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UnitUnit-I
Unit-I
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION TO HV TECHNOLOGY
The numerical definition of high voltage depends on the context of the discussion.
Two factors considered in the classification of a "high voltage" are the possibility of causing
a spark in air and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity. The definitions may
refer to the voltage either between two conductors of a system or between any conductor and
ground.
In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any
voltage over approximately 35,000 volts. This is a classification based on the design of
apparatus and insulation.
The International Electro-technical Commission and its national counterparts (IET,
IEEE, VDE, etc.) define high voltage circuits as those with more than 1000 V for
alternating current and at least 1500 V for direct current, and distinguish it from low
voltage (501000 V AC or 1201500 V DC) and extra-low voltage (<50 V AC or <120 V
DC) circuits. This is in the context of building wiring and the safety of electrical apparatus.
In the National Electrical Code (NEC), high voltage is any voltage over 600 V.
British Standard (BS 7671:2008) defines high voltage as any voltage difference between
conductors that is higher than 1000 V AC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage
difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 V AC or 900 V ripplefree DC.
The general public may consider household mains circuits (100250 V AC), which
carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage.
Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current
to flow through a human being touching two points of a circuit, so safety standards, in
general, are more restrictive where the chance of contact with such high-voltage circuits
exists.
In digital electronics, a high voltage is the one that represents logic 1; this may be
only several hundred millivolts for some logic families.
The definition of extra high voltage (EHV) depends on the context of the
discussion. In electric power transmission engineering this refers to equipment designed
for more than 345,000 volts between conductors. In electronics systems, a power supply
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LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
EXTRA and
Since the exact magnitude of these levels vary from country to country. Hence this
system of technical terms for the voltage levels is inappropriate. In most part of the world
even 440 V is considered to be high voltage since it is dangerous for the living being. Hence
it would be more appropriate to always mention the level of voltage being referred without
any set nomenclature.
VOLTAGE LEVELS
Consumer
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Hence for the same magnitude of I2R losses to limit the conductor or the insulation
temperature to 70 C (for PVC), the resistance of the distribution cable should be 4
times lower. Therefore, the cable cross-section area has to be increased four folds.
Four times more copper requirement, dumped in the building walls is an expensive
venture.
Due to higher magnitude of current, higher magnetic field in the buildings. Not good
for health.
With the installation of modern inexpensive protective devices (earth fault relays),
220 V is equally safe as 110 V.
REFERENCE:
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcoursehttp://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IITcontents/IITKANPUR/HighVoltageEngg/ui/Course_home1_1.htm
en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/h
.wikipedia.org/wiki/high_volt
/wiki/high_voltage.htm
igh_voltage.htm #Definition
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The electric power (P) transmitted on an overhead A.C. line increases approximately
with the surge impedance loading or the square of the systems operating voltage. Thus for a
transmission line of surge impedance ZL (250) at an operating voltage V, the power
transfer capability is approximately P = V2/ZL, which for an overhead A.C. system leads to
the following results:
V (kV)
P (MW)
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400
640
700
2000
1000
4000
1200
5800
1500
9000
The rapidly increasing transmission voltage level in recent decades is a result of the
growing demand for electrical energy, coupled with the development of large hydroelectric
power stations at sites far remote from centres of industrial activity and the need to transmit
the energy over long distances to the centres. However, environmental concerns have
imposed limitations on system expansion resulting in the need to better utilize existing
transmission systems. This has led to the development of Flexible A.C. Transmission
Systems (FACTS) which are based on newly developing high-power electronic devices such
as GTOs and IGBTs. Examples of FACTS systems include Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitors and STATCOMS. The FACTS devices improve the utilization of a transmission
system by increasing power transfer capability. Although the majority of the worlds electric
transmission is carried on A.C. systems, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission by
overhead lines, submarine cables, and back-to-back installations provides an attractive
alternative for bulk power transfer.
REFERENCE:
en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/e
.wikipedia.org/wiki/electric_power_transmission.htm
/wiki/electric_power_transmission.htm
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ii.
iii.
iv.
High transient or impulse voltages of very short duration such as lightning over
voltages, and
v.
Normally, in high voltage testing, the current under conditions of failure is limited to
a small value (less than an ampere in the case of D.C. or A.C. voltages and few amperes in
the case of impulse or transient voltages). But in certain cases, like the testing of surge
diverters or the short circuit testing of switchgear, high current testing with several hundreds
of amperes is of importance. Tests on surge diverters require high surge currents of the order
of several kilo-amperes. Therefore, test facilities require high voltage and high current
generators. High impulse current generation is also required along with voltage generation for
testing purposes.
REFERENCE:
HVE: Kamraju
Kamraju Naidu: PP-104
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Transmission of high power across long distance with very little power loss.
ii.
High voltage is needed when we use high power equipments (industrial and
medical instruments) as high current is difficult to generate and high voltage
source is easily available (3-ph AC or high voltage DC transmission lines).
iii.
As it is easy to convert High value power into lower values using transformers and
voltage dividers to get desired value so high voltages are used in industry.
iv.
Generation of high D.C. voltages is required in research work in the areas of pure
and applied physics.
v.
High direct voltages are needed in insulation tests on cables and capacitors.
vi.
Impulse generator charging units also require high D.C. voltages of about 100 to
200 kV.
vii.
For the generation of D.C. voltages of up to 100 kV, electronic valve rectifiers are
used and the output currents are about 100 mA.
REFERENCE:
www.answers.yahoo.com
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PROBLEMS
Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
What is the need for generating high voltages in laboratory? Name various methods of
HV generation?
Q. 4
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