Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
COLLEGE OF NURSING
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Enrichment Classes
4NUR-2
By:
Maam Ruth Arenas
October 11-12, 2013
Epidemiology science that study the patterns of health and disease, its occurrence and
distribution for the prevention and control of disease. (Dr. Eric Tayag DOH)
Patterns of Disease Occurrence:
1.a. Sporadic occasional, on and off occurrence of disease (e.g. Meningococcemia)
1.b. Endemic always, constant, continuously happening number of cases in a given locality
(e.g. Filariasis in Bicol, Dengue, Malaria)
1.c. Epidemic sudden increase in number of cases in a short period of time (e.g. Outbreak
Laymans term)
1.d. Pandemic the disease occurs all over the world (e.g. Hepatitis B, SARS, Influenza)
Communicable disease general term that encompasses infectious and contagious; the
disease caused by an infectious agent which is acquired from an infected individual
and transmitted to a susceptible host either by direct or indirect contact, or thru
direct inoculation into a broken skin.
Types:
1. Infectious caused by infectious agent (virus, bacteria), but is not
transmittable/contagious from one person to another; needs direct inoculation,
contact to the body. (e.g. Dengue, Malaria, Tetanus)
2. Contagious transmittable/transferable from one person to another, from infected to
susceptible host. (e.g. thru droplet, airborne, direct, indirect contact)
*All communicable diseases are infectious, in the sense that they are caused by an infectious
agent, but most and not all are contagious.
Epidemiologic/Ecologic Triad Agent, Environment, Host elements that are necessary for a
disease to occur
A. Agent biologic agents (bacteria, virus, fungi, helminthes), aside from presence, they
should possess characteristics that will able them to enter the body
Characteristics:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Infectivity ability of organism to enter and move to the tissues of the body
Infectious Dose the number of organism present, sufficient to cause disease
Pathogenicity the ability to cause disease (Pathogenic, Non-pathogenic)
Virulence refers to the potency (kamandag) that will influence the course of the
disease; the more virulent the microorganism is, the more severe the disease will be)
e. Anti-genecity the ability to stimulate an antibody responses
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control
at,
but
can
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Active it is in our own body that produces the antibody (needs stimulation)
Passive passed only
Active
slow to come and go because it will stimulate our body to create antibodies (e.g.
Verorab)
Passive quick to come and go (e.g. ARS)
STAGES OF A DISEASE
1. Incubation time interval from the first exposure to the disease to the appearance of
the first signs and symptoms (e.g. namaga ang sugat mo)
2. Prodromal time of the appearance of the first signs and symptoms (non-specific) to
the appearance of the characteristic (specific) symptoms of the disease (e.g.
namaga ang sugat ko nagdevelop ako ng lockjaw)
3. Illness full-blown disease observable manifestations (Tetanus)
4. Convalescence period of recovery
GENERAL NURSING CARE OF A CLIENT WITH COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
I.
Prevention
a. Primary
- for the healthy, but are at risk
- health education prevent ignorance
- specific protection EPI
- environmental sanitation
b. Secondary
- case finding; screening
- Early diagnosis
- prompt treatment; prophylaxis (e.g. For Meningococcemia Ciprofloxacin; For
Leptospirosis - Doxycycline)
c. Tertiary
- recovery but has complications
- limitation of disability
- rehabilitation
II.
Treatment
a. Control
- report
- epidemiological investigation
- case finding; early diagnosis; prompt treatment
- quarantine; isolation
- disinfestations; disinfection
- asepsis
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Asepsis
- Surgical Sterile technique peritoneal dialysis, Catheterization to render
an area FREE of pathogenic microorganisms (Fingers to Elbows) (2mins)
- Medical Clean technique cleanliness to reduce the number of
microorganism and prevent the transfer of these in the environment
(Handwashing quality, friction, time, water most impt element,
soap) (10-15secs) (Elbow to Fingers)
Medical Asepsis
- handwashing
- concurrent disinfection
- personal protective equipments
- barrier cards/placarding
Particulate filter mask (N95)
Respirators with HEPA filter (Gas Mask)
Replacement filter
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German Measles
Rubeola
Rubella
Paramyxo-virus
Toga virus
Mode of Transmission
Airborne
Droplet; Placental
Age of Susceptibility
Childhood
Childhood
Synonym
Causative Agent
Period of Communicability
Enanthem
Exanthem
Maculo-papular
(reddish, itchy, hot and dry
to touch)
Cephalo-caudal
Cephalo-caudal
MEASLES
Symptoms:
Pre-eruptive:
o Fever, Stimsons sign (measles EYE sign, like sore eyes, photophobia,
nagmumuta-muta), Catarrhal (watery-nasal discharges, dry
cough), Kopliks,
stomatitis (singaw)
Eruptive:
o Rashes + Previous symptoms
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Desquamation:
o Drying Brownish staining Peeling off Normal
Strict Isolation
Cooling measures
Eye care cotton balls moistened with water, inner to outer canthus
Ear care complications of otitis media
Oral care Mycostatin, Nystatin TID, etc
Skin care Calamine lotion; Kolantro boiled, for bathing to relieve itchiness, etc.
