Lecture 5 & 6

Planning and Development of
Underground Space in Rock Caverns

(CV6316)
Lecture 5 and 6
Cavern Stability Analysis and Rock Support Design
Lu Ming
Visiting Professor, NTU CEE
AY 2013-2014 Semester 2
1
OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5
Introduction
Criteria for assessing cavern/tunnel stability
Methods of rock support
Analytical method for tunnel rock support design
Rock support design by empirical method - Rock
mass classification systems
Rock support design by numerical methods
A commonly used process for cavern rock support
design
Design of rock cavern
Examples
1. INTRODUCTION
Commonly used terms

Modes of cavern/tunnel failure
Factors affecting cavern stability
Methods for cavern stability analysis
Methods for cavern rock support
Rock Reinforcement and Rock Support

Rock reinforcement
Is used to improve the strength and/or deformational behaviour of rock
mass.
It generally consists of bolts or cables that are placed within the rock
mass in such a way that they provide confinement or restraint to
counteract loosening and movement of the rock blocks.
In general, it is only fully effective in rock masses of moderate to high
strength.
Rock support
A load bearing structure installed on rock surface
The primary function of the support is to limit deformation of the rock
mass surrounding the tunnel
Is fully effective in failing weak ground
Generally consists of steel sets and shotcrete or concrete linings in
different combinations
7
Rock Reinforcement and Rock Support

Some support elements can be both reinforcement and
support, e.g. pre-tensioned rock bolts
Active support and Passive support: Acting load before and
after rock mass deforms
Rock Support, a commonly used term in engineering, refers
to Rock Reinforcement + Rock Support
Temporary Support and Permanent Support

Temporary support
To ensure a safe working environment before the next round
blasting
Must be applied immediately after the blasting
May be removed for installation of permanent support
Permanent support
To meet the long term safety and quality requirements for
the entire lifetime (operation) of the underground facility
May be applied a certain distance behind the excavation
face
Modern design: Temporary support serves as part of

permanent support
Primary and Secondary support
9
Factors Affecting Cavern Stability

Strength and quality of intact rock
Degree of jointing and character of
discontinuities
Overburden/In-situ rock stress
Function requirements (internal pressure /
temperature)
Shape and dimensions
Water saturation
10
Modes of Cavern/Tunnel Failure

Stress induced instability
Rock burst/spalling due to high stress for hard rock
Yielding of soft rock
Squeezing ground
Local instability at fracture/weakness zoon
Structure controlled instability

Wedge stability
Rockfalls
11
Methods for Cavern Stability Analysis and Rock

Support Design
Stress analysis using analytical solutions
Stress analysis by using physical modeling
(model tests)
Stress analysis using numerical analysis
Empirical methods for rock support design
Basic concepts of modern rock support design
(NATM/NMT)
12
NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method)

For weak and squeezing ground. Structural supports are
needed
Basic principle: Take advantage of the bearing capacity of
weak rocks. Surrounding rock is transferred from loading body
into a load-carrying body. So only a reduced support is
needed to confine the unstable rock close to the tunnel.
Deformation of surrounding rock is allowed in a controlled
manner.
Support must have suitable load-deformation characteristics
and be applied at the right time
Design as you go or Design as you monitor approach:
systematic in-situ measurement of deformation and stresses
13
NMT (Norwegian Method of Tunnelling)

For fast tunnel excavation at low cost in hard and
jointed rock
Developed from experience gained in construction of
5000 km tunnels in Norway
Is basically empirical, observationally based tunnelling.
Contract system is based on the principle that the
contractor is paid for the amount of work which
actually has been performed and needed according to
the ground conditions encountered.
Flexible rock support adjusted to the actual rock mass
conditions plays an important role.
Risk-sharing contract system.
14
2. CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING CAVERN/TUNNEL

STABILITY
15
Deformation
Stresses
Strains
Yielding
Potential for rockfall
Failure of rock support elements
Deformation monitoring
17
3. METHODS OF ROCK SUPPORT
18
Rock bolts and cables

Shotcrete (Sprayed Concrete)
Reinforced concrete lining
Steel plate lining
Precast concrete segments
Reinforced sprayed concrete ribs
Spiling bolts
Rock Bolts and Cables
19
Rock Bolts
Functions of rock bolting
Bolt types
End-anchored bolts
Fully grouted bolts
Strand cable
Swellex bolts friction bolt
Split set
Yield bolt
Composite bolts (glassfibre)
AT bolts
Estimate of bolt length

Application of rock bolts - Spot bolting , systematic bolting
and pre-bolting
Rock bolt model in UDEC and Phase2
20
Rock bolts
A bar set in holes drilled into the rock to assist in

supporting the tunnel roof or individual rock
blocks that tend to fall into a tunnel.
Rock bolts maintain the stability of an opening by
suspending the dead weight of a slab from the
rock above by providing a normal pressure on the
rock surface to clamp discontinuities together
and develop beam action by preventing key
blocks becoming loosened so that the strength
and integrity of the rock mass is maintained.
21
Tunnel roof stability and rock bolting
22
Function of rock bolt
23
Suspension effect of roof bolting

The
Load carried by each bolt P
24
Beam building effect of roof bolting
25
2
1 =
6
3
1 =
12
()2
2 =
6
()3
2 =
12
B1: Strength of the

composite beam
T1: Stiffness of the
composite beam
B2: Strength of the bolted
composite beam
T2: Stiffness of the bolted
composite beam
B2=n2B1
T2=n3T1
26
Keying effect of roof bolting
27
Bolt installed inclined to roof line
b: bolt axial stress required to

stabilize the roof
p: Horizontal stress
: angle between the normal to the
fracture plane to the horizontal plane
: friction angle of the fracture plane
Bolt installed normal to roof line
28
Compression zone in roof created by bolt keying
29
Bolt types
End-anchored bolt
Fully grouted bolt
Cable
Swellex
Split sets
Yielding bolts
Composite bolts
CT-Bolts
30
End-anchored bolt Mechanically

anchored (expansion shell bolt)
Work well in hard rock,
not so well in soft or heavily jointed rock
Capacity drops to zero if anchor slips
Also resin anchored

bolts that work in
soft rock as well
31
Fully grouted bolts - Grouted dowel

Passive support: should be installed
close to face before
significant displacement takes place.
Support loading activated by rock
deformation.
Hole drilling
Grouting
Bolt installation
32
Fully grouted bolts with pre-tension
Anchored at end by grout or resin

Tensioning
Grouting full length
Active reinforcement
33
Cable bolts
High capacity
Flexible
34
The cablebolt (often

seven strand) are
cement grouted into
borehole
Usually a 2-3 m long
grout anchor is formed
at the end of borehole
The cablebolt is then
tensioned
Remaining part of the
borehole is filled with
grout.
35
Typical cablebolt installation for slope stabilization
36
Swellex bolt (By Atlas Copco)
Min Yielding load 200 kN

Min elongation 10%
42 mm diameter tube
which is folded during
manufacture to create a
25 to 28 mm diameter
unit which is inserted
into a 32 to 39 mm
diameter hole
The bolt is activated by
injection of high
pressure water (30
MPa) which inflates the
folded tube into intimate
contact with the walls of
the borehole.
37
Swellex bolt (By Atlas Copco)
38
Split set
39
Slotted bolt inserted into

a slightly smaller
borehole
Induced radial pressure
anchors the system by
friction
Typical data:
Yield load: 90 kN
Tube D: 33,39 and 46 mm
Hole D: 32, 35 and 41 mm
Main application: Mining

industry
40
Lab test result on

load-deformation
characteristics of
bolts by Stillborg
Testing set-up
2 high strength
concrete blocks
drilled hole
insertion of bolts
pull blocks apart
41
Yielding rock bolts

The concept:
Elastic-Perfect Plasticity
Application: rock condition where large

deformation occurs (mining industry) or dynamic
loading
42
Yield bolts
43
YIELD-LOK yielding bolt
Yield load: 70-90kN (Dynamic load)

120-135kN (Static load)
Elongation: 8%
44
D-Bolt Newly developed at NTNU
Anchor
Smooth steel bar with a number of anchors along its length.

