Unidad 6 - Sem 16,17.

Slide 1
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13
Slide 2
Statistical Process Control

13-1 Overview
13-2 Control Charts for Variation and Mean
13-3 Control Charts for Attributes
Slide 3
SEMANA 16
Esther Flores Ugarte
ESTADSTICA II
Slide 4
Section 13-1 and 13-2

Overview and Control
Charts for Variation and
Mean
Created by Erin Hodgess, Houston, Texas
Overview
Slide 5
Chapter 2 Review
Center: Measure of center
Variation: Measure of the amount
that scores vary among themselves
Distribution: Nature or shape
of distribution of the data
Outliers: Sample values that are very
far away from majority of other values
Time: Changing characteristics of
the data over time
Overview
Slide 6
Chapter 13
The main objective is to address the
changing characteristics over time.
By monitoring this characteristic, we are
better able to control the production of
goods and services, thereby ensuring
better quality.
Control Charts for

Variation and Mean
Slide 7
Definition
Process Data
These are data arranged according to
some time sequence.
Control Charts for

Variation and Mean
Slide 8
Definition
Process Data
These are data arranged according to
some time sequence.
Important characteristics of process data
can change over time.
Control Charts for

Variation and Mean
Slide 9
Definition
Run Chart
A run chart is a sequential plot of
individual data values over time.
One axis (usually vertical) is used for
the data values, and the other axis
(usually the horizontal) is used for
the time sequence.
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 10
Treating the 80 altimeter errors in Table 13-1 as a string of

consecutive measurements, construct a run chart by
using a vertical axis for the errors and a horizontal axis to
identify the order of the sample data.
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 11
Treating the 80 altimeter errors in Table 13-1 as a string of

consecutive measurements, construct a run chart by
using a vertical axis for the errors and a horizontal axis to
identify the order of the sample data.
We notice that the values on the right of the chart show

more fluctuations than those on the left of the chart. This
increased variation could mean that the altimeters are not
meeting FAA standards. The movement should be
investigated.
Definition
Slide 12
A process is statistically stable (or within

statistical control) if it has natural
variation, with no patterns, cycles, or any
unusual points.
Only when a process is statistically stable
can its data be treated as if they came from
a population with a constant mean,
standard deviation, distribution, and other
characteristics.
Figure 13-2 Process with Patterns
That Are Not Statistically Stable
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
A common goal of many different

methods of quality control is this:
Reduce variation in a
product or a service.
Definition
Slide 18
Random variation
Random variation is due to chance; it is the
type of variation inherent in any process
that is not capable of producing every good
or service exactly the same way every time.
Assignable variation
Assignable variation results from causes
that can be identified.
Control Chart for Monitoring

Variation: The R Chart
Slide 19
Definition
A control chart of a process characteristic (such
as mean or variation) consists of value plotted
sequentially over time, and it includes a center
line as well as a lower control limit (LCL) and an
upper control limit (UCL). The center line
represents a central value of the characteristic
measurements, whereas the control limits are
boundaries used to separate and identify any
points considered to be unusual.

Slide 20
An R chart is a plot of the sample ranges

instead of individual values and is used
to monitor the variation in a process.

Slide 21
An R chart is a Plot of the sample ranges

instead of individual values and is used
to monitor the variation in a process.
The center line would be located at R,
which denotes the mean of all sample
ranges as well as another line for the
lower control limit and a third line for
the upper control limit.
Notation
n = size of each sample, or subgroup
Slide 22
Notation
Slide 23
x = mean of the sample means, which is

equivalent to the mean of all sample
values combined
Notation
Slide 24
x = mean of the sample means, which is

equivalent to the mean of all sample
values combined
R = mean of the sample ranges (that is,the

sum of the sample ranges divided by
the number of samples)
Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
Slide 25
Point plotted: Sample ranges
Monitoring Process
Slide 26

Center line: R
Monitoring Process
Slide 27

Center line: R
Upper Control Limit (UCL): D4R
Monitoring Process
Slide 28

Center line: R

Lower Control Limit (LCL): D3R
Monitoring Process
Slide 29

Center line: R
Lower Control Limit (LCL): D3R

where the values of D4 and D3 are found in
Table 13-2
Table 13-2
Control Chart
Constants
Slide 30
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 31
Refer to the altimeter errors in Table 13-1. Using the

samples of size n = 4 collected each day of manufacturing,
construct a control chart for R.
R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 32

R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
D3 = 0.000
D4 = 2.282
from Table 13-2
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 33

R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
D3 = 0.000
D4 = 2.282
from Table 13-2
D4R = (2.282)(21.2) = 48.4
D3R = (0.000)(21.2) = 0.0
MINITAB Display
R Chart for Errors
Slide 34
Interpreting
Control Charts
Slide 35
Upper and lower control limits of

a control chart are based on the
actual behavior of the process,
not the desired behavior.
Criteria for Determining When a

Process Is Not Statistically Stable
(Out of Statistical Control)
Slide 36
1. There is a pattern, trend, or cycle that is obviously

not random (such as those depicted in Figure 13-2).
2. There is a point lying beyond the upper or lower
control limits.
3. Run of 8 Rule: There are eight consecutive points all
above or all below the center line. (With a
statistically stable process, there is a 0.5 probability
that a point will be above or below the center line, so
it is very unlikely that eight consecutive points will
all be above the center line or below it.)
We will use only the three out-of-control

Slide 37
criteria listed previously, but some
businesses use additional criteria such as these:
There are 6 consecutive points all increasing or all
decreasing.
There are 14 consecutive point alternating between up
and down (such as up, down, up, down, and so on).
Two out of 3 consecutive points are beyond control
limits that are 2 standard deviation away from
centerline.
Four out of 5 consecutive points are beyond control
limits that are 1 standard deviations away from the
centerline.
Example: Statistical
Process Control
Slide 38
Examine the R chart shown in the Minitab display for the

preceding example and determine whether the process
variation is within statistical control.
Process Control
Slide 39

