6.

10 BRIDGE DATA 3:
Effective span of T beam= 10 m
Width of carriage way= 7.5 m
Thickness of wearing coat =80 mm
Spacing of main girders =2.5 m
Width of kerb =0.5 m
Width of footpath =1 m
Thickness of deck slab =250 mm
Modular ratio =10
Number of main Girders =4
Stress in concrete (compression) =10
Stress in steel (tension) = 200
M30 Grade and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.
As width of carriage way is 7.5m, number of proposed lanes are 2.
Therefore LIVE LOAD COMBINATION: ONE LANE OF 70R OR TWO LANES OF CLASS A

6.10 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 21-2000(Working stress method)

6.10.1 Load calculation for grillage model
(i) Dead load:
Self weight

-1

94

(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
6.10.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal and transverse members:

Fig 6.33: Cross Section of End Longitudinal girder

A=1.037*106 mm2, Yb=914 mm, Ixx =0.2466*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.1233 *10 12 mm4

95

Fig 6.34: Cross Section of Intermediate Longitudinal girder

A=0.975*106 mm2, Yb=906 mm, Ixx =0.240*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.120 *10 12 mm4

6.10.3 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/2

6.10.3.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at mid span:

Table 6.35: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

243

SIDL

282

Table 6.36: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

327

397

70R TRACKED

983

1081

70 R WHEELED

690

862

96

Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=243+282+1081
=1606 kN-m
Design of section:
Effective depth d =

Ast =

= 8676 mm2

= 1041mm.

Provide 12 # of 32
ASt provided =9650 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc hc = 273 mm

1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 6.29

*
<

10

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 141

=
<

(200

)
97

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

6.10.3.2 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/2

Table 6.37: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

SIDL

29

Table 6.38: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

82

98

70R TRACKED

190

208

70 R WHEELED

127

158

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F

=0+29+208 = 237 kN
Check for shear stress
=

>
<

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs.:

Vs =Vu -

*b*d

= 237*103- 0.589*350*1140 =3 kN

Adopt 4 legged 10 @ 200 mm c/c.

98

6.10.4 Design of reinforcement for external girder at l/4:

6.10.4.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at quarter span
Table 6.39: B.M due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

181

SIDL

215

Table 6.40: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

253

307

70R TRACKED

785

863

70 R WHEELED

553

691

Mmax = (Dead Load +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (class A OR 70RTracked OR 70R Wheeled) BM
=181+215+863
=1259 kN-m
Design of section:
Effective depth d =

Ast =

= 922 mm.
2

= 6211 mm

Provide 8 # of 36
ASt provided =8143 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.

99

Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc -

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

hc = 204 mm
1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 4.35

*
<

10

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 125

=
<

(200

6.10.4.2 Design for max. Shear force for external girder

Table 6.41:Max. S.F due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

109

SIDL

104

Table 6.42: Max. S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

119

144

70R TRACKED

344

378

70 R WHEELED

253

316

100

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL)S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)S.F

=

109+104+378 = 591KN

Check for shear stress

=

>

<

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs.

Vs =Vu -

*b*d = 591*103- 0.589*350*1140 =355 kN

=253mm2

Adopt 4 legged 10 @ 150 mm c/c.

6.11 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 112-2011

6.11.1 LOAD CALCULATION FOR GRILLAGE MODEL
(i) Dead load:
Self weight

-1

(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
101

LOAD COMBINATION =1.35*(DL) +1.75 *(SIDL)+1.5*(LIVE LOAD)

6.11.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal and transverse members:

Fig 6.35: Cross Section of End Longitudinal girder

A=1.037*106 mm2, Yc=914 mm, Ixx =0.2466*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.1233 *10 12 mm4

Fig 6.36: Cross Section of Intermediate Longitudinal girder

A=0.975*106 mm2, Yc=906 mm, Ixx =0.240*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.120 *10 12 mm4

102

6.11.3 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/2

6.11.3.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:

Table 6.43: B.M due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

327

SIDL

494

Table 6.44: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

491

596

70R TRACKED

1470

1617

70 R WHEELED

938

1172

Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=327+494+1617
=2438 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange

=1.2 -

=1.2 =0.07

103

x = 77 mm <Df

Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.