Giving of Vitamin A for healthy skin, and mucous membrane of GI and Respi tract, to
prevent pneumonia, and diarrhea (Red = 200,000 u = 6gtts, >12months; Blue =
100,000 u)
Prevention:
AMV = 9months, O.5, SubQ, Upper Arm fever and rashes after 3-7days, give Paracetamol/TSB
MMR = Measles, Mumps, Rubella = 1year old, 0.5, SubQ, Upper Arm
GERMAN MEASLES
Symptoms:
Dx: Rubella Titer test pregnant women exposed to German Measles (if pregnant)
to determine the level of antibodies present
- 1:8-10 (Antigen:Antibodies)
Txt: Symptomatic/Supportive
Nursing care: symptomatic/supportive
Prevention: Rubella vaccine (if received last week, wait for 3 months for full protection),
MMR
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Herpes Zoster
Varicella
Shingles
Mode of Transmission
Airborne
Droplet
Age of Susceptibility
Childhood
Enanthem
None
None
Exanthem
Vesiculo-pustular crust
Vesiculo-pustular crust
Synonym
Causative Agent
Period of Communicability
Direction of Spread
Affectation
Centrifugal
Generalized distribution
(whole body), itchy, kalatkalat
CHICKEN POX
Symptoms:
Low-grade fever
Colds-like symptoms
Vesiculo-pustular lesions
Diagnosis: No specific
*Most contagious during the catarrhal stage
*In US, they use baking soda to relieve itchiness
Tx: Symptomatic, Acyclovir (anti-viral, to hasten healing, and lessen lesion)
Nursing care: Skin Care to prevent secondary skin infection and also prevent scarring
Prevention:
1. Avoid Mode of Transmission
2. Vaccine: Varivax; Oka 0.5cc, SQ
3. 2 doses of 4-8 weeks interval
HERPES ZOSTER
Symptoms:
Dx: No Specific
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PEDICULOSIS/LOUSINESS
Causative agent:
Itchiness
Macular rash
Sx:
Home remedy: Shaving, Vinegar (1:1 Dilution) Cotton balls-Moistened with gas
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
DENGUE FEVER
Viral: Dengue Fever
Protozoan: Malaria
Helminth: Filariasis
Infectious mononucleosis
Causative Agent: Arbovirus (Dengue virus I, II, III, IV)
MOT: Mosquito bites
Vector: Aedes aegypti day biting, clear stagnant waters, urban and crowded
Incubation period: uncertain; 6days 1week
*Biting part of the mosquito Proboscis used for sucking blood
Signs and Symptoms:
a. Grade I: Fever, abdominal pain, Herman sign (Flushing of skin, whitish hue of the
skin), (+) Torniquet test, Rash
b. Grade II: Grade I + Bleeding (bleeding on the eyes, epistaxis, gingival bleeding,
hematemesis, hematochezia, melena)
c. Grade III: Grade II + beginning symptoms of circulatory failure (hypotension, weak &
thread pulse, cold & clammy skin)
d. Grade IV: Grade III + Shock
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Dx:
Torniquet test (presumptive) (BP cuff, hold it for 5mins, look for petechiae, 20/sq.in.)
Platelet count (confirmatory)
Dengue Blot test (Dengue IgM test there is present infection)
Hematocrit count
Prothrombin time
CTBT
Tx: Symptomatic and supportive (Avoid foods that may discolor stool, avoid iron preparations,
avoid ASA, because of anticoagulant properties, Tawa-tawa herbs [boil, drink to
treat Dengue)
*Kaissel-Bach plexus for epistaxis, vascular area of the nose, lean forward, and pinch the
bridge of the nose
*Gingival bleeding chew ice chips
Nursing Care management of bleeding, contraindications
Prevention
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*Melena upper GI
*Hematochezia lower GI
Prevention:
4S
1.