Only fixed at the anchors positions.
The smooth sections between anchors can freely deform when
subjected to rock dilation.
Typical 3 or 4 sets of anchors.
45
46
Advantages of D-bolts
Dynamic performance of 22mm D-bolts:
Maximum load: 250 280 kN.
Maximum displacement: 145 - 163 mm per meter,
mean: 151 mm/ m
Maximum kinetic energy: 36 kJ per meter.
Strong as a rebar, but with a larger elongation tolerance
high energy absorption.
Reliable anchoring in the borehole due to the multi-point
anchors.
Combination of excellent Static and Dynamic properties
potential standard bolt.
Easy to install with standard equipment.
47
Yield load: 90 kN
Slide load: 80 kN
Elongation (static): <15%
Elongation (dynamic): <10%
http://www.minovarsa.co.za/pdf/BROCHURE_ROOFEX.pdf
48
49
50
51
FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Polyester)

Composite Rockbolts
Advantages
Corrosion resistance
Cuttability
All-Thread Rebar
High tensile strength
Flexibility
Low weight
Anti-static conditioning
Anti-magnetic
High thermal isolation
No electrical conductivity
Disadvantages
Low elongation
Mainly used for temporary support
52
CT-Bolts
53
54
Tension test
http://www.ctbolt.com/objects/window_video.asp?RecordID=32
55
Estimate of bolt length for systematic bolting
Non-pretensioned
L=1.4+0.184D (m)
D: Tunnel span
Pretensioned
L/a2
a3e
T 0.5-0.8K
a: bolt spacing
e: average joint spacing
T: Pretension force
K: Bolt capacity
56
Estimate of bolt length for systematic bolting
In meters
57
Application of rock bolts

Spot bolting
Systematic bolting
Pre-bolting
58
Spot bolting for stabilization of

individual rock blocks
59
Systematic bolting bolting in a certain pattern,

usually normal to the excavation surface
60
Prebolting - bolting ahead of excavation

usually for reinforcement of weakness zone
61
Systematic bolting + shotcrete
62
When Q-value < 1,

bolting as support
measure may not
be adequate on
its own.
Rock mass
between the bolts
must be stabilized
by sprayed
concrete.
63
Rockbolt Models in UDEC

Material model of bolt
Material model of grout
64
Cable element properties:

(1) cb area cross section area of cable
(2) cb density mass density for cable
reinforcing [mass/volume]
(3) cb fstrain extensional failure strain
(default = 1010)
(4) cb spacing spacing of cables in out-ofplane direction (default = 1.0)
(5) cb ycomp compressive yield force for
cable reinforcing (use positive value)
[force]
(6) cb yield tensile yield force for cable
reinforcing (use positive value) [force]
(7) cb ymod Youngs modulus for cable
reinforcing [stress]
(8) cb thexp thermal expansion coefficient
for cable
Grout properties:
(1) cb kbond grout shear stiffness [force/unit
cable length/displacement]
(2) cb sbond grout shear strength [force/unit
cable length]
65
Bolt Models in Phase2
End-anchored bolt
Fully bonded bolts
Plain Strand Cable Bolt
Shear Bolt (Swellex / Split Sets)
Tiebacks
66
End-anchored Bolt
One dimensional deformable element. Tensile failure.

F=Kbu
Kb=EA/L
u: Relative displacement between the two anchorage points
Residual capacity can be assigned (normally zero)
Pre-tension can be assigned
67
Fully Bonded Bolt

A bolt is divided into
elements according to
FE mesh
Bolt axial force
Fe=Keu
Ke=EA/Le
Failure of elements in
tension
Yield and residual
capacity can be
assigned Fyield and Fres
Pre-tension possible
68
Bolt-Joint Interaction
69
Dowel force for shear resistance
70
Failure occus when the dowel force F is larger than

the shear strength of the bolt which is assumed to
be 50% of the tensile strength. In this case the bolt
is also assumed to be failed in tension.
71
Limitation
Following potential failure modes are not
simulated
Failure of grout
Failure of bond between grout and rock
Failure of bond between grout and bolt
UDEC has a better model for fully bonded bolt
72
73
Functions of shotcrete
Strength of shotcrete
Fibre or mesh reinforcement
Thickness of shotcrete (min)
Application of shotcrete (wet and dry)
74
Shotcrete creates a semi-stiff immediate

lining on the excavated rock surface
75
Functions of Shotcrete
* Seal Surface
* Preserve Ground Strength
* Support of Individual Blocks

* Form a Structural Arch
76
* Seal Surface
77
Seal Surface
Barrier to Water Movement

Seal on weak or expanding clays
78
* Seal Surface

79
Preserve Ground Strength
Minimizes Loosening
Continuous Support
Smoothing of Surface Contours
80
Minimizes Loosening
Continuous Support
81
Minimizes Loosening
Continuous Support
82
* Seal Surface

83
Simple Support of Individual Blocks
Acts as a Bridge
Between Joints
84
* Seal Surface

85
Strength of shotcrete
C35 and C45

Tensile strength
High early strength is needed
Minimum thickness 80 mm, maximum up to
300 mm
86
Mesh reinforced shotcrete

Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of
loose rock or as reinforcement for shotcrete.
Another layer of shotcrete is often applied to
cover the mesh.
Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in
underground excavations: chainlink mesh and
weldmesh. Chainlink mesh is commonly used for
supporting loose rock, whilst weldmesh is
commonly used for reinforcing shotcrete.
Wire can be galvanized for corrosion protection.
87
Welded mesh
88
Chainlink mesh
89
Fibre reinforced shotcrete

Enhance compressive and flexural strength and
significantly increase ductility (tensile strength)
Three types of fibres
Steel fibres (dosage 40-60kg/m3)
Glass fibres (anti-corrosion)
Synthetic fibres (anti-corrosion, low cost, reducing
fibre rebound rate, easy logistics )
Control development of micro cracks

Reduce rebound in wet-mix spraying
90
Energy absorption capacity of

fibre reinforced shotcrete (FRS)
An index for ductility or toughness of FRS
Testing: it can be determined from a plate specimen
tested according to EN-14488-5. The plate test has been
designed to determine the absorbed energy from the
load/deformation curve.
Classes:
Energy absorption
class
Energy absorption in Joules for

deflection up to 25 mm
Applied to rock
condition
E500
500
Sound
E700
700
Medium
E1000
1000
Poor
91
During the test the panel (> 600600100 mm) is

supported on its four edges and a central point
load is applied through a contact surface of
100100 mm.
The load deflection curve is recorded and the test
is continued until a deflection of 25 mm at the
central point of the slab is reached.
From the load-deflection curve, a second curve is
generated resulting in a plot of the absorbed
energy (in Joules) versus the central deformation
or deflection.
92
The load-displacement curve typically indicates that

during the test several cracks develop which then act
as plastic hinges that allow redistribution of loads
through the steel fibres bridging the cracks. Once the
peak load has been reached, after the load
redistribution effect has been realised, the fibres
start to be pulled out of the matrix. Fibre shape and
steel strength determine whether the fibres will
break, or preferably, be pulled out.
This approach gives a good idea of the load bearing
capacity and the energy absorption of a shotcrete
lining.
93
Energy absorption testing of fiber reinforced

