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THE
'
EASTERN QUESTIOK
BY THE
LA.TE
LIFE.
WITH A PREFACE
By
D.D.^
DEAN OF WESTMINSTEK.
WITH
MAP.
LONDON
A. laufoio
LONDOBf ;
BEADEUEY, AGNEW,
&
CO.,
PEINTERS, WniTEFKIAKS.
PEEFACE.
HAVE been asked
to tlie
to write a
slight
on questions
whole public
which.,
life,
were
many
qualifications
of
was pursued
into
much
But
my own
long experienced.
Though
may
recollections,
still
my own
never to be forgotten.
My first
of 1853,
sight of
my
earhest visit to
It
was
PBEFACE.
vi
on the eve
war.
of the troubles
wHch
preceded
it
Crimean
tlie
the Eussian
left
may
well be sup-
from
of leisure to snatch
crisis.
being
of
had
for I
was not
all
till
men's mouths.
my
It
stay at Constan-
of so regal a
common
addressed to
monuments
of
me
and when,
three searching
after
questions
all
having
on the
seemed to scatter
lift,
of Palestine,
he suddenly
lifted,
He
dis-
member
inspired
the kind
:
"
What
all
his
of thrill
is
expressions
which
and I
his parting
words
We
re-
is to
take place.
It
may be
that
move
PREFACE.
Or
as before.
last'
that
which the
many
may be
it
we
that
vii
'
world,
That event
is
round
it
one
who from
saw anythiag
Lord
of
mind
dealings,
Stratford's
the
as
key
to
his
tremendous power.
was
state so requii-ed
that
it
so far
from being an
infirmity,
of exceeding sharpness,
"
The
resist-
care with
such
that,
as
it
though yielding
He
describes how,
to
Constantinople,
safety,
when "the
"the
tive truth,
that
all
to
fate
fall
the
itself,
before him."
event
spread a sense
of
the time
"Lord
Stratford
was
PEEFACE.
did
and,
imagining
tliat
him
to
because he was in the right, he never came to understand the awe which he inspired."
I heard in 1855, from the most intimate sources, of
Lord
Stratford's conduct
and anxieties
dimng
Crimean
war.
seen,
weight
which
himself,
wants
of the
or induced others to
apj)ly themselves,
by
under the
was needed,
kindness was
Bosphorus had
by tenders
of pecuniary aid
of personal kindness
felt
What-
fallen.
where personal
where
letters
was
gifts,
When
remaining un-
(it
letters did
may be through
not
the imperfect
by
went again
1861.
all
demanded.
to Constantinople in the
autumn
retired fi*om
of
what
PREFACE.
ia;
may be
renown
of
fully
Ms
deeds
still lived,
remembered by
but
who
all of
tlie
wrongs
instant redress of
tell of
or
Armenian
felt that
known
Wherever Greek
Sublime Porte.
that in
him
it
was
The monks
in vain.
stir
Mount Athos,
of
however
glowed with
to their ears,
as the repre-
of
generosity
of Stratford Canning.
it
was
effective
The Turks
that he
its
abuses.
was
their friend.
In his
to
knew
which
for years
its evil
deeds.
its ruin,
who
coun-
PEEFACE.
him
selled
The
of his future
The young
England
is little."
He
of
In
later years
The
presence.
was more
sight of such
an atmosphere raised
far
above the
Such an old
age,
with the
fire of
memory
of the past,
old
had
sufficient to
was
knew
it.
"
How
is
man
David
old
rises up,
is
man
gives
himself again
all
!
"
was
striking,"
when
he
in his ex-
it
The
felt, it
PKEFACE.
expressed, as
if
was confined
partly on the
memory
liveliest
recollection,
partly
brated
for
his
on the
to retain
life,
admiration
he loved to dwell
classical studies of
the
xi
above
illustrious
all
a grateful
kinsman,
George
He
Duke
of Portland, speaking of
the
of fame
the blush of generous shame
Unquenchable
me with
man that I
thirst
toil
Yirgil
was constantly
and majesty
in his
were a constant
solace.