Ast =

Ast =
Ast =

mm2

Provide 8 # of 32
Ast provided =6433 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm
Check for deflection and cracking:
1) Deflection:
(i)

=20*0.8*1=16
Provided =

=8.65<16 ok

(ii) Max. Deflection in T beam girder as per grillage analysis =6 mm

Max .deflection as per IRC: 21-2011 for vehicular =
2) Cracking:
Wk= Sr,max * (sm-cm)

Sr,max = 1.3 *(d-x)

=1.3*(1156-899) =257 mm
Wk

= 257*6 *10-4 = 0.1542< 0.3 mm

104

=12.5mm.

6.11.3.2 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/2

Table 6.45: S.F due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

SIDL

41

Table 6.46: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

124

140

70R TRACKED

285

313

70 R WHEELED

190

237

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F

=0 + 41+ 313 = 354 KN

Shear reinforcement:
1) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
2) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*1.415*(80*0.0159*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *350*1156

VRd.c = 440 kN
For 4 legged 10 @200 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =542 kN

105

6.11.4 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/4

6.11.4.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:

Table 6.47: B.M due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

244

SIDL

277

Table 6.48: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

379

460

70R TRACKED

993

1090

70 R WHEELED

722

902

Mmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM
= 244+277+1092
=1613 kN-m

Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange

=1.2 -

=1.2 x = 48 mm <Df

Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.

Ast =

106

Ast =
mm2

Ast =

Provide 4 # of 36
Ast provided =4071 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm

6.11.4.2 Design for max. Shear force for external girder

Table 6.49: Max.S.F due to Dead load and SIDL for external longitudinal girder.
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

109

SIDL

183

Table 6.50: Max. S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder.
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

178

216

70R TRACKED

517

568

70 R WHEELED

381

476

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F

=109+183+568= 860KN
Shear reinforcement:
3) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
4) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*
VRd.c = [0.12*1.415*(80*0.0159*30)

cp]

0.33

*bw*d

+ 0.15*

VRd.c = 440 kN
107

] *350*1156

Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force = 420 kN.

VRd.s=

*z*

For 4 legged 10 @150 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =723 kN

6.12 Deck slab

6.12.1 IRC 21
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:

Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m
K=

=1,

= 0.6

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.05

m2=0.02

Total dead load on the slab panel =7.84*2.5*4.5= 88.2 kN

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are
MB= (0.8*88.2)*(0.05 + 0.15*0.02) =3.73 kN-m
ML= (0.8*88.2)*(0.02+ 0.15*0.05) =1.94 kN-m
Dead load shear force =7.84 * [

] = 9.14 kN

108

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

=0.4,

= 0.6

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.08

m2=0.025

Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 =385 kN

W=Effective load on the span =385 *

= 366 kN

MB=366*(0.08+0.15*0.025) = 30.63 kN-m

ML= 366*(0.025+0.15*0.08) = 13.54 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB =30.63 * 0.8 =24.5kN-m
ML=13.54*0.8 =10.83kN-m

Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25) =1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*(1-

) +bw
109

=5.455 m
Load per metre =

=64

Shear force = 53 kN
Design bending moments are given by:
MB= 3.73+24.63 = 28.63 kN-m
ML= 1.94+10.83 = 12.77 kN-m
Design of slab:
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

=795 mm

=275 mm.

Provide 12 mm dia bars at 125 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

Spacing =

= 354 mm

=221 mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear
Design shear force =63 kN.
Nominal shear =

=0.315

As per IRC 21, we have

c

=k1 *k2*

co

=0.61 N/mm2

Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

110

6.12.2 IRC 112

Deck slab
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:

Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m
K=

=1,

= 0.6

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.05

m2=0.02

Total dead load on the slab panel =11.32*2.5*4.5= 127 kN

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are
MB= (0.8*127)*(0.05 + 0.15*0.02) =5.38 kN-m
ML= (0.8*127)*(0.02 + 0.15*0.05) =2.79 kN-m
Dead load shear force =11.32 *[