sprayed concrete according to EN 14488-5
94
Load-deflection and Energy-deflection curve
95
Fibre types and properties
96
CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
Cement
Aggregates
Additives
Silica fume (Microsilica)
Fly ash (Pulverized Fuel Ash or PFA)
Water
Chemical Admixtures
Plasticizers/superplasticizers
Hydration Control Admixture
Viscosity Modifying Admixtures (VMA)
Curing agents
Air Entraining Admixtures (AEA)
Accelerators
97
A typical mix for C40 wet shotcrete
98
Application of shotcrete
Dry-mix and Wet-mix methods
Dry-mix sprayed concrete sprayed concrete
in which most of the mixing water is added at
the nozzle.
Wet-mix sprayed concrete sprayed concrete
in which all of the ingredients, including water,
are mixed before introduction into the
delivery hose. Compressed air is introduced to
the material flow at the nozzle.
99
General comparison dry-mix method and wet-mix method
Dry-Mix Method
Wet-Mix
Method
Equipment capital cost
Output
Equipment complexity
Operating cost
Conveying distance
Rebound
Dust
Use of fibers
Main Features
Key: + advantage, 0 neutral, - disadvantage
* Wet-Mix method is the standard in Norway now.

100
Support for various rock conditions suggested by Hoek
From Support in Hard rock Underground Mines by Evert Hoek Published

in Underground Support Systems. Edited by J. Udd. (Montreal; Canadian
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy). Special Volume 35, 1987, pages 1-6. 101
102
Reinforced Concrete Lining
103
Design of Cast-in-Place Concrete Lining

Usually as the final lining in two pass lining
support
Calculation of internal forces: moment and axial
force
Tradition method of structure mechanics
By numerical method
Design of reinforcement with flexural (bending)

calculation
Design of reinforcement with axial compression
104
Calculation of moment and axial force of lining

Load
Ground pressure
Groundwater pressure
Other loads
105
Structure Mechanics Method

As a frame
Loads: ground
pressure, water
pressure and
other loads
106
Numerical Method
Concrete lining as
solid elements or
beam elements
Loads: in-situ rock
stress (including
variation with
depth)
Water saturation
Interaction
between rock and
concrete lining
107
Moment and Axial Force
108
Reinforcement design - flexural and shear capacity

As f y
f M n 0.9 As f y d
'
2 0.85 f c b
Av Vu s Vc
s
s fy d
Vc 0.17 f c' b d
From: ACI-318-08, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary
109
As [mm2]: Area of longitudinal tension reinforcement

Av [mm2]: Required area of shear reinforcement
Vu [N]: Shear force acting on the section
Vc [N]: Nominal shear strength provided by concrete
s : Shear reduction factor, assumed as 0.7

d [mm]: Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension
reinforcement (typically the section height minus concrete cover)
b [mm]: Width of the beam
s [mm]: Spacing of the shear reinforcement
fy [MPa]: Yielding strength of reinforcement
fc' [MPa]: Compressive strength of concrete
110
d [mm]: Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudin

reinforcement (typically the section height minus concrete cover)
b [mm]: Width of the beam
s [mm]: Spacing of the shear reinforcement
fy [MPa]: Yielding strength of reinforcement
fc' [MPa]: Compressive strength of concrete
111
Minimum reinforcement for flexural elements

,
0.25
=

and not less than 1.4bwd/fy
Minimum shear reinforcement

,
0.062
=

and not less than 0.35bws/fyt
112
Reinforcement design axial compression

To check the compressive capacity of the concrete in
the compression zone
=
< .
= > .
M: moment
P: axial force
h: height of the beam
Small eccentricity:
compression
reinforcement can be
calculated directly
Large eccentricity:
interactive diagrams
can be used to find
out the required
reinforcement area
113
Steel Plate Lining
114
Used when tunnel is subject to

High internal water pressure (hydraulic jacking)
or
Extremely low temperature (high tensile stress)
115
Precast Concrete Segments
116
Can be used in either one-pass lining or twopass lining

For two-pass lining precast concrete segments
are used as the initial lining, and the final
lining is the cast-in-place concrete
Mostly used in soft ground TBM tunneling
Norwegian Inner Lining System in traffic
tunnels for water and frost protection
117
Fire protection
of PE-form
covered by
sprayed concrete
118
Reinforced Sprayed Concrete Rib
119
Reinforced Sprayed Concrete Rib used

in adverse rock conditions 1>Q>0.001
Fibre reinforced
sprayed concrete
Radial bolts
Rebars
120
Reinforced Sprayed Concrete Rib
121
122
Reinforced Sprayed Concrete Rib used

in Qingdao Subsea Tunnel
123
Spiling Bolts
124
125
A temporary rock support ahead of tunnel working

face in weakness / fracture zone. Small spacing.
It is very important to establish safe anchoring at the
rear end of the bolt prior to the next blast taking
place. The normal procedure is to use steel straps,
radial bolts, and fibre reinforced sprayed concrete as
back anchorage. There must be a radial bolt for each
spile.
May be combined with permanent support such as
shotcrete, reinforced shotcrete ribs and rockbolts
Combined with reduced length of blast round
Optionally combined with concrete invert
126
L- Length: 6 m
B -Spacing: 0.3
(0.2-0.6) m
sl- distance
between 2 rows:
2.3-3 m
V
recommended
angle: 10-15
127
4. ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR TUNNEL SUPPORT

DESIGN
Introduction the concept
Convergence-confinement method
Ground Reaction Curve
Support Reaction Curve
An example
Summary
128
Introduction
Convergence-Confinement Method (Rock Support
Interaction Analysis): to optimize the support
pressure and time of application
Displacement of tunnel periphery develops as
tunnel advances
Load of support (or pressure inserted by support)
varies with displacement of tunnel periphery
Rock mass and support share the load resulting
from excavation
Mobilization of rock strength with displacement
of tunnel periphery
129
Displacement of tunnel periphery develops as tunnel

advances
Elastic surface displacement of a circular tunnel of

radius ri under hydrostatic in-situ stress P0
normalized with plain strain displacement P0 ri/2G
130
Support pressure and tunnel displacement
131
Support pressure and tunnel displacement
132
Convergence-Confinement Method
Point A: initial state
before work face
approaches the
section
Point C: Work face
has passed
sufficiently away
from the section
without any rock
support
Point B: where
equilibrium
between rock and
support is reached
133
134
Ground Reaction Curve

Displacement (convergence) as a function of
support pressure
Also termed Ground Response Curve
Required Support Line
Can be obtained from analytical solution or
numerical analysis
135
GRC with M-C failure criterion by Brady and Brown

Circular tunnel in M-C rock
Elastic-brittle stress-strain
relation
Hydrostatic in-situ rock stress
R=3m,p=10MPa,
=25kN/m3, G=600MPa,
f=2.0, =45, f=30,
c=2.414MPa
136
GRC with H-B failure criterion by Carranza-Torrens and Fairhurst
137
Analytical solution with H-B by Carranza-Torrens and Fairhurst
138
Support Reaction Curve

Also termed Available Support Line Support
Reaction Line
Dependent upon types of support
Calculation methods have been developed by
Hoek and Brown for
Circular tunnel in hydrostatic stress field
Elastic-brittle stress-strain relation
H-B failure criterion
139
Model
140
Support stiffness and maximum support

pressure are computed for
Concrete or shotcrete lining
Blocked steel sets
End-anchored rock bolts or cables
Refer to Appendix C of Rock Mechanics for
Underground Mining by Brady and Brown
141
C.2 Required support line calculation
From Rock Mechanics

for Underground
Mining by Brady and
Brown, Appendix C
142
143
An example
R=5.33m
P=3.3MPa
c=69MPa
m=0.5
s=0.0001
E=1.38GPa
=0.2
f=4.2
mr=0.1
sr=0
r=20kN/m3
144
Assessment of support alternatives

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8I23 steel sets at 1.5m centres with good blocking:

Adequate
8I23 steel sets at 1.5m centres with bad blocking:
Not adequate (roof)
50mm thick shotcrete:
Sufficient stiffness and strength to stabilize the tunnel. But, stress
in shotcrete maybe too high and brittle failure may occur. Mesh and fibre
to increase tensile strength and ductility.
25mm diameter 3m long end-anchored bolts at 1.5m centres installed
within 3m from face:
Adequate support. But, safety margin for roof seems not enough.
May reduce bolt spacing at roof and increase spacing at walls and
floor.
25mm diameter 3m long end-anchored bolts at 1.5m centres installed
within 10m from face.
Roof collapse will occur due to late application of bolts.
145
Summary
Apply support at right time:
Too early: support load will be too high and support may
fail
Too late: tunnel may collapse due to large deformation
Mobilize strength of rock mass

Allow enough displacement to enable strength of rock
mass to be mobilized
Without support the rock mass strength is fully mobilized,
but tunnel may collapse due to excessive displacement
Load taken by rock and support

Support stiffness: Different types of support have
different stiffness and different Support Reaction Curve
146
5. ROCK SUPPORT DESIGN BY EMPIRICAL

METHOD - ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Q-system
Use Q-value for rock support design
RMR system
147
Q-system
A given Q-value is an indication of given stability
situation with a given need for support
More than 1000 existing tunnels with permanent
support have been analyzed
Based on the analysis the relation between the
Q-value and permanent rock support is
documented
Such providing a guide for design of rock support
for new tunnels
148
Rock Mass Quality (Q)-system

by Barton and Grimstad
149
Calculation of RQD from the number of joints per m3
RQD=115-3.3Jv
Jv is the number of joints per m3
151
In addition to the Q-value two other factors are

decisive for support design:
tunnel dimensions and
safety consideration
Tunnel dimensions:
span width or height
more support is needed with increasing dimensions
Safety consideration:
usage of the tunnel, or importance of the tunnel
safety
ESR (Excavation Support Ratio)
152
()
=
153
ESR Estimate
154
155
2013 Update (1)
156
2013 Update (2)
157
Use of the Diagram

Notations
Sb: Spot bolting

B: systematic bolting
Sfr: Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete
Sfr (EXXX): Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete with energy absorption
Class EXXX
CCA: Cast concrete lining
RRS: Reinforced sprayed concrete ribs
Rock support is found for a given combination of Qvalue and equivalent dimension
Bolt length: given at the right hand side, need to be
increased for unfavorable joint geometry
Bolt spacing
Minimum thickness requirement for shotcrete
158
Support of Walls
159
160
161
162
6. ROCK SUPPORT DESIGN BY NUMERICAL METHODS
1)
2)
3)
4)
163
Introduction
Continuum approach
Discontinuum approach
Wedge stability analysis
1) Introduction
The most popular tool for stability analysis
and rock support design
Quantitative evaluation of cavern stability
Continuum approach and discontinuum
approaches
Input data play critical role
164
2) Continuum Approach
Rock mass is taken as a continuous body
Joints are taken into account by using reduced
material properties of rock mass
Significant discontinuities such as faults can be
modelled explicitly by joint elements
Strength of rock mass
Computing stresses and deformation
Compare stress with strength and evaluate the
yielded zone
Strength of rock mass: H-B and M-C
Input data:
165
Strength of Rock Mass
Mohr-Coulomb
Hoek-Brown
166
Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion

n tan c
1
1
( 1 - 3 ) = c cos - ( 1 + 3 ) sin
2
2
1 = c + 3 tan2 (45 + )
2
1 - 3 N + 2c N = 0
c = 2c tan(45 + )
2
N =
1 + sin
1 - sin
167
168
Input Parameters for M-C

Frictional angle
Cohesion c
Dilation angle dil
169
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion

140
GSI=25, mi=10, mb=0.6866, s=0.0002404, ci=25
120
GSI=75, mi=30, mb=12.2845, s=0.06218, ci=80
1 (MPa)
100
1> 2> 3
compression positive
80
Hard Rock
60
40
Soft Rock
20
0
-2
3 (MPa)
10
1 3 m ci 3 s ci2
170
171
Generalized H-B Failure Criterion
1 3 ci mb
s
ci
172
173
Input Parameters for H-B

ci: Uniaxial compressive strength of
intact rock
mb: H-B parameter for rock mass
s: H-B parameter
a: H-B parameter
mdil: H-B parameter for rock mass
174
Strain Softening and Brittle Failure
175
Residual Parameters
For M-C
cr and r
For H-B
mr and sr
176
Basic input data

Material properties of rock mass
Deformability of rock mass
Strength of rock mass: H-B or M-C parameters
A commonly used process
Lab test for E-modulus of intact rock

Lab test for UCS of intact rock
Field mapping for GSI index
Use software RocData in estimating deformability and H-B
strength parameters
Use RocData to convert H-B to M-C parameters
In-situ rock stress

177
Estimate of Rock Mass Parameters by Using RocData

Run RocData
A tool for
analyzing rock
properties
Estimate of H-B
parameters
Converting H-B
to M-C
parameters
Rock property
database
Analyzing lab
test data
178
Conversion from H-B to M-C
Other input data
Groundwater
Dynamic analysis
Thermal analysis
Creep analysis
180
Rock support and construction sequence

All types of rock support are included in most
commercial software
Shotcrete
Beam element for 2D analysis
Shell element for 3D analysis
Rock bolts
Basic element: bar
Other considerations: grout bounding
Construction sequence
Staged excavation: Top heading/benching
Excavation/support installation
181
Main Commercial Software

ABAQUS
FLAC/FLAC3D
DIANA
Phase2
182
Cavern Stability Analysis and Rock

Support Design Using Phase2
183
Introduction to Phase2 program

Main features/functions
Structure of Phase2
184
Main Features of Phase2

2D Finite Element software specially developed
for analysis for excavations and slopes in rock
and soil.
It can be used for a wide range of engineering
projects and includes tunnel support design,
slope stability analysis, groundwater seepage
and probabilistic analysis.
Plane strain or axisymmetric analysis
A low-end, practical, user-friendly and costeffective software for engineers and students
185
Program Structure
Three modules
MODEL (pre-processor)
To generate the model
COMPUTE
To perform the computation
INTERPRET (post-processor)
For data visualization and interpretation of
the computation results
186
Model
187
Modelling - Preprocessing
Interactive geometry entry
Grid/vertex/object snapping
Define boundaries external, material,
excavation, stage, joint, piezo, structural
interface
Import/export in DXF format
Sequential staging of excavation and support
188
Elements and Meshing
3 or 6-noded triangles
4 or 8-noded quadrilaterals
One-click mesh generation
Graded, uniform or radial meshing
Check/define mesh quality
Easy application of boundary conditions,
material properties and loading
189
Material Models for Rock Mass

Elastic
Plastic
Mohr-Coulomb
Hoek-Brown and Generalized Hoek-Brown
Cam-Clay and Modified Cam-Clay
Drucker-Prager
Discrete function
Staged material properties