2.
3.
4.
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MALARIA (Ague)
*King of tropical diseases
Causative agent: Plasmodium (affects the bloodstream, and the livers RBC, and systemic RBC
[massive destruction of RBCs that gives black color of urine]
Mode of transmission: Mosquito bite, Anopheles mosquito (night biting, slow-flowing water,
mountains/rural areas)
Incubation Period: 12-30 days
Plasmodium types:
a. Vivax (common in Phils.)
b. Falcifarum, (common in Phils.) (Falcifarum most dangerous in the world, because it
leads to blackwater fever, an cerebral malariae brain now is affected convulsive
seizures- obstructed blood vessel to the brain)
c. Ovale
d. Malariae
Sx:
Dx:
a. Clinical findings
b. History of travel/residency in a malaria-endemic area (If you are new to the place, a
greater risk of malaria is at reach)
c. Laboratory Exam (Malarial smear (wait for fever), QBC Quantitative Buffy Coat
faster method of malarial test, ONLY for Falciparum)
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Tx:
FILARIASIS
Causative Agent: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi/timori
Mode of Transmission: mosquito bites
Vectors:
Aedes poecillus
Aedes albopictus
Culex quiquefasciatus
Anopheles flavirostris
Mansonna mosquitoes (cross breed)
Dx:
during
this
Tx:
1. Chemical
Hetrazan/DEC (Diethylcarbamazine citrate)
Ivermectin purga
2. Surgical
(lympho-venous anastomosis; Stripping; Ligation)
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Symptoms:
Peri-orbital edema
Headache
Sore throat
Cervical lymphadenopathy Neckpain
Petechiae > Palate
Rashes > Skin
Splenomegaly
Conjunctival hemorrhage secondary to the disease
observe for abdominal pain (upper quadrant pain, radiating to the shoulder
avoid strenuous activities (possible rupture of spleen)
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
DIPHTHERIA
- is an acute contagious disease characterized by: generalized toxemia pseudo-membrane
- removal of the pseudo-membrane is NOT encouraged, because it will facilitate bleeding,
and a possible regrowth and extension of bacteria
Causative agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae/Klebs-Loeffler bacilli
MOT: droplet; direct and indirect contact
Source of infection: Naso-pharyngeal secretions
Incubation: 2-5days
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Symptoms:
1. Nasal
- dryness and excoriation of upper lip with sero-sanguinous secretions
- pseudo-membrane in nasal turbinate
2. Pharyngeal/Faucial
- pseudomembrane in oro-pharynx
- bullneck appearance
3. Laryngeal
- sorethroat hoarseness aphonia
- laryngeal stridor
- respiratory difficulty
4. Cutaneous/Extra pulmonary diphtheria
Diagnostic exams:
Treatment:
Nursing care:
1. Strict isolation
2. Complete Bed Rest limit circulation of toxin, and prevent attachment to the heart
(myocarditis, pneumonia, peripheral neuritis)
3. Diet
4. Concurrent disinfection
Prevention: DPT IM, vastus lateralis, 6, 10, 14 week old, Fever is an expected outcome
within 24 hours
*PentaHIB Haemophilus influenzae type B to prevent bacterial meningitis
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PNEUMONIA
- inflammation consolidation solidification filling up alveolar sacs
Stages of Inflammation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Types:
a. Community-acquired
b. Hospital-acquired
c. Atypical
Causative agent
a. Infectios: bacteria, virus, fungi, Pneumocystis carina
b. Non-infectious
- hypostatic pneumonia
- aspiration pneumonia
- inhalation of toxic fumes/gases
MOT: droplet
Incubation period: 1-3days
Symptoms:
Fever and chills
Chest pain
Respi. Difficulty
- nasal flaring
- circum-oral pallor > cyanosis
- sterna retraction
- chest indrawing
- tachypnea
Shortness of breath, dyspnea
Productive cough:
- scanty sputum (atypical pneumonia)
- rusty sputum (streptococcus) (pathogmonic sign of Pneumonia)
- greenish (pseudomonas & H. Influenzae
Dx:
Sputum exam
Chest x-ray
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Tx:
Antibiotic
Mucolytic/Expectorant
Inhalation txt (O2, Nebulization, steam
PVDs/Chest Physiotherapy
Deep breathing/coughing
Suctioning
Fluid therapy (IVF; increase oral fluid)
CBD
DAT
Nursing care:
PTB/KOCHS/PHTHISIS/CONSUMPTION
Tubercle Hard = Fibrosis Calcification Scar
Soft = Caseation (Cheese-like) Liquefaction spills out to trachea-bronchial tree
Phlegm empty sac cavity
Tubercle circumscribed amorphous lesion
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Hominis (human)
- Bovine (Cows)
- Avis (birds)
Modes of Transmission: Airborne
Incubation: 4-8 weeks
Symptoms:
A. Primary TB (non-contagious) first time TB infection during childhood years, weak lungs
B. Adult TB cough with hemoptysis, reactivation of a formerly controlled TB
C. Miliary TB spread of infection to other parts of the body (Millet seed;spread) (e.g.
TB meningitis, Potts, Scrofula/TB lymphadenitis, Gibbus deformity of the spine)
Laboratory exams:
1. Sputum for Acid Fast B (Gold Standard) (Sputum of 3-5cc)
2. Chest X-ray
- Determine clinical activity of TB (active and inactive)
- Determination of lesion size (minimal, moderately advance, far advance)
University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing
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Prevention:
Avoid MOT
BCG (0.05), intradermal, right
INFLUENZA/FLU
Causative agent: Type A: Most severe, B: Less severe, C: Rare
MOT: Droplet
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Incubation: 24-72hrs
Symptoms:
Fever, chills
Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Myalgia, Arthralgia
Abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation
Productive cough, rales (abnormal breath sounds)
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LATE
Madarosis
Lagopthalmos inability to close the eyes
Sinking of the bridge of the nose
Leonine face
Gynecomastia
Clawing/Contracture of fingers/toes
Ulcerations
Diagnostic Exam
Slit skin smear presence of mycobacterium (ear lobes, any most active lesion)
Lepromin test determine susceptibility of resistance to Leprosy
Patient Classification
A. Paucibacillary a few bacilli are present, less than 5 lesions are present
1. Indeterminate
2. Tuberculoid
B. Multibacillary more bacilli are present, more than 5 lesions are present
1. Borderline
2. Lepromatous
Treatment
1. Mono-therapy (old tx for Leprosy, Daxone, Avlosulfone)
2. Multi-drug therapy (MDT)
Advantages:
a. Reduces degree of infectiousness
b. Shortens duration of treatment
c. Prevents resistance
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- once a month
- health center; supervised
- daily, self-administered, house tx
- once a month
- health center
- supervised
- daily
- self-administered, house tx
Prevention
1. Avoid MOT (BCG)
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MENINGITIS inflammation of the protective membrane of the brain and the spinal cord
Causative Agent:
1. Bacteria staphylococcus, streptococcus, tubercle bacilli (TB Meningitis), Haemophilus
Influenzae (most common cause of bacterial cause of meningitis on children <5years
old), Neisseria Meningitidis (not selective, for all ages, bacterial meningitis, seldom
occurrence, poor prognosis)
2. Virus (Aseptic) enterovirus; echovirus; mumps virus; HSV (good prognosis)
3. Fungi Cryptococcus neoformans fungus growing on the manure of birds
MOT: Droplet (Droplet precaution)
Incubation: 2-10 days
Symptoms:
i.
ii.
iii.
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Anti-microbial
Anti-inflammatory
Osmotic diuretic
Anti-convulsant
CNS stimulant
Symptomatic/supportive
*Dexamethasone chosen over Prednisone, because Prednisone doesnt cause the blood-brain
barrier
*Dilantine anti-convulsant - oral care, gingival hyperplasia
*Pyritenol CNS Stimulant, non-addicting
*Piracetam
*20% Mannitol check BP, do not give if with hypotension
*If patient is suffering from Increased ICP, what position should you place the client?
