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Introduction
The services sector plays a vital role in sustaining the growth of Pakistans economy, with a
share of 53.3 percent in GDP, and 44 percent (which includes construction sector) in
employed labour force. A cross-country comparison shows share of services sector in GDP
is currently about 75 percent in developed countries; within Asia, share of services in GDP
was 65 percent in Singapore, followed by 54 percent in case of Sri Lanka, 53 percent for
Pakistan, 52 percent for India and 42 percent for Indonesia.
Boundaries between services and industry are changing fast, and about half of all
services in modern industrialized economies are sold and bought while embedded in the
form of goods. While the content and function of goods remain important, the designing,
marketing, consultancy and advertising services claim a share of the value added to goods.
Manufacturing, too, has important contribution from services, such as resource planning,
warehousing, value chain analysis, financial services and inputs, after sales services, and the
logistics of transport and communication. In the modern globalised economies, it has been
shown that not just manufacturing, but designing can also be done anywhere. This has
resulted in much greater significance for engineering design and consultancy.
Apart from services to business and industry, an important class of services relates to
public services by government, which are an indicator of good governance as well as human
development. These include access to and quality of services related to education, health,
environment, transport and communications, and law and order. Many financial services
such as financial regulation are also expected of good governance and the modern tool of
good governance, namely, e-governance contributes towards providing public information
to people so as to reduce time and transaction costs, and increase quality and transparency
of government functioning.
The private sector is now also perceived as an important partner in provision of even
those services which were the traditional preserve of government. Public private
partnerships, when forged properly, can supplement government activities and
programmes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has identified 12 areas with 161 sub-sectors
from the perspective of international trade in services and further aims to liberalise services
sectors in member countries under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
Four modes of supply of services have been identified (Annex I).
For 2004-05, service sector as a whole was targeted to grow by 6.2 percent, but actual
growth was 7.9 percent. The main contributions are sub-sectors such as transport, storage
and communications, wholesale and retail trade, finance and insurance, ownership of
dwellings, public administration and defence, and community and social services, which
grew by 5.6 percent, 12.0 percent, 21.8 percent, 3.5 percent, -0.8 percent and 5.4 percent
respectively. Except for public administration and defence, the private sector is increasing
its share of these sectors, with education, health, housing and transport seeing maximum
growth.
Under GATS The Federal Bureau of Standards (FBS) and The State Bank of Pakistan
(SBP) are the two focal institutions responsible for collecting most of the data related to
GATS. SBP has started compiling Balance of Payments (BOP) statistics from November 2003
onwards on the basis of the Fifth IMF Balance of Payments Manual. Pakistans total
transactions in services amounted to US$ 12.069 billion, with exports of US$ 5.378 billion
and imports of US$ 6.691 billion showing a deficit of US$ 1.313 billion during the two years
2002-03 and 2003-04 (the services sector accounted for 44.5 percent of the deficit in trade of
goods and services).
24.2.
The services sector has strong linkages with major sectors of the economy, and is strongly
embedded in the sale and purchase of commodities and manufactured goods.
24.3.
The salient features of inter-sector backward and forward linkages in the past couple of
years are:
Backward Linkages
i)
Of the non-factors input used by the services sectors, 61.1 percent were
purchased from commodity producing sectors, suggesting strong backward
linkages of services with commodity producing sectors.
ii)
Of the total purchases from the commodity sectors, 73.9 percent were
purchased from manufacturing sector, followed by 14.6 percent from
construction, and 7.7 percent from electricity and gas sectors. The service
sectors purchases from agriculture sector account for 3.3 percent of total
purchases from commodity sectors.
iii)
About 76.5 percent of services sector (public administration and defence, 40.6
percent and transport and communications 35.9 percent) made purchases
from the commodity producing sectors respectively.
Forward linkages
The shares of individual service sectors in total purchases from commodity
producing sectors are agriculture 28.1 percent, mining and manufacturing 70.2 percent,
electricity and gas distribution 1.0 percent, and construction 0.7 percent.
24.4.
During 2003-04, the gross value added in this sub-sector increased by 8.0 percent,
surpassing 5.9 percent growth witnessed in 2002-03, mainly due to 17.1 percent increase in
the output of large-scale manufacturing sector and sharp increase in exports. Resultantly,
the share of W&RT in services and in overall GDP increased to 35.3 percent and 18.4 percent
respectively. The average share of W&RT in services and GDP for the last five years (19992004) has been 34.6 percent and 18.1 percent respectively.
24.5.
The contribution of TS&C sector on the average for the last five years has been 11.4
percent to GDP. However, because of rapid economy growth in recent years, TS & C is
under stress and need major investments in physical and qualitative terms to meet expected
demand.
24.6.
Pakistan has seen an explosive growth in the ICT sector in the last few years with deregulation and ending of the monopolies of the state sector. The number of mobile phones
achieved their 2007 target two years earlier, and the recent deregulation of long distance
(LDI) wireless local loops (WLL), other sections have served to provide faster, better and
wide coverage, all at lower costs.
The opportunities within Pakistan are expanding fast on the back of the
governments programmes for digitizing a wide array of administrative databases relating
to ownership of land and property, taxation, judicial records at all tiers, hospitals, and
agriculture. Education sector, health, private businesses and industry at large are also
investing heavily. Nearly 60,000 IT professionals are operating in the country with an annual
turnover of Rs 12.0 billion (or $ 200 million) of which 15 percent is exported.
24.7.
Banks, DFIs and insurance companies, account for 98 percent of value added in this
sector. The finance and insurance sector comprises State Bank of Pakistan, all scheduled
(domestic, and foreign banks) development financial institutions (DFIs), all insurance (life
and general) companies, Modaraba/leasing companies, moneychangers and stock exchange
brokers. The financial sub-sector consists of all resident corporations principally engaged in
financial intermediations or in auxiliary financial activities related to financial
intermediation.
The State Bank of Pakistan has continued to pursue growth accommodative policy
stance since 1999-2000 which has helped promotion of competition and deepening of the
financial sector while broadening its coverage to include the middle and lower income
groups of the population. The impact of this broad based access to institutional credit on the
economy was found to be direct as well as indirect, as it has diversified the client base from
a narrow focus on government, corporate and foreign trade financing to larger spectrum of
financial services extending to consumer finance, small and medium enterprises (SMEs),
agriculture, housing, construction and micro-finance.
The insurance sector and non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have performed
better during 2003-04. The total insurance premium of life and non-life insurance for
calendar year 2003 was Rs 55.0 billion compared to Rs 44.3 billion for calendar year 2002.
Presently, 61 percent of the total insurance market is life insurance, but a significant
population do not insure their lives on religious grounds.
Under GATS, insurance falls under the purview of financial services and covers all
insurance and insurance-related services, such as direct life and non-life insurance
(including co-insurance), reinsurance and retrocession; insurance intermediation, such as
brokerage and agency work, and auxiliary services such as consultancy, actuarial, risk
assessment, and claim settlement services. While the insurance industry is regarded as a
In the restrictive sense of outlays made on wages and salaries of general government
and the sector employees, it contributes about 6.5 percent to GDP. However, public
administration is synonymous with governance and the quality of service it offers to the
countrys population.
Governments around the globe are gradually coming online using processes in
which Information and Communications Technology (ICT) play an active and significant
role, beyond simple digitalization, or automation of governance services, or provision of
LANs, since it is ultimately a tool for good governance and human development.
The main objectives of e-Governance are to increase transparency of government
working, increase and diversify public information and its value, and increase the quality of
products and services being currently offered. This helps reduce high transaction costs (in
terms of time, efforts and opportunities lost) by timely and relevant access to government
information, specially for those who are disadvantaged or marginalized or living in remote
rural areas.
One instance of improved delivery of services has been in the government postal
department, which hascompleted mail tracking system in 7 Divisions in the country, and is
now competing with several private sector entities for mail and courier services.
24.10. Social, Community and Personal Services
Pakistanis are estimated to spend Rs 72 billion annually on charity and philanthropy.
As Zakaat, it helps provide an important safety net for the disadvantaged sections of society
mostly in the form of education, and medical acre.