Datum dependent properties
Depth/Radial distance
For M-C: c, , E; For H-B: E
Isotropic, transversely isotropic, orthotropic elastic models

Import from RocLab/RocData
190
Loads
Constant or linearly distributed loads
Concentrated load
Seismic load
Pseudo-static seismic load (in x and y direction)

Seismic Force = Seismic Coefficient * Body Force (due to
gravity)
Ponded water load

Load split
"split" the field stress induced load between any stages
Use: to simulate 3D tunnel advance and delayed
installation of rock support
Springs
191
Ponded water load
192
In-situ Rock Stress

Far Field Stress
Constant stress field

Gravity stress field
Multiple stress fields (customize per material)
Load split per stage or material
193
Rock Support
Rock bolt bolt types
end anchored
fully bonded
cable bolts
Swellex
split-set
tiebacks
194
Rock Support
Liner liner types
Beam (shotcrete)
Reinforced concrete
Geotextile
Cable truss
Composite liners
Reinforced concrete
For concrete: concrete or shotcrete
For reinforcement: rebar, I-beam, lattice girder
Staged liner properties and staged support

installation
195
Joints
Individual joints
Joint network (joint sets)
Parallel Deterministic
Parallel Statistical
Cross Jointed
Baecher
Veneziano
Voronoi
Joint mechanical model (yielding criteria)

Mohr-Coulomb
Barton-Bandis
Hyperbolic slip
Staged joint property
Datum dependent properties

196
Joint Networks
197
Compute
198
Groundwater Seepage Analysis

Steady-state groundwater seepage analysis
Seepage analysis is (fully) integrated with the
stress analysis (pore pressures computed from
the groundwater analysis are automatically used
in the stress analysis to compute effective stress).
Following data can be computed and presented:
Pore pressure, total head, flow lines, flow rate,
discharge velocity, hydraulic gradient, effective
stress
Transient flow cannot be simulated (tunnel)
Consolidation cannot be simulated
199
Probabilistic Analysis
Rosenblueth point estimate method
Random variables - materials, joint properties,
field stress
Contour / error plots of statistical output
200
Interpret
201
Interpret in Phase2
Interpretation and presentation of computing
result
Contours of data for rock mass
Stresses, Strains, displacements, strength factor
Yielding status of rock

Rock support
Rock bolts: force and yielding
Shotcrete: force, moment and yielding
Others
Deformed geometry, water pressure, etc.
202
203
204
205
206
Limitation of Phase2
Two dimensional (3D effect cannot be fully
simulated)
Cannot fully analyze following problems
Groundwater seepage
Seismic analysis
Cannot perform following types of analysis

Thermal analysis
Creep
Crack propagation
Strain-hardening/Strain-softening
Large deformation (geometrical non-linearity)
207
Run Phase2
208
3) Discontinuum Approach
Discontinuities are explicitly included in the
model
Analyzing interaction of rock blocks
Simulating opening and sliding of joints
Deformable and plastic rock blocks
Water flow along joints
Commonly used rock support
209
Numerical Methods for

Discontinuous Modelling
Distinct element method (DEM)

Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA)
Numerical manifold method
Key block theory
Boundary element method
Particle modelling
210
A UDEC model for Gjvik cavern
211
DISCONTINUOUS MODELLING
212
Representative commercial code

UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code)
UDEC and 3DEC
Major functions
Joint generation
Deformable and plastic blocks
Meshing in blocks
Different mechanics models for joints
Support modelling: Bolting and shotcreting
Fluid flow
Thermal analysis
Dynamics
213
Special Features of Rock Mass
214
Input Data for Discontinuous Modelling

Mechanical input
For blocks
Strength parameters
Deformability parameters
For joints
Stiffness
Strength
Geometrical input
Joint distribution
Geometry of rock blocks
215
Mechanical Input for Discontinuous Modelling

Strength properties of discontinuities
M-C model: p, r, c, Direct shear test
B-B model: JCS, JRC, r, Tilt tests, joint profiling test, Schmitt hammer
Difficulties: Representative joints, undisturbed samples
Stiffness properties of discontinuities

Constant?
Fn K n n
Fs K s s
216
Remarks on discontinuous modelling

Theoretically discontinuum approach is better
suited to simulate jointed rock mass
Acquisition of input data for discontinuous
modelling is much more complicated and expensive
than continuous modelling
Block models are best suited to slope stability
problems
Stability of underground works is dependent on
joint pattern around the opening which is almost
impossible to obtain exactly
217
y contours
218
Axial force on bolts
219
Displacement vectors and axial force on shotcrete
220
Displacement of rock blocks
221
2D vs. 3D Analysis
In most situations 2D analysis is sufficient for
tunnel/cavern support design
3D analysis is needed for
Caverns L/D < 35
Intersection areas
Fractured/weakness zones
222
Wedge Stability Analysis and Design of

Bolting by Using Unwedge
Unwedge is a 3D stability analysis and
visualization program for underground
excavations in rock containing intersecting
structural discontinuities.
Safety factors are calculated for potentially
unstable wedges and support requirements can
be modeled using various types of pattern and
spot bolting and shotcrete.
Use Unwedge to quickly create a model, perform
a safety factor analysis, place reinforcement and
interpret the results.
223
An Example Wedge analysis for a

Power House Cavern
Three sets of discontinuities are detected in mapping
Descriptions
Foliation (F1)
Joint (J1)
Joint (J2)
Dip/dip direct.
25-35/340-020
70-75/180-200
80-86/270-295
Spacing (cm)
15 -70
20 -150
40 -120
Aperture (mm)
3 - open
3 - open
Roughness
Planar smooth
Planar smooth
Undulating-Planar
smooth
Filling
Sericite/mica
Quartz
Quartz/ clay
Weathering
Slightly weathered
Slightly weathered
Slightly -moderately
Persistence (m)
> 20
3 -10
46
Water
Dry
Dry
Dry
3 - open
224
Geometry and strength data for the three

joint sets used in the wedge analysis
Joint set
Dip ()
Dip direction
()
Joint set 1
70-75 (75) 180-200 (200)
(J1)
Joint set 2
80-86 (87) 270-295 (274)
(J2)
Foliation (F1) 25-35 (22) 340-020 (359)
C
(MPa)
()
JRC
JCS
(ton/m2)
0.90
20.83
7500
0.90
20.83
10
6100
1.49
16.38
6800
225
Combinations of joint orientation used in the analysis
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dip/Dip direction ()
Joint set 1
Joint set 2
70/180
80/270
70/180
80/270
70/180
86/295
70/180
86/295
75/200
80/270
75/200
80/270
75/200
86/295
75/200
86/295
Foliation
25/340
35/020
25/340
35/020
25/340
35/020
25/340
35/020
226
Stereonet presentation and 3-D wedge

view of joint Combination 1
227
Wedge view around cavern perimeter for joint

Combination 1
228
End wedges for joint Combination 1
229
Rock Support Design from Q-system

Roof
Fully grouted 32 rock bolts, L = 8 m, in pattern 1.5 x 1.5 m

Fiber reinforced shotcrete 15 cm
Walls
Fully grouted 32 rock bolts, in pattern 1.5 x 1.5 m; L = 8 m for upper 10 m, L
= 6 m for middle 10 m and L = 4 m for the rest lower part.
Fiber reinforced shotcrete 10 cm
The tensile capacity of the 32 rock bolts is taken as 300 kN and the shear
strength of the shotcrete is taken as 2 MPa.
230
Rock support for combination 1
231
Analysis Result for Combination 1