1. There is a pattern, trend, or cycle that is obviously not
random: Going from left to right, there is a pattern of
upward trend.
2. There is a point (the rightmost point) that lies above
the upper control limit.
Process Control
Slide 40

We conclude that the variation (not necessarily the mean)
of the process is out of statistical control. Because the
variation appears to be increasing with time, immediate
corrective action must be taken to fix the variation among
the altimeter errors.
Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
Point plotted: Sample means
Slide 41
Monitoring Process
Center line: x
Slide 42
Monitoring Process
Slide 43
Center line: x
Upper Control Limit (UCL): x + A2R
Monitoring Process
Slide 44
Center line: x
Lower Control Limit (LCL): x A2R
Monitoring Process
Slide 45
Center line: x
Lower Control Limit (LCL): x A2R
where the values of A2 found in Table 13-2.
Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 46

construct a control chart for x. Based on the control chart
for x only, determine whether the process is within
statistical control.
Aircraft Altimeters
x = 2.50 + 2.75 + ...+ 9.75 = 6.45
20
Slide 47
Aircraft Altimeters
x = 2.50 + 2.75 + ...+ 9.75 = 6.45
20
A2 = 0.729
Slide 48
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 49
x = 2.50 + 2.75 + ...+ 9.75 = 6.45

20
A2 = 0.729
UCL: x + A2R = 6.45 + (0.729)(21.2) = 21.9
LCL: x A2R = 6.45 (0.729)(21.2) = 9.0
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 50
Aircraft Altimeters
Slide 51
Examination of the control chart shows that the process

mean is out of statistical control because at least one of
the three out-of-control criteria is not satisfied.
Specifically, the third criterion is not satisfied because
there are 8 (or more) consecutive points all below the
center line. Also, there does appear to be a pattern of an
upward trend. Again, immediate corrective action is
required to fix the production process.
Slide 52
SEMANA 17
Esther Flores Ugarte
ESTADSTICA II
Slide 53
Section 13-3
Control Charts for
Attributes
Created by Erin Hodgess, Houston, Texas
Control Charts
for Attributes
Slide 54
These charts monitor the qualitative

attributes of whether an item has some
particular characteristic.
In the previous section, the charts
monitored the quantitative characteristics.
The control chart for p (or p chart) is
used to monitor the proportion p for
some attribute.
Notation
p = pooled estimate of proportion of
defective items in the process
Slide 55
Notation
Slide 56

total number of defects found among all items sampled

total number of items sampled
Notation
Slide 57


q = pooled estimate of the proportion of

process items that are not defective
Notation
Slide 58



= 1p
Notation
Slide 59



= 1p
n = size of each sample (not the number of

samples)
Control Chart for p
Slide 60
Control Chart for p

Center line: p
Slide 61
Control Chart for p

Center line: p
Upper control limit: p + 3
pq
n
Slide 62
Control Chart for p

Center line: p
Lower control limit: p 3
pq
n
pq
n
Slide 63
Control Chart for p
Slide 64
Center line: p
Lower control limit: p 3
pq
n
pq
n
(If calculation for the lower control limit results in a

negative value, use 0 instead. If the calculation for the
upper control limit exceeds 1, use 1 instead.)
Example:
In 13 consecutive years 100,000 were

randomly selected and the number who died from Slide 65
respiratory tract infections is reported below. Construct a
control chart for p and determine whether the process is
within statistical control.
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
Example:

Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
Example:

Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
q = 1 p = 0.999712
Example:

Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
q = 1 p = 0.999712
p+3
pq
n
= 0.000449
p3
pq
n
= 0.000127
P Chart for Death from

Respiratory Tract Infections
Slide 69
Example:

Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
Interpretation: Using the three out-of-control criteria listed
in Section 13-2, we conclude that this process is out of
statistical control since from the p-chart there appears to be
an upward trend, and there are eight consecutive points all
lying above the centerline (Run of 8 Rule). Based on these
data, public health policies affecting respiratory tract
infections should be modified to cause a decrease in the
death rate.

Unidad 6 - Sem 16,17.

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Unidad 6 - Sem 16,17.

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Slide 1

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Statistical Process Control

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Esther Flores Ugarte

Section 13-1 and 13-2

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Control Charts for

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Control Charts for

Control Charts for

Treating the 80 altimeter errors in Table 13-1 as a string of

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Treating the 80 altimeter errors in Table 13-1 as a string of

We notice that the values on the right of the chart show

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

A process is statistically stable (or within

Figure 13-2 Process with Patterns

That Are Not Statistically Stable

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13-2 Process with Patterns

That Are Not Statistically Stable

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13-2 Process with Patterns

That Are Not Statistically Stable

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13-2 Process with Patterns

That Are Not Statistically Stable

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

A common goal of many different

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Control Chart for Monitoring

Control Chart for Monitoring

An R chart is a plot of the sample ranges

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Control Chart for Monitoring

An R chart is a Plot of the sample ranges

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

n = size of each sample, or subgroup

x = mean of the sample means, which is

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

n = size of each sample, or subgroup

x = mean of the sample means, which is

R = mean of the sample ranges (that is,the

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point plotted: Sample ranges

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point plotted: Sample ranges

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point plotted: Sample ranges

Upper Control Limit (UCL): D4R

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point plotted: Sample ranges

Upper Control Limit (UCL): D4R

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point plotted: Sample ranges

Lower Control Limit (LCL): D3R

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Refer to the altimeter errors in Table 13-1. Using the

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Refer to the altimeter errors in Table 13-1. Using the