- 30 degree angle
Nursing care:
Symptomatic/Supportive
If with increased ICP
o Elevate head at 30 degree angle
o No suctioning via the nose
o Maintain head and body alignment
o Maintain regular bowel movement
ENCEPHALITIS
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Isolation
Bed rest
Hot moist compress
Protective devices (Hand roll, trochanter roll, etc, to prevent claw hand, to maintain
body alignment)
5. Rehabilitation
6. Iron Lung machine (for mgt of Bulbar poliomyelitis from the past)
Prevention: OPV Immunization (2 drops, 6, 10, 14 weeks, with DPT and HepB [PentaHIB])
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SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES
DISCHARGES:
TRICHOMONIASIS
Causative agent: Trichomoas vaginalis
- grows in alkaline pH (5.5 5.8)
- e.g. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, frequent douching
Symptoms:
Foul, profuse, yellow-green, frothy discharge with itchiness (wash with vinegar to
make the environment acidic)
CANDIDIASIS
Causative agent: Candida albicans
- use of antibiotics
- DM
- pregnancy
- aging
Symptoms:
CHLAMYDIA (USA)
Causative Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
Symptoms:
GONORRHEA (Philippines)
Causative Agent: Neisseiria gonorrhea a great scar former if obstructive, can lead to
secondary sterility, it can also lead to PID, which can predispose to
ectopic pregnancy
Symptoms:
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GENITAL ULCERS
SYPHILIS
Causative Agent: Treponema pallidum
Adult:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Congenital:
1. Abortion
2. Stillbirth
3. Lung: Pneumonia alba (syphilitic infection of the lungs of the fetus), difficulty
initiating inspiration upon birth
4. NB:
Early: Snuffles (colds-like symptoms, bloody nasal discharge); Condylomata
(found on the palm of hands and soles of the feet)
Late: Interstitial keratitis (can lead to blindness); saddle nose (pango); cleft
lip/palate (bingot); Hutchinsons teeths (saw-like teeth)
Secondary syphilis: Rashes
Condylomata lata wartlike lesions
Condylomata acuminate Human Papilloma Virus mas malaki kesa sa lata
Saber shin
HPV: Venerial Warts
STDs
Herpes Simplex
HSV1 Labialis (Cold sores/Fever blisters) thru kissing, located at the corner of the lips
HSV2 Genitalis thru sex
Symptoms: Multiple, painful vesicular lesions
*Stress can trigger recurrence
*Herpes whitlow usually in the fingers
Dx:
Syphilis
a. Darkfield illumination test
b. Serologic exams
- VDRL
- FTA Abs (Flourescent Treponemal Antibody absorb test) more reliable test
for Syphilis, because it is very sensitive
c. Herpes simplex Tzancks test
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Tx
Syphilis
- Penicillin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Erythromycin
Herpes Simplex
- Acyclovir
HIV (AIDS)
- AIDS is the end stage of the infection
- Human Immunodeficiency virus, also known as Retrovirus
- source of infection: blood, semen, cervical discharges, breastmilk, CSF
- 6months to 5years or more
- MOT: Person to person, Percutaneous (tattooing, ear piercing), Parenteral (needle-prick),
Placental
HIV, the virus
Retrovirus converts into DNA-virus (enzyme: Reverse transcriptase) attacks T-helper cell
(surface receptor: CD4) causes irreversible damage to immune system
T-helper cell, the target cell
Normal value: 800-1000 and above
Functions:
1. Identifies pathogenic microorganisms, CA agents
2. Mobilizes other elements of immune system
3. Aids fight against infection
Clinical stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
10% BWL
Fever of Unknown Origin, night sweats
Repeated, chronic water diarrhea
Lymphadenopathy (armpit; inguinal)
Flu-like symptoms
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Oral (Candidiasis, Oral Hairy Leukoplakia, Kaposis Sarcoma) *BOLD = AIDS DEFINING
DISEASE
Nervous (Encephalitis, Meningitis, AIDS- dementia, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcus
neoformans)
Respiratory (TB, Pneumocystis Carini Pneumonia, Coccidioidomycosis)
GIT (Diarrhea, Hepatitis, Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium)
Skin (Scabies, Herpes Zoster, Kaposis Sarcoma)
Senses (Blind/deaf)
HIV-associated malignancy:
Kaposis sarcoma
- affects vascular endothelium
- more common among homo/bisexual men
- characterized by purplish-red lesions, not painful or pruritic, flat or indurated