Scenari
o
Water
pressure
In-situ stress
Rock
support
Unstable wedges
Seismic
coefficie
nt
-
0.02 MPa
0.02 MPa
0.32
0.02 MPa
0.32
1= 2= 3=13MPa
0.02 MPa
0.32
1= 2= 3=13MPa
Roof wedge 8 FS=0, falling,

V=0.08 m3
V=0.08 m3
Upper left wedge 4 FS=0, falling,
V=119.42 m3
V=0.08 m3
Upper left wedge 4 FS=0, falling,
V=119.42 m3
V=0.08 m3
Upper left wedge 4 FS=0.61,
falling, V=119.42 m3
Upper left wedge 4 FS=1.84
falling, V=119.42 m3
Yes
232
7. A COMMONLY USED CAVERN ROCK SUPPORT

DESIGN PROCESS
Use rock mass classification method, e.g. the
Q-system, to estimate systematic rock support
Use FLAC/Phase2/UDEC to verify the rock
support
Perform 3D analysis by using FLAC3D,
ABAQUS, DIANA, 3DEC, if needed
Check wedge stability by performing Unwedge
analysis
233
8. DESIGN OF ROCK CAVERN
Functional requirements:
Temperature
Pressure
Seismic loading
Volume
Traffic (inclination, AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic
volume))
Water and frost protection (groundwater pressure)
Safety requirements (Manned or unmannded operation)
Environmental concerns
234
8. DESIGN OF ROCK CAVERN
Cavern location
Cavern orientation
Orientation of in-situ rock stress
Orientation of major rock joints
Cavern depth
Cavern spacing
Cavern shape and dimensions
Maximum width/height
Simple shape
235
Cavern orientation
For shallow caverns:
Consider major joint
set orientation
(perpendicular to
major joint sets)
For deep caverns:
Also consider the
orientation of the
major in-situ rock
stress (parallel to the
major horizontal insitu stress)
236
9. AN EXAMPLE
QINLING ZHONGNANSHAN ROAD TUNNEL
237
Background
Design approach
In-situ rock stress measurement
Rock support design
Numerical analysis
Project background
Worlds longest twin tube road tunnel (18 km)
Two lanes each tube, speed limit 80 km/h
Large overburden, up to 1640 m
High in-situ rock stresses
Mainly granitic gneiss
Construction started in March 2002, breakthrough

Dec 2004, open to traffic Jan 2007
Total cost 500 MSGD
Special lighting caverns for driving safety purpose
Minimum pillar width between tunnels only 8 m
238
China
239
Xian
Tunnel
Qinling Mountain
Range
240
Design approach
Rock stress measurements
Empirical design
Cavern
Rock support
Numerical modelling control of empirical design

2D and 3D models
Excavation sequence design

Deformation monitoring
Extensometer, fixed points
241
Tunnel and cavern outline

6 caverns, 3 in each tube
Rock stress measurements at two locations
Xian
242
Borehole 1
Borehole 2
Ankang
Cavern geometry plan view
243
Cavern geometry vertical cross section
244
Excavation dimensions of tunnels and caverns
12.8 m
15.8 m
22.0 m
245
7.1 m
9.0 m
3.9 m
3.9 m
3.9 m
6.6 m
Special Lighting Cavern

Emergency Parking Zone
Standard Tunnel Section
Core disking experienced in Borehole 2

- 23 disks in 27 cm
A clear indication of extremely high stresses
246
SINTEF Rock and Soil mechanics

Project: 503350
kode: DISO 3.5nt Date: oct. 2005
ORIENTATION OF MEAN PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Hole 01
Tunnel
MAGNITUDE OF PRINCIPAL STRESSES
RELATIVE FREQUENCY (%)
20
3
2
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
PRINCIPAL STRESSES (MPa)
247
30
Upper figure:
Orientation
Lower figure:
Magnitude
15
Result of 3-D
overcoring
measurement
35
Final result of in-situ stress evaluation
Vertical stress v [MPa]

Horizontal stress perpendicular to tunnel
axis h [MPa]
Horizontal stress parallel to tunnel axis a
[MPa]
248
E1/W1
E2/W2
E3/W3
10
40-45
15
15
25-30
15-20
15
25-30
15-20
Q-value is estimated as 4-28 based

on informatin provided by the client
and designers visual inspection
249
Rock support design using Q-system

Caverns E1, W1, E3 and W3
Sprayed concrete, fibre reinforced with a thickness of
150 mm. The sprayed concrete shall fulfil the
requirements of C35 and have a minimum of 40 kg
steel fibres per m3, Dramix ZP305 or similar.
Systematic rock bolting in a 2.0 m pattern. The bolts
shall be 20 mm massive steel rebars, fully grouted and
comply with the quality requirements for rsta steel
bolts with 3% elongation, yield load of 120 kN and
failure load of 150 kN, or similar.
Length of rock bolts shall be 7 m in the roof and 4 m in
the walls.
250
Rock support design using Q-system

Caverns E2 and W2
a) Excavation of original tunnels and temporary support
of the tunnels. The enlargement/broadening to reach
the full cavern size will cause damaging and
demolishing of the temporary support
b) Slashing of the left hand side of the tunnel to reach
full height and full width of the area dedicated for the
emergency parking zone, constituting approximately
half the full size of the cavern.
c) Before mucking out after the last blasting 3 m long
holes shall be drilled in a 2x2 m pattern in the final
wall and roof areas as described in point b) above.
The holes shall be equipped with protection to
prevent sprayed concrete to clog the holes.
251
d) The newly excavated surface of the wall shall be

manually scaled to remove loose rock before being
sprayed with an initial layer of fibre-reinforced
shotcrete, building up a layer of 60 mm (mechanical
scaling shall not be allowed).
e) End-anchored rock bolts with length of 3m (polyester
cartridges shall be used for anchoring, not mechanical
anchors) shall be inserted in the pre-drilled holes in
point c) above and the steel plates shall be mounted
outside the wet shotcrete. The nuts shall be tightened
only loosely, so that the bolts are not pre-stressed.
f) The muck from the last blast round is removed and
points d) and e) above are repeated. It is important that
the rock bolts and shotcrete are installed all the way to
the floor level.
g) Excavation of the right hand side of the tunnel to the
full height and width of the caverns, blast rounds shall
252
be parallel to the tunnel axis.
h) Installation of permanent rock support in the

remaining part of the tunnel, i.e. the wall and roof on
the right hand side as was the last part to be
excavated. The installation of rock support shall
follow the same procedure as described above in
points c), d), and e).
i) When the sprayed concrete has cured for 3-4 days
the installation of permanent rock support may start.
10 m long steel bars shall be installed in a pattern of
2x2 m to fill in between the existing rock bolts. Use
end-anchored rock bolts with polyurethane cartridge
or other device which has a documented similar
performance.
j) Apply fibre-reinforced sprayed concrete to build up
the permanent shotcrete layer. The thickness of the
shotcrete layer shall be 300 mm totally.
253
Overburden and in-situ rock stress
Overburden [m]
Vertical stress v [MPa]
Horizontal stress perpendicular to
tunnel axis h [MPa]
Horizontal stress parallel to tunnel
axis a [MPa]
254
E1/W1
E2/W2
E3/W3
400
10
15
1500
40-45
25-30
600
15
15-20
15
25-30
15-20
Rock mechanics parameters of rock mass

