FRESH CONCRETE

Concrete and Concrete

Equipment

FRESH CONCRETE

QUANITY
EXAMPLE

To the designer, fresh concrete

is of little importance. To the
constructor, fresh concrete is
all-important, because it must
be mixed, transported, placed,
supported, consolidated,
finished, and cured.

CEMENT
TRUCK

MIXING
TECHNIQUES

Assume a 700 cy placement.

How much for waste??

Transit-mixed

BATCH PLANT

CENTRAL-MIXED

Accurately proportions
aggregate and cement.
Water is measured in
the truck mixer.

CONCRETE PLANT
STANDARDS
) Cement of cementitious
)
)

materials shall be batched by

weight.
Aggregates shall be batched
by weight.
Water shall be batched by
weight or volume.

MIXER
TYPES

Mixer

MIXER TYPES
Freefall mixers
Tilting mixers
Reversible mixers
Power mixers
Pan mixers
Trough mixers

MIXER TYPES
Reversible concrete mixer with a skip
and tilting hopper.

Tilting
mixer
(drum) in
a centralmix plant

MIXER TYPES
Large
pan
mixer

MIXER
TYPES
Large
pan
mixer

MIXER TYPES
Singleshaft
trough
mixer

HAULING CONCRETE

MIXER TYPES
Twin-shaft
trough
mixer

TRUCK MIXER

Transit-mix truck (truck mixer)

Maximum duration 1 hr or
300 drum revolutions from
introduction of water until

placement.

Rear-discharge
mixer

TRUCK MIXER
Front-discharge
mixer

TRUCK MIXER
Trailer truck mixer

MIXER DRUM

MIXER DRUM

HAULING CONCRETE

CENTRAL
MIX PLANT

Wet Central Mix Concrete

Using dump or agitator
trucks, 30 minute maximum
haul at 70 to 90 degrees.

CENTRAL MIX PLANT

CENTRAL MIX PLANT

On-site
plant for
large
concrete
quantities

Accurately proportions
aggregate, cement and
water, and mixes these
materials automatically.

Compact
mobile plant
for small site

CABLE & BUCKET

SYSTEM

CABLE & BUCKET

SYSTEM

CABLE &
BUCKET
SYSTEM
A Giant 13-cy
bucket used for
the construction
of Glenn Canyon
Dam in the 1960s

CRANE &
BUCKET
SYSTEM

8..

CRANE &
BUCKET
SYSTEM
Bucket for
wall
concreting

34..

35..

CRANE & BUCKET

SYSTEM

CRANE & BUCKET

SYSTEM

Slab
concreting

CONVEYOR SYSTEM

CONVEYOR SYSTEM

Truck-mixer-mounted
belt conveyor

PUMPING

Truck-Mounted
Pump

PUMPING

Truck-Mounted Pump

Max. horizontal reach

nominal reach 12 ft

PUMPING
Truck-Mounted Pump

12 ft

PUMPING
Truck-Mounted
Pump

Consider space
allowance for
outriggers

PUMPING

Two stationary
pumps used on a
bridge project.

PUMPING

Trailer Pump

PUMPING

Pump with Pipeline and

Tower-Mounted Boom

Boom
climbing
inside core
of structure

Pump with Pipeline

and Tower-Mounted
Boom

PUMPING
Pump with
Pipeline and
Tower-Mounted
Boom
External towermounted boom

PUMPING
Pump
with
pipeline
and towermounted
boom

PUMPING
Pump with

pipeline
and towermounted
boom

28..

PUMPING
Pump with

pipeline
and towermounted
boom

PUMPING OUTPUTS
Maximum theoretical outputs
of up to 300 cy per hr
Common building elements of
regular dimensions
40 cy per hr

SHOTCRETING

21..

PUMPING
Pump with
pipeline
and towermounted
boom

PUMPING OUTPUTS
Thick slabs (in excess of 20 in.)
and similar elements
60 cy per hr
Mass concreting of large elements
(i.e. dams, raft foundations)
80 cy per hr

CONCRETE
PLACEMENT
Very important
to prevent
segregation of the
coarse aggregate
during
placement.

CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation
is normally
achieved
through the
use of
mechanical
vibrators.

SCREED

TROWELING
Walk-behind
single-rotor
power trowels

TROWELING
Ride-on
double-rotor
power trowel

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE

When the temperature of

fresh concrete exceeds 85
or 90F, the resulting
strength and durability of
the concrete can be
reduced.

Most specifications require

that concrete be placed at a
temperature of less than
90F. In hot weather it may
be necessary to cool the
ingredients before mixing

10

CURING

SLIPFORM PAVER

Do not forget
about the curing
requirements.

SLIPFORM PAVER

PAVING OVER REBAR

PAVING OVER DOWELS

SIDE FEEDER
Side feeder when paving over
dowels or rebar.

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PAVING THE
MIDDLE LANE

CONCRETE

SMOOTHNESS

SMOOTHNESS

Specifications require smoothness.

Monitor supply of concrete.

Mix design is but a prerequisite.

Many of the problems occurring

in pavements concern what is
done with the mix.
A Profileometer. is used to measure
smoothness.

SMOOTHNESS

SMOOTHNESS

Vibration is a
vital part of the
paving process.

The principle which makes a

slipform paver work is the
consolidation of the concrete
in a confined space.

Control
density.

Weight & Traction

Paver Vibrators

12

SMOOTHNESS

) Paver attitude.

SAWING
JOINTS

SAWING JOINTS

Saw depth

SL
IP
PA FO
V E RM
R

The paver attitude is

the attack angle in
relation to the concrete.

Resulting
crack

BRIDGE DECK

LABOR

Carpenters
Labors
Cement masons
Ironworkers
Teamsters
Operating engineers

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SAFETY

Placing of concrete,
placing by pumping
requires particular
caution!

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