International Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)

ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol. 4, Issue 6, Dec 2014, 37-42
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

EXTENTION OF ROUTHS STABILITY CRITERION FOR THE ANALYTIC CONDITIONS

OF SPONTANEOUS SELF EXCITATION IN INDUCTION GENERATORS
K. SREEKALA
Professor, Sreenarayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kadayiruppu, Ernakulam, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT
The analysis of self excitation is important due to the need to protect the machines from over speeding and over
voltages when accidentally disconnected. In this paper an algebraic criterion for deriving the analytic conditions of
spontaneous self excitation is formulated by extending the Rouths stability criterion. The mathematical analysis of
Induction generators gives rise complex coefficient polynomials. For the stability analysis of equations with complex
coefficients, the Rouths stability criterion is extended using modified Rouths table. In this paper an algebraic criterion
named as Sign pair criterion is developed which makes the analysis simple.

KEYWORDS: Induction Generators, Spontaneous Excitation, Stability Analysis, Complex Coefficients, Sign Pair
Criterion

INTRODUCTION
Self excitation in induction generators refers to a mode of operation where voltages are generated without a
connection of the machine to a voltage source or grid. Self excitation of induction generators is an example of nonlinear
dynamic systems. Instability of the zero equilibrium triggers a departure from the zero state and is referred as spontaneous
self excitation. In such cases, the voltages grow exponentially until magnetic saturation is reached, due to small residual
magnetization. The transient phenomenon of spontaneous excitation is described by Bodson & Kiselychnyk [1] and steady
state analysis is done in [2]. An overview of steady state analysis of self-excited generators, with an extensive list of
references, is provided in [3]. Induction generators have gained interest in recent years because of their ruggedness and
low-cost, and applicability in renewable energy applications [4].
In the case of spontaneous self-excitation, the voltages grow exponentially until magnetic saturation is reached,
due to small initial conditions originating, for example, to residual magnetization. Fortunately, the signals do not grow
indefinitely, but rather converge to the limit cycle of steady-state operation in the magnetic saturation region. In [1], it is
shown that the spontaneous condition is related to the existence of unstable eigenvalues in a 66 matrix. Due to the size of
the matrix, analytic conditions for stability are not found in [1] or elsewhere, and the determination of stability has been
performed numerically. The 6 x 6 matrix is reduced to a 3 x 3 matrix using complex coefficients [1] and stability analysis
is done using Hurwitz test. This paper proposes an algebraic approach, for deriving analytic conditions for stability.
To analyze the stability of complex polynomials, the generalized Routh - Hurwitz method was investigated in
[5] - [9]. Frank [5] and Agashe [6] developed a new Routh like algorithm to determine the number of RHP roots in the
complex case. Benidir and Picinbono [7] proposed an extended Routh table which considers singular cases of vanishing
leading array element. By adding intermediate rows in the Routh array, Shyan and Jason [8] developed a tabular column,
which is also a complicated one. Hashem [9] has done the stability analysis of complex polynomials using the J-fraction
www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

38

K. Sreekala

expansion, Hurwitz Matrix determinant and also generalized Rouths Array.

The characteristic equation of induction generator is formed with complex coefficients using the 3 x 3 matrix
representation. In this approach, formation of Rouths Table is done by retaining the j terms of the complex coefficients
and the stability analysis is done using Sign Pair Criterion .The proof of the method is given in [10].

PROPOSED METHOD- SIGN PAIR CRITERION

For stability, the real parts of all the roots of the characteristic equation must lie on the left half of s plane. In the
Rouths table, all the elements in the first column computed using Rouths algorithm should have same sign for stability.
If the coefficients are complex, Sign Pair Criterion is formulated as given below. In this approach, the elements of
Routh - like table are used to formulate the stability criterion.
The characteristic equation with complex coefficients can be written as shown below.
(1)
The first two rows of Routh-like table are formed using the real and imaginary elements of the complex
coefficients and the subsequent elements of Routh-like table are computed using Routh multiplication rules as shown
below.
Table 1

Using the first column elements, sign pairs are formed as

For an nth order characteristic equation there are 2n pairs in the Routh like table and each pair carries pure real or
pure imaginary terms with same sign when the system is stable. If the two elements in any of the pair do not possess same
sign , the system is unstable. As per Sign pair criterion, it is ascertained that each element of the pair has to maintain the
same sign for the roots of characteristic equation to lie on the left of s-plane.