Vincet amor
utcunque ferent ea
patrise,
of
facta minores,
PREFACE.
seemed as
the lapse of
it
filled their
He had
boy
into the
House
of
as
When
He
Commons by Pitt.
how on
of the
if
In a deep
cries.
on the
table,
by clamour ?
'
he exclaimed,
'
Am
I to be interrupted
In
His
poem on Alfred
meditations.
how
and early
of long
his country,
it
for
I did
When
He was
of Alfred's birth.
spoke of Shakspeare.
the world.'
be interesting."
to
"
'
How profound
Eeverence
is
that line
He
often
the angel of
I should like
an essay upon
effect of
fact is
is
to write
it
The
PREFACE,
great characteristic
was
xiii
tlie
of quotations,
faithfulness
Ken's evening
nui'se ninety
the
to
was retained
He
end.
Avith
repeated
he had
if
heard
it
since,
it."
He
why
there should be
" Because on
"
Why am
it
He asked himself
of
the question,
" I
am
miuute controversies.
am
of Christianity
shade, the
smaller difficulties or
a believer of
its
grander
miracles," that
of
its
which threw
all
others
into the
Christ.
drew
to its close.
who had
pre-
advanced age
whom
respect.
of
ninety-three
David
Morier,
for
The
son,
who
is
now
the
distinguished
PKEFACB.
xiv
England
Minister
of
his
visit:
final
"His
in
Portugal,
was as
iatellect
as keen, as
when
lit
up
and
It
which
warm
splendid outlines,
He
politics
'
his
clear,
records
tlius
I could
was waiting
He
to receive
rests in the
him with
due honour."
humble churchyard
at Erant, in the
which he had
so
He
often enjoyed.
deserved,
it
its
own shade
of the
of unpopularitv
so deeply identified
of supporting
although glorified by
setting splendour,
services
to
his
who
name
to
be venerated by
Ambassador in
this century.
A. P.
s.
CONTENTS.
PREFACE
TABLE OF EVENTS
xvi
INTEODUGTION
xxi
PAET
I.
III.
IV.
V.
Difficulty
29
IX.
X.
10
22
32
38
sion OF Teeeitoey
is
49
60
PART
II,
65
97
xm.
International Relations
and how they may be
Maintained for the best Interests of Mankind
XIV.
dence
XV.
134
159
denceII
182
TABLE OF EVENTS
(1875 to 1878.)
1875.
July
\st.
October 1th.
Bccemher 2Sth.
Jamtanj Slst.
'
'
1.
2.
their pacification.
the insurgents.
Feirvary
13th.
The
in the Andrassy Note, but declined the thii'd clause, by which the
proceeds of the direct taxation in the provinces of Bosnia and Herze-
TASLB of ETENTS.
svii
May
1st.
3lay 6th.
riot
three Emperors who met for the purpose at Berlin. Proposes to insist with
energy on an. armistice of two months between the Porte and the insurgents in order to open away for direct negotiations between the Turkish
2.
4.
6.
3.
of the
Powers
shall
May
Wth.
Memorandum on
by the Porte, and that if they could, the remedy would be only
and fall short of the exigences of the case.
partial
fleet
9th.
affairs
Turks,,
Abdul Hamid.
September
6*/;.. Publication
of
Mr.
Gladstone's
pamphlet,
" Bulgarian
Horrore."
i
TABLE OF EVENTS.
xiriii
Novemher
Ist.
Armistice of
eight weeks
demanded by Russia in an
Ulti-
of
1877.
teeing Powers.
February 11th.
Peace concluded at
Servia.
Opening of the
Turkish Parliament.
London Protocol signed^The Powers accept the assurances of
the Porte as regards Reform Recommend disarmament in face of
peace with Sei-via and Montenegro. Russian Emperor will treat of
March
March
Vith.
first
Z\st.
if
his promises,
and the
St. Peters-
state of
the
jLpril lOi/t.
affairs.
April 24iA.
May
Montenegro recommences
Eussiana cross the Danube.
Serious Eussian reverses in Asia.
July 20th. Eussian repulse at Plevna.
June 12th.
hostilities.
Ju/ne 22nd.
Ju/iie 25tJi.
Imperial
guai'd
Bulgaria.
October 15th.
November
December
December
Pall of Kars.
FaU of Plevna.
lith. Servia declