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Measurements
Mircea Stremtan
Technical Consultant&Sales Manager
National Instruments Romania
Wireless Is Everywhere
2
The Benefits of Wireless Measurements
Reduce • Reduce installation costs and time
Costs • Reduce maintenance costs
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Motivation for Wireless Measurements
• Cost reduction WAS the driving
force behind industrial in the first
part of the decade
• Flexibility and agility are growing in
importance
• Moving forward, it will be about
both
4
Monitoring or Control?
Worldwide Shipment Shares
of Industrial Wireless Products • Wireless monitoring is often
(Share of Shipments)
layered in on top of, or alongside
existing wired monitoring solutions
– not replacing them
• Factory and plant managers are
approaching wireless networking
suppliers – not necessarily
automation experts – for advice
and counsel
• Control is added most often as a
2nd/ 3rd phase project
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Reduced Installation Costs
• Eliminates need for laying wired
infrastructure
• Reduced material and labor costs
• Appealing to today’s market and
economy
“Using this information and based on the savings of $400,808 on the
initial capital investment of the PA replacement, we showed 58
additional points added to the wireless network at a savings of 80%
per point would provide additional savings of $192,400”
http://www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Article_Index1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=73003
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Application Areas
Energy Efficiency
Smart grid, power monitoring
Environmental Monitoring
CO2 emission, climate change
Industrial Measurements
Machine monitoring, hazardous area measurements
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
Defined as a wireless network that consists of spatially distributed
devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental
conditions
Applications include:
• Environmental monitoring
• Structural monitoring
• Industrial machine monitoring
• Power quality and consumption
• Building and home automation
• Health care
• Asset monitoring
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Wireless Sensor Network
9
Frequency Spectrum
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Protocols & Comparison
Wi-Fi™ Bluetooth™ Wireless USB ZigBee™
802.11 Family 802.15.1 & 802.15.4
Applications Enterprise, networking PC peripherals, PC peripherals, cable Sensors,
(internet) cable replacement replacement, home/building
multimedia automation, toys
Range 50 m 10 – 100 m 3 – 10 m 50 – 100 m
Data Rate 54 Mbps (540Mbps) 750 kbps 110 – 480Mbps 250 kbps
Frequency 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 3 – 10 GHz 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz
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Industrial Wireless Market Protocols
Wireless HART, 802.11n and Zigbee are expected to capture material share
IEEE 802.15.4
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Wireless Standards
High WLAN
Cellular
Cost, and Complexity
Power Consumption,
WPAN Long
Bluetooth
Medium
Short
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4
Low
(Battery)
100 k 1M 10 M 100 M
Data Rate (b/s)
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IEEE 802.11 Host Layers
Application Layer
• IEEE 802.11defines:
Network process to application
Presentation Layer
2.4 GHz / 5 GHz radios Data representation and encryption
Session Layer
OFDM, CCK, MIMO Inter-host communication
Media Layers
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2.4 GHz Channels, IEEE 802.11
• IEEE 802.11
2400-2483.5 MHz
Up to 14 channels (1-14), 1-11 most common
Channel Width – 22 MHz
Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart
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IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee NI-WSN
Sits on top – makes protocol proprietary
• Popular for WSN devices Application Layer
Application Support
• IEEE 802.15.4 defines: Data service and management
868, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz radios ZigBee Device Objects
Up to 250 kb/s Device coordination: gateway, router, or
Low-power communication end device
Application Framework
• ZigBee adds: User Profiles
Device coordination
Network topologies Network Layer
Interoperability with other wireless products Routing, Network Topologies, and Security
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Reliable NI-WSN, Based on IEEE 802.15.4
• Channels 11-24
• Defines joining, re-joining, mesh routing
• Ensures data integrity
• Performs device authentication
• Manages node sleep times, acquisition intervals, and heartbeats
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2.4 GHz Channels, IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4
2400-2483.5 MHz
Up to 16 channels (11-26)
• NI-WSN supports 11-24
Channel Width – 2 MHz
Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart
IEEE
802.15.4
Channel
Center Frequency (MHz)
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Wi-Fi and NI-WSN Co-existence
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Ways to Ensure Co-Existence
1. Set Wi-Fi Access Points and NI-WSN channels to avoid overlap
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Avoid Overlap: Example # 1
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Avoid Overlap: Example # 2
IEEE
802.15.4
Channel
Center Frequency (MHz)
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Wireless Sensor Network
• Open Discussion
23
Data Flow
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Single Point Acquisition
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Single Point Acquisition
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NI-WSN Protocol: Acquisition Loops
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Waveform Acquisition (NEW!)
Msg Check
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Data Correlation and Node Timestamping
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Node Timestamping
Node … …
Data
Msg
Check
Gateway … …
T
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Network Topologies
WSN and WiFi DAQ WSN and WiFi DAQ WSN Only!
Complexity Latency
Gateway
Router Node
End Node
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NI WSN Topology 1: 8 WSN Nodes
G Gateway
R1 Router
N End Node
N
N
X
G
N
N
N
N
N N
X= Distance
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NI WSN Topology Example: One Hop
G Gateway
R1 Router
N End Node
R1 R3
N x8
N x8
G
N x8 x8
N
ER2 R4
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NI WSN Topology 3: Two Hops
G Gateway
R4 N x7
R1 Router
N End Node
R3
x7 R1 R2 G R5 R6 N x7
N
R7
R8 N x7
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NI-WSN Protocol: Joining
Power Scan
On Channel Connection
Denied
Sample
Go to
next
channel
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NI-WSN Protocol: Rejoining
Power Scan
On Channel
Connection
Denied Sample
No Network
Found
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CHOOSING A WIRELESS
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FROM NI
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Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
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Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
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Determining Range
• Wireless range – depends on YOUR
environment
Spec’d distances are “typical”
Vendors provide indoor and outdoor ranges
• Factors that impact range
Indoor
• Building construction
(i.e. metal vs. wood vs. glass)
• Office configurations (cubes vs. offices)
Outdoor (line of sight)
• Lack of line of sight
• Trees or other objects
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Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
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Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
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Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
44
NI Wireless Sensor Network
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Key Vocabulary
• Gateway
• Mesh Gateway
Router Node
End Node
• ZigBee
46
Key NI-WSN Terminology
• Sample Interval
Time between measurements (in sample per minute or seconds)
User configurable – can be set programatically using LabVIEW WSN
• Sensor Power
Appx 12 volts (see datasheet/specifications for tolerance range)
Power sourced from NI voltage nodes (3202 and 3226) to drive external sensors
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What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?
What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?
Mesh Router
Mesh Router
End Nodes
WSN System Architecture Example
WSN Measurement
Host Controller Nodes
OR Dissolved
Oxygen
Temperature
Radio
IEEE 802.3 Battery
Ethernet Microcontroller
Analog Circuit
WSN Gateway Sensor Interface
Voltage
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WSN System Architecture: Software
LabVIEW
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NI 9792 WSN Architecture Example
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Choosing the Right Wireless
Measurement Platform
NI Wi-Fi DAQ NI WSN
(IEEE 802.11g) (IEEE 802.15.4)
Battery Lifetime 1 to 2 days 2 to 3 years
Max. Bit Rate 54 Mbit/s 250 kbit/s
Range 100 m 300 m
Security IEEE 802.11i Gateway
(WPA2 Enterprise) Association
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Simple. Secure. NI Wi-Fi Data Acquisition.
Simple: NI C Series modules with
direct sensor connectivity and
NI-DAQmx driver software
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Wireless and Ethernet
C Series Module Support
Measurement Module Signal # Chan Rate
NI WLS-9205 ±10 V analog input, 16 bits 32 250 kS/s
Analog Input NI WLS-9206 600 VDC isolated, 16 bits 16 250 kS/s
NI WLS-9215 Simultaneous sampling, 16 bits 4 100 kS/s/ch
NI WLS-9211 Thermocouple, 24 bits 4 14 S/s
Thermocouple
NI WLS-9213 Thermocouple, 24 bits 16 75 S/s/ch
Universal NI WLS-9219 Universal (11 modes) 4 100 S/s/ch
Sound/Vibration NI WLS-9234 IEPE (accelerometer), 24 bits 4 51.2 kS/s/ch
Bridge NI WLS-9237 Bridge completion, 24 bits 4 50 kS/s/ch
NI WLS-9421 11 to 30 VDC sinking digital input 8 Software timed
Digital I/O NI WLS-9472 6 to 30 VDC sourcing digital output 8 Software timed
NI WLS-9481 60 VDC, 250 Vrms relay 4 Software timed
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Low-Power. Reliable.
Wireless Sensor Networks.
• Low-Power
Up to 3-year lifetime with 4 AA batteries
• Reliable
NI WSN protocol and mesh routing
56
NI WSN-9791
Wireless Sensor Network Ethernet Gateway
Features
• 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 radio
• 10/100 Ethernet
• Connect up to 36 measurement nodes
• Outdoor range up to 300 m
• 9 to 30 VDC power input
Specifications
• 2U compact form factor
• Panel or DIN rail mounting
• Industrial ratings
• Operating temperature -30 to 70 ºC
• 50 grms shock 5 g vibration
• Status LEDs
57
NI WSN-3202 and NI WSN-3212
Wireless Sensor Network Measurement Nodes
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 radio
• Outdoor range up to 300 m
• Up to 3-year battery life with 4 AA batteries
• Optional 9 to 30 VDC power input
• Configurable as a mesh router
• Four bidirectional digital I/O lines
• Industrial ratings
• Operating temperature -40 to 70 ºC
• 50 grms shock 5 g vibration
Node Analog Digita Sample Sample Rate Resolution Features
Input l I/O Interval (samples/ (bits)
(seconds) minute)
NI WSN-3202 4 4 1 60 16 Sensor power: 20 mA at 12 V
Analog Input Node Input Ranges: ±10 V, ±5 V,
±2 V, ±0.5 V
NI WSN-3212 4 4 2 30 24 Supports types J, K, R, S, T,
Thermocouple Input Node N, B, E
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WSN-3214: Strain/Bridge Completion Node
WFM data
• Perfect Solution for Wireless SHM
Bridges, Buildings, Tunnels, Dams, Equipment
Civil Engineers, Maintenance technicians,
Construction, Oil/Gas/Energy
• 4 Channels, Full/Half/Quarter bridge
Internal excitation
High speed, High resolution modes
• 2 DIO channels
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WSN-3230 (RS-232) & WSN-3231 (RS-485)
To GW/Host
• Wireless interface to serial sensors and
instruments
“Programmable Sensor/Instrument Control”
Adds support for thousands of devices
• Many different applications
Environmental monitoring
Command / Respond /
Query Parse Control board interface
Solar inverter monitoring
• Programmable ONLY
Showcases key feature of WSN platform
“Any
Sensor”
60
NI WSN Accessories and Starter Kit
• Outdoor Enclosure
IP rating pending
I/O glands for wire feedthrough
External antenna NI WSN-3291
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Energy Harvesting & NI WSN
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Example
Node 1
Node 2
…
Node n
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Wireless Application Areas
Air/ Water/ Indoor Power Solar Wind Farm Structural Machine Process
Climate Soil Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Health Condition Monitoring
Monitoring Monitoring
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Biofuels from Algae
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Ronald Reagan Hospital Parking Monitoring –
UCLA Campus
Benefits
• Get people to open spaces
• Reduce traffic in parking garage
• Reduce campus traffic due to people searching for
parking spots
Solution Components
• WSN hardware interface with IR sensors to monitor
traffic flow
• Web service publishes parking
information to students, faculty,
and staff
66
Process Monitoring and Control with LabVIEW
and Wi-Fi DAQ
Application: Monitor and control the frequency of
cement granules bursting in a furnace to
characterize and optimize the cement
manufacturing process
Challenge: Continuous, real-time monitoring
under harsh conditions from a control room
located 100+ m from the furnace
Products: LabVIEW and Wi-Fi DAQ
Key Benefit: Retrofit an existing control system
using existing code to add remote
measurements with no additional cabled
infrastructure
“With the flexibility of LabVIEW, we were able to reuse our existing code to quickly expand the
reach of our measurements using Wi-Fi data acquisition devices.”
– Jean-Michel Chalons, President, Saphir
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Inspection and Monitoring of Fracture-Critical Steel
Bridges
Application: Researching economical methods for
inspecting and monitoring the temperature,
strain, and acceleration of steel-girder highway
bridges at the Ferguson Structural Engineering
Lab at The University of Texas
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