Voluntary services by citizens and NGOs are growing in the country in order to
mobilize communities and local stakeholders in the process of development. This has been
effective in highlighting the cause of universal literacy, and gender empowerment and
affirmative actions. This has helped first to supplement the state programs in poverty
alleviation and development, and more important, it has provided a benchmark for
comparison. Madrassa are an important form of this private social net.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
To encourage and assist private sector in setting up specialized researchestablishments and training institutions to cater the state of art of services
market, domestic as well as foreign.
vii)
To improve the methodology for estimating the real output and investment in
the services sectors.
viii)
ix)
x)
Exciting new opportunities are opening up in electronic designing, call centers and
tourism services. There has been rapid growth in call centers and other Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) services. Currently Pakistan offers the lowest cost either for annual /
hourly costs per seat or transaction costs (Source: Prospects of IT Industry in Pakistan, EAC,
Ministry of Industries, May 2004). It is growing at over 60 percent per annum. Medical and
legal transcription, and accounting services are also doing well, as well as engineering
design services.
To strengthen these programmes, emphasis within HRD is now on quality rather
than on numbers only. Increase in broadband services at lower costs is another priority
during MTDF as this will facilitate better quality and speed of services. The allocation for
ICT in MTDF 2005 10 is Rs 24.59 billion, to be spent on increasing infrastructure for greater
tele-density and broadband services (fixed and mobile/wireless), implementing the
governments ambitious programme for better data collection and management through
digitization of various records and database, and HRD.
24.16. Engineering and Manufacturing
The rapid growth during the last four years in manufacturing in general and large
scale manufacturing in particular, has thrown up a whole new set of opportunities for
manufacturing related services such as integrated logistics comprising the entire supply
chain management, software package development for businesses and industry including
procurement of and hardware, warehousing, distribution (transportation and freight
services), packaging activities, and customs clearance. It is therefore planned to facilitate
growth in the private sector for efficient activities focusing on:
i)
Logistics for the manufacturing sector, which include transport and shipping,
warehousing, customs handling
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
An amount of Rs 1.28 billion is planned to be spent during MTDF 2005-10 for the
promotion of tourism, basically in promoting infrastructure and its improvement.
ii)
Apart from the normal effects of agricultural and industrial production, the
major contribution to growth in wholesale and trade sector is expected to
come from import of industrial raw materials and capital goods to materialize
iv)
v)
ii)
iii)
Pakistan has the most liberal policy for investment in services with respect to
its competitive neighboring countries. Many services sectors have been
opened for participation of investment by the foreigners. Further sectors will
be opened in accordance with commitments made under WTO rules in the
service sectors.
v)
vi)
vii)
Annex I
Trade in services with the following four modes of supply as defined in the GATS
S.No
Modes
Contents
Cross-border supply
Consumption abroad
Commercial presence
Annex II
Linkages of Services and Commodity Producing Sectors
(Rs Million )
Sale to
Commodity
Sectors
Purchases
from
Commodity
Sectors
Balance
162,428
5,791
156,637
760
7,061
-6,301
51,039
48,107
2,932
Strong
forward
linkages
6,762
1,545
5,217
Forward
Sectors
Remarks
Strong
forward
linkages
linkages
Real Estate Services
2,345
2,998
-653
Business Services
12,940
1,854
11,086
Strong
forward
linkages
1,078
54,396
-53,318
Education Services
235
1,668
-1,433
Backward
linkages
Healthcare Services
50
2,895
-2,484
Backward
linkages
79
3,616
-3,537
Backward
linkages
Personal and
Household Services
4,190
-4,190
Backward
linkages
237,716
134,121
103,595
Forward
strong
relative to
backward
linkages
Total
Both
( Source: Report of Working Group on Services for MTDF, 2005-10; September 2004)
Annex III
Projected Shares of Services Sectors
Sectors
Benchmark
2009-10
2004-05
Projections
36.1
35.8
2.5
2.8
Transport and
21.1
21.2
5.5
5.7
2.1
2.6
Business Services
0.8
1.2
Education Services
3.8
4.2
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.6
4.7
4.7
13.0
12.1
5.8
5.1
100
100
Communications
Services
Public Administration and
Defence Services
Ownership of Dwellings
Total