- defined in Standard for engineering classification of
rock mass of China
Class
I
II
III
IV
V
255
Unit weight
(kN/m3)
>26.5
26.5 24.5
24.5 22.5
< 22.5
Friction angle
()
>60
60 50
50 39
39 27
< 27
Cohesion
c (MPa)
> 2.1
2.1 15.
1.5 0.7
0.7 0.2
< 0.2
Poissons ratio
<0.2
0.2 0.25
0.25 0.3
0.25 0.35
> 0.35
Rock mechanics parameters of the rock mass
256
Parameters
E1/W1
E2/W2
E3/W3
Rock mass classification index

E [GPa]
p []
r []
cp [MPa]
cr [MPa]
[]
tp [MPa]
tr: [MPa]
II20
0.25
50
40
1.5
0.5
10
1.09
0.47
II+
29
0.215
57
47
1.9
0.6
10
1.13
0.47
II20
0.25
50
40
1.5
0.5
10
1.09
0.47
3-D numerical simulation with Flac3D

Goals of the 3-D analysis
Overview of the rock mass responses to the
cavern excavations
Three dimensional effect along the tunnel axis
direction
E2-W2
E1/W1
257
E2-W2 Numerical model 400x200x160 m
258
E2-W2 Numerical model
259
260
Rockbolts and shotcrete

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 20982 Model Perspective
10:55:18 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 4.263e-001
Y: 2.851e+002
Z: -1.450e+001
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 30.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 190.000
Mag.: 3.05
Ang.: 22.500
SEL Geometry
Magfac = 0.000e+000
SEL Geometry
Magfac = 0.000e+000
261
E2-W2 result Yielding and displacement plan view

FLAC3D 2.10
18:51:49 Tue Nov 15 2005
Center:
X: -3.359e+000
Y: 3.515e+002
Z: 3.529e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 90.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-n shear-p tension-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
Displacement
Plane: on
Maximum = 3.355e-002
Linestyle
262
E2-W2 result Yielding vertical cross section

FLAC3D 2.10
18:49:41 Tue Nov 15 2005
Center:
X: 3.513e+000
Y: 3.110e+002
Z: 3.529e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: -0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: -0.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.440e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
263
E2-W2 result Major principal stress

FLAC3D 2.10
18:52:29 Tue Nov 15 2005
Center:
X: -3.359e+000
Y: 3.515e+002
Z: 3.529e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 90.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Contour of SMin
Plane: on
Magfac = 1.000e+000
Gradient Calculation
-1.1244e+008 to -1.1000e+008
-1.1000e+008 to -1.0000e+008
-1.0000e+008 to -9.0000e+007
-9.0000e+007 to -8.0000e+007
-8.0000e+007 to -7.0000e+007
-7.0000e+007 to -6.0000e+007
-6.0000e+007 to -5.0000e+007
-5.0000e+007 to -4.0000e+007
-4.0000e+007 to -3.0000e+007
-3.0000e+007 to -2.0000e+007
-2.0000e+007 to -1.0000e+007
-1.0000e+007 to -3.0780e+006
264
E2-W2 result Bolt force

FLAC3D 2.10
18:48:03 Tue Nov 15 2005
Center:
X: 3.513e+000
Y: 3.110e+002
Z: 3.529e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: -0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: -0.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.440e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
cable Axial Force

Magfac = 1.000e+000
tension
compression
Maximum = 1.200e+005
cable Yield (tension)

yielding now
yielded in past
Boundary
Plane: on
Magfac = 1.000e+000
Linestyle
265

FLAC3D 2.10
10:02:50 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.159e+001
Y: 3.457e+002
Z: 2.964e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 270.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
Displacement
Plane: on
Linestyle
266

FLAC3D 2.10
09:42:12 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.342e+000
Y: 2.995e+002
Z: 2.186e-001
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 20.000
Mag.: 11.6
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.450e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
Displacement
Plane: on
Linestyle
267

FLAC3D 2.10
10:02:14 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.159e+001
Y: 3.457e+002
Z: 2.964e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 270.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Contour of SMin
Plane: on
Magfac = 0.000e+000
-3.5355e+007 to -3.5000e+007
-3.5000e+007 to -3.2500e+007
-3.2500e+007 to -3.0000e+007
-3.0000e+007 to -2.7500e+007
-2.7500e+007 to -2.5000e+007
-2.5000e+007 to -2.2500e+007
-2.2500e+007 to -2.0000e+007
-2.0000e+007 to -1.7500e+007
-1.7500e+007 to -1.5000e+007
-1.5000e+007 to -1.2500e+007
-1.2500e+007 to -1.0000e+007
-1.0000e+007 to -7.5000e+006
268

FLAC3D 2.10
10:00:43 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.846e+001
Y: 3.457e+002
Z: 2.964e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: -0.000
Mag.: 9.31
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.520e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
cable Axial Force

Magfac = 0.000e+000
tension
compression

yielding now
yielded in past
Boundary
Plane: on
Magfac = 0.000e+000
Linestyle
269

FLAC3D 2.10
10:23:18 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.386e+000
Y: 3.423e+002
Z: 7.458e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 90.000
Mag.: 4.77
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
Displacement
Plane: on
Linestyle
270

FLAC3D 2.10
10:15:04 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.386e+000
Y: 3.000e+002
Z: 5.497e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 0.000
Mag.: 7.45
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.450e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
Block State
Plane: on
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p
Displacement
Plane: on
Linestyle
271

FLAC3D 2.10
10:22:16 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.386e+000
Y: 3.423e+002
Z: 7.458e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 90.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 90.000
Mag.: 4.77
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.500e+002
Z: -2.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 0.000
DD: 0.000
Contour of SMin
Plane: on
Magfac = 0.000e+000
-3.7288e+007 to -3.5000e+007
-3.5000e+007 to -3.2500e+007
-3.2500e+007 to -3.0000e+007
-3.0000e+007 to -2.7500e+007
-2.7500e+007 to -2.5000e+007
-2.5000e+007 to -2.2500e+007
-2.2500e+007 to -2.0000e+007
-2.0000e+007 to -1.7500e+007
-1.7500e+007 to -1.5000e+007
-1.5000e+007 to -1.2500e+007
-1.2500e+007 to -1.0000e+007
-1.0000e+007 to -7.5000e+006
272

FLAC3D 2.10
10:20:44 Tue Nov 29 2005
Center:
X: 1.386e+000
Y: 3.423e+002
Z: 7.458e+000
Dist: 1.030e+003
Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 0.000
Mag.: 5.96
Ang.: 22.500
Plane Origin:
X: 1.500e+001
Y: 3.520e+002
Z: 0.000e+000
Plane Orientation:
Dip: 90.000
DD: 0.000
cable Axial Force

Magfac = 0.000e+000
tension
compression

yielding now
yielded in past
Boundary
Plane: on
Magfac = 0.000e+000
Linestyle
273
2-D numerical simulation with Phase2

Goals of the 2-D analysis
Detailed study of the entire construction
sequence at the most critical sections
Three dimensional effect is ignored
E2-W2
E1/W1
E3/W3
274
275
Construction sequence
276
-10
-10
10
10
20
20
E1-W1 Numerical model - construction

sequence
-20
-10
10
20
-20
-10
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
-10
20
-10
-10
10
10
20
10
-30
30
20
-30
-30
-20
277
-10
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E1-W1 Yielding - stage 3

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
2.40e-003
4.80e-003
7.20e-003
9.60e-003
1.20e-002
20
1.44e-002
1.68e-002
1.92e-002
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
Shear
Tension
-40
278
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
2.85e-003
5.70e-003
8.55e-003
1.14e-002
1.43e-002
20
1.71e-002
2.00e-002
2.28e-002
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
Shear
Tension
-40
279
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
4.50e-003
9.00e-003
1.35e-002
1.80e-002
2.25e-002
20
2.70e-002
3.15e-002
3.60e-002
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
Shear
Tension
-40
280
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E1-W1 Yielding - final stage

