at each section of the filter. The
first sections phase shift starts at 180 at low frequencies, dropping
to 0 at high frequencies. The second section, adding 180 at low
frequencies, starts at 360 (=0 modulo 360) and drops to 0 at
high frequencies. The third section, adding a phase inversion,
starts at 180 + 90 = 90 at low frequencies, dropping to 540
(= 180 modulo 360). Note again the additional roll-off at high
frequencies owing to amplifier frequency response.
180
10
(A3)
90
5.49k
10nF
24.3k
(A2)
10nF
24.3k
10nF
(A1)
The Author