] = 13.15 kN

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

= 0.6
111

=0.4,

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.05 m2=0.02
Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 *1.5=577 kN
W=Effective load on the span =577 *

= 548 kN

MB=548 *(0.05+0.15*0.02) = 29 kN-m

ML= 548 *(0.02+0.15*0.05) = 15 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB =29* 0.8 =23.2 kN-m
ML=15*0.8 =12kN-m
Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25) =1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*(1-

) +bw

=5.455m
Load per metre =

=96kN

Design bending moments are given by:

MB= 5.38+23.2 = 28 kN
ML= 2.79+12.9 = 15.69 kN
112

Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab required =102mm
Provided 200mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

= 485 mm

= 161 mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

Spacing =

= 272 mm

=288 mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear
Design shear force =96+13.14 =109.14 kN.
As per IRC 112
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

VRd.c = [0.12*2*(80*0.36*30)0.33 + 0.15*

VRd.c = 551 kN

Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

113

*bw*d
] *1000*200

DISCUSSIONS:

Bending moment due to dead load

350
300

BM in kNm

250
200
150

WSM

100

LSM

50
0
0

span in metres

Fig.6.37 Bending moment variation due to Dead load across the span for 10 m span bridge

Bending moment due to SIDL

600

BM in kNm

500
400
300

WSM

200

LSM

100
0
0

span in metres

Fig.6.38 Bending moment variation due to SIDL across the span for 10 m span bridge

114

Bending moment due to LL

1800
1600

BM in kNm

1400
1200
1000
800

WSM

600

LSM

400
200
0
0

span in metres

Fig.6.39 Bending moment variation due to Live load across the span for 10 m span bridge

Shear Force due to dead load

160
140
120

SF in kN

100
80

WSM

60

LSM

40
20
0
0

Length in metres

Fig.6.40 Shear force variation due to Dead load across the span for 10 m span bridge
115

Shear Force due to SIDL

200
180
160

SF in kN

140
120
100

WSM

80

LSM

60
40
20
0
0

Length in metres

Fig.6.41 Shear force variation due to SIDL across the span for 10 m span bridge

Shear Force due to LL

600

SF in kN

500
400
300

WSM

200

LSM

100
0
0

Length in metres

Fig.6.42 Shear force variation due to Live load across the span for 10 m span bridge

116

The comparison of volume of concrete and area of steel are tabulated below:
Table 6. 51: Comparison of quantity of materials required between two methods at mid span and
quarter span

Volume of concrete(in m3)

Area of steel (in mm2) at L/2
Area of steel (in mm2) at L/4

WSM

LSM

1.035*10-3
9,650
8,143

1.035*
6,433
4,071

As it very visible from above comparison that LSM has found out to be more economical of the
two methods. It means we can design the structure more economically by adopting ultimate
strength design method rather than the WSM.
The savings in concrete is zero, since we have adopted section for both LSM and WSM.
But at mid span the steel difference is quite noticeable compared to WSM, LSM is about 33%
more economic i.e., it consumes less steel than WSM.
However at quarter span the difference is quite noticeable, LSM is about 50% more economic
than WSM.
The main fundamental difference for working stress approach and limit state approach is that, in
working stress approach service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is
not utilized in the full extent, since stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on
elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values. In fact, the whole
structure during the lifespan may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state.
For limit state approach, for each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned
individually depending on the material properties and load properties. Therefore, each element of
load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate
analysis of the structure. In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum
value during its lifespan and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
This is the reason for LSM to be more economical than WSM.

117

In the deck slab, the area of steel in LSM and WSM are found to be same, though the area of
concrete is same for LSM and WSM, since the loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor in
LSM there is no significant change in area of steel. In case of slab the savings of materials in
slabs is almost nill.
But for Shear force reinforcement there is not much of change observed in both deck slab and in
girder. The reinforcement is almost same since the sections taken in LSM.
The reinforcement details of end longitudinal girder at mid and quarter span designed as per
IRC: 21-2000 and IRC: 112-2011 is shown below.

Fig.6.43: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)

118

Fig.6.44 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)

Fig 6.45 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)

119

Fig 46: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)

120