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
4.50e-003
9.00e-003
1.35e-002
1.80e-002
2.25e-002
20
2.70e-002
3.15e-002
3.60e-002
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
Shear
Tension
-40
281
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E1-W1 Major principal stress final stage

Sigma 1
MPa
0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
20
18.00
21.00
24.00
27.00
30.00
33.00
36.00
-10
10
Shear
Tension
Both
-40
282
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
E1-W1 Minor principal stress final stage

30
Sigma 3
MPa
-0.50
0.70
1.90
3.10
4.30
5.50
20
6.70
7.90
9.10
10.30
11.50
12.70
13.90
-10
10
Shear
Tension
Both
-40
283
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
3.00e-003
6.00e-003
9.00e-003
1.20e-002
1.50e-002
1.80e-002
2.10e-002
2.40e-002
2.70e-002
3.00e-002
3.30e-002
3.60e-002
Magnification factor 60
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
20
30
E1-W1 Deformation final stage
-40
284
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
E2-W2 Numerical model - construction sequence

Stage 2
Stage 4
-20
-10
Stage 5
0
10
20
20
10
-30
30
-20
-10
Stage 6
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
Stage 7
0
10
20
30
-10
-10
-10
10
10
10
20
20
20
-30
-10
-10
-10
10
10
20
20
Stage 3
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
-30
285
-20
-10
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E2/W2 Yielding Final stage

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
1.20e-002
2.40e-002
3.60e-002
4.80e-002
20
6.00e-002
7.20e-002
8.40e-002
9.60e-002
Shear
Tension
-10
10
Shear
Tension
Both
-30
286
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E2/W2 Major principal stress Final stage

Sigma 1
MPa
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
20
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
110.00
10
120.00
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
80.00
-30
287
-20
-10
10
20
30
30

Sigma 3
MPa
-1.50
1.50
4.50
7.50
10.50
20
13.50
16.50
19.50
22.50
25.50
28.50
31.50
10
34.50
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
13.50
-30
288
-20
-10
10
20
30
Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
8.00e-003
1.60e-002
2.40e-002
3.20e-002
4.00e-002
4.80e-002
5.60e-002
6.40e-002
7.20e-002
8.00e-002
8.80e-002
9.60e-002
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
10
20
30
E2/W2 Deformation Final stage
-30
289
-20
-10
10
20
30
E3-W3 Numerical model - construction sequence

Stage1
-10
-10
10
10
20
20
Stage 2
-20
-10
Stage 3
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
Stage 4
0
10
20
30
-10
-10
10
10
20
20
-30
290
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
E3/W3 Yielding Final stage

30
Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
6.00e-003
1.20e-002
1.80e-002
2.40e-002
20
3.00e-002
3.60e-002
4.20e-002
4.80e-002
10
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
Shear
Tension
-40
291
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30

30
Sigma 1
MPa
0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
20
18.00
21.00
24.00
27.00
30.00
33.00
10
36.00
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
27.00
-40
292
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30

30
Sigma 3
MPa
-0.75
0.75
2.25
3.75
5.25
6.75
20
8.25
9.75
11.25
12.75
14.25
15.75
10
17.25
Shear
Tension
Both
-10
6.00
-40
293
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
30
E3/W3 Deformation Final stage

Total
Displacement
m
0.00e+000
4.00e-003
8.00e-003
1.20e-002
1.60e-002
20
2.00e-002
2.40e-002
2.80e-002
3.20e-002
3.60e-002
4.00e-002
10
4.40e-002
-10
4.80e-002
-40
294
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Rock support summary

- caverns E1, W1, E3 and W3
Excavation in 2 stages, first inner part and
then the outer part.
A layer of 15 cm shotcrete and 20 mm
diameter 7/4 m long fully grouted bolts in 2x2
m patterns installed right after each
excavation stage.
This is the permanent support.
295
Rock support summary - caverns E2 and W2

Excavation in 2 stages, first inner part and then the
outer part.
The support is divided to temporary support and the
permanent support
The temporary support consists of 6 cm shotcrete and
3 m long end-anchored bolts in 2x2 m patterns which
are installed right after each excavation stage.
The permanent support consists of 24 cm shotcrete
and 20 mm diameter 10 m long end-anchored bolts in
2x2 m pattern which is installed 3-4 days after the
temporary support.
296
Some points from the support design

Rock stress measurements are important
2D numerical modelling may give conservative design
Use 3D models for general design
2D models for detailed analysis and sequential design
Flexible support system is important when excavating

in high rock stress
End anchored rock bolts
Flexible support consists of temporary and final support
Sequential excavation is important when excavating

caverns in high stressed rock mass
297
Special Lighting Cavern for

the Qinling Zhongnanshan Tunnel
298
References
C. Carranza-Torres and C. Fairhurst Analysis of tunnel support requirements using

the convergence-confinement method and the Hoek-Brown rock failure criterion
www.ct-bolt.com
UDEC user manual
Phase2 online help
Unwedge online help
JunLu Luo A new rock bolt design criterion and knowledge-based expert system
for stratified roof phd thesis
www.atlascopco.com
Evert Hoek Practical rock engineering
Rock support in Norwegian tunnelling
B.H.G.Brady and E.T.Brown Rock Mechanics for underground mining
299

Lecture 5 & 6

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Planning and Development of

Underground Space in Rock Caverns

Cavern Stability Analysis and Rock Support Design

Commonly used terms

Rock Reinforcement and Rock Support

Rock Reinforcement and Rock Support

Temporary Support and Permanent Support

Modern design: Temporary support serves as part of

Factors Affecting Cavern Stability

Modes of Cavern/Tunnel Failure

Structure controlled instability

Methods for Cavern Stability Analysis and Rock

NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method)

NMT (Norwegian Method of Tunnelling)

2. CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING CAVERN/TUNNEL

3. METHODS OF ROCK SUPPORT

Rock bolts and cables

Rock Bolts and Cables

Estimate of bolt length

A bar set in holes drilled into the rock to assist in

Tunnel roof stability and rock bolting

Function of rock bolt

Suspension effect of roof bolting

Load carried by each bolt P

Beam building effect of roof bolting

B1: Strength of the

Keying effect of roof bolting

Bolt installed inclined to roof line

b: bolt axial stress required to

Bolt installed normal to roof line

Compression zone in roof created by bolt keying

End-anchored bolt Mechanically

Also resin anchored

Fully grouted bolts - Grouted dowel

Fully grouted bolts with pre-tension

Anchored at end by grout or resin

The cablebolt (often

Typical cablebolt installation for slope stabilization

Swellex bolt (By Atlas Copco)

Min Yielding load 200 kN

Swellex bolt (By Atlas Copco)

Slotted bolt inserted into

Main application: Mining

Lab test result on

Yielding rock bolts

Application: rock condition where large

YIELD-LOK yielding bolt

Yield load: 70-90kN (Dynamic load)

D-Bolt Newly developed at NTNU

Smooth steel bar with a number of anchors along its length.

FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Polyester)

Estimate of bolt length for systematic bolting

Estimate of bolt length for systematic bolting

Application of rock bolts

Spot bolting for stabilization of

Systematic bolting bolting in a certain pattern,

Prebolting - bolting ahead of excavation

Systematic bolting + shotcrete

When Q-value < 1,

Rockbolt Models in UDEC

Material model of grout

Cable element properties:

Bolt Models in Phase2