Dx
ELISA (screening)
- detets antibodies to HIV
Western Blot
- confirms presence of antibodies
Tx
A. Nutritional rehabilitation
B. Treat the different opportunistic infections
C. Delay the progress of the disease
HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy)
A. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
1. Zidovudine (AZT)
2. Didanosine (dl)
3. Zalcitabine (ddc)
B. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
1. Nevirapine (Viramune)
2. Delavirdine (Rescriptor)
C. Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
1. Saquinavir (Fortovace)
2. Ritonavir (Norvir)
3. Indinavir (Crivixin)
Nursing care:
1. Psychological/emotional support
2. Isolation:
a. Reverse/Protective
b. Blood and body fluids precaution
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3. Medical asepsis
Prevention:
Screening, Education, Counseling, Training of Commercial Heath Worker (Proper use of
condom)
*Steven-Johnson Syndrome Mupirucin
Hep C
Serum Hepatitis
Post-transfusion
Hepatitis
HBV
HCV
Person-person;
percutaneous;
parenteral
Blood, semen,
cervical discharges
Blood transfusion;
sex; sharing in the
works
Blood, semen,
cervical discharges
2-6weeks
6weeks-6mos
5-8weeks
People at Risk
Lack of Hygiene
Health workers,
blood recipients, drug
addicts, promiscuous
individuals
Blood recipients,
drug addicts
Carrier State
NONE
YES
YES
Cleanliness,
Immunization
Immunization, Blood
screening, Use of
sterile needles,
Monogamous
relationship
0-1%
2-10%
No data
Synonyms
Causative Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Source of infection
Incubation
Prevention
Prognosis
Hep A
Infectious, Epidemic,
Catarrhal Jaundice,
Short IP Hepatitis
HAV
Fecal-Oral
Feces, Saliva
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Post-icteric
Pre-coma Hepatic encephalopathy Asterixis liver flap, Fetur Hepaticus (frothy odor)
Lab Examinations:
1. Liver Function tests:
Total bilirubin (direct, indirect)
Serum Enzymes:
- SGOT (AST)
- SGPT (ALT)
- Alk. Phos.
2. Hepatitis Markers:
Anti-HAV
HBsAg
Anti-HCV
3. Liver Biopsy chronic Hepatitis
4. Ultrasound
Tx (symptomatic, supportive)
Essentiale phospholipid
Cholestyramine or ursidiol
Lamivudine (Zeffix) OD for one year, alpha-interferon (for Caucasians, 3-6mos)
Nursing care:
Diet (high-CHO, hi-CHON, Lo-fat)
- Rest, oral, skin, etc
LEPTOSPIROSIS
(Weils disease, Mud fever; Rat fever; Japanese 7-days fever; Swineherds disease, Canicole
fever)
Causative agent: Leptospira interrogans
Mode of transmission: Inoculation
Incubation period:7-19 days
- common during rainy season
- a zoonotic disease
- at risk: farmers; miners; veterinarians; sewer workers
- liver is also affected leading to jaundice, redness and jaundice of eyes leads to
orange colored eyes
- calf pain
Symptoms:
Fever
Orange Eyes
University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing
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Tx: Chloramphenicol
Nursing Care: Observe for bleeding
Prevention: Vivotif; Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid
PARASITISM
Schistosomiasis/Bilharziasis/Snail Fever/Lagnat Suso
Causative agent: Schistosoma (blood fluke)
Intermediary host: Oncomelania quadrasi (snail)
Mode of Transmission: Inoculation,
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Symptoms:
A. Early:
B. Late:
Dermatitis
Low-graed fever
Abdominal pain
Pallor
On and off dysenteric attacks lasting for several weeks
Abdominal enlargement
Emanciation (malnourish-like)
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Portal Hypertension
Dx
Stool Exam (Katokatz)
COPT Circum-ovale-precipitine test
Tx:
Praziquantel Anti-helminthic (Oral)
Fuadin (injectable)
TAENIASIS (tapeworm)
Taenia Saginata
Taenia Solium
Diphyllobothrium latum
ENTEROBIASIS/Pinworm/Seatworm/Oxyuriasis
Causative agent: Enterobius vermicularis
Mode of Transmission: Fingers (easiest way of getting Pinworm), Food, Seat, Inhalation
Symptoms: Nocturnal Anal Itchiness
TAPE TEST = EARLY IN THE MORNING, BEFORE TAKING A BATH
WHIPWORM
- diarrhea with tenesmus (painful straining on defecation)
- rectal prolapse
HOOKWORM Ancylostomiasis
Causative agent: Ancylostoma duodenale, Necatur americanus
MOT: Walking barefooted
Sx: Dermatitis, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Mental or Growth Retardation
36 | P a g e
AJC
37 | P a g e
AJC