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Extention of Rouths Stability Criterion for the Analytic Conditions of Spontaneous

Self Excitation in Induction Generators

39

ANALYTIC CONDITIONS FOR SPONTANEOUS EXCITATION

The transient phenomenon of spontaneous excitation is described in [1] and the 3 x 3 matrix representation of
induction generator is given by [1].

(2)

Where

is the stator inductance,

the stator resistance,

mutual inductance between the stator and rotor windings and

represented by

the Rotor inductance,

is the number of pole pairs. The generator speed is

. Each stator winding is attached with a load as well as a capacitor C that is added to provide the required

reactive power. The load is assumed to be purely resistive, with resistance

the load.

the rotor resistance, M the

is the admittance, where

. The capacitor

is connected in parallel with

.The characteristic equation can be obtained by finding the determinant of

which has 3 roots that can lie anywhere in the complex plane. The complex polynomial has the following form as
mentioned by [1] and [2].
(3)
Where
)
)

For obtaining the analytic conditions for spontaneous excitation, with no load and zero stator resistance, the value
of coefficients are as follows.

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

40

K. Sreekala

The Routh table is formed for the complex coefficient equation as shown below.
Table 2

where

and

From the first column elements, it is clear that

and

for stability. Using the fifth

element, the condition for stability can be written as

or
And hence the analytic condition for spontaneous excitation can be written as

Simplifying the above equation,

,
If

the Rotor inductance is negligible,

The above equation can be written as

That is,

(4)
This result is exactly same as that of [1]. From the above equation, the condition for self excitation can be
explained such that the electrical frequency corresponding to the mechanical speed must be greater than the natural
frequency of the LC circuit composed of the stator inductance and of the capacitor.

CONCLUSIONS
The condition for spontaneous self excitation is derived for an Induction Generator using the proposed sign pair
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Extention of Rouths Stability Criterion for the Analytic Conditions of Spontaneous

Self Excitation in Induction Generators

41

criterion which is an extended method of Rouths stability criterion.

REFERENCES
1.

Bodson, M & Kiselychnyk, O 2010, Analytic conditions for spontaneous self-Excitation in induction generators,
American Control Conference, Baltimore, (pp. 2527-2532). USA,

2.

Grantham, C, Sutanto, D & Mismail, B 1989, Steady state and transient analysis of self excited induction
generators, IEE Proceedings, vol. 136, no.2, pp.61- 68.

3.

T. F. Chan, 1994, Steady-state analysis of self-excited induction generators, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion,
vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 288-296.

4.

R. C. Bansal, T. S. Bhatti, & D. P. Kothari, 2003, Bibliography on the application of induction generators in
nonconventional energy systems, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 433-439.

5.

Frank, E 1946, On the zeros of polynomials with complex coefficients, Bulletin of American Mathematical
society, vol. 52, no.10, pp. 144-158.

6.

Agashe, SD 1985, A new general Routh like algorithm to determine the number of RHP Roots of a real or
complex polynomial, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control vol.30, no.4, pp.406-409.

7.

Bendir, M & Picinbono, B 1991, The extended Rouths table with complex case, IEEE Transactions on Automatic
Control, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 253-256.

8.

Shyan S. Chen and Jason S. H. Tsai, 1993, A new Tabular form for determining root distribution of a complex
polynomial with respect to the imaginary axis, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, pp.1536-1541.

9.

Hashem, AMK 1993, Network Synthesis of complex Impedance and complex reactance functions, Ph. D. Thesis,
The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montred, Canada.

10. S. N. Sivanandam and K. Sreekala, 2012, An algebraic Approach for Stability Analysis of Linear Systems with
Complex Coefficient, International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012, pp. 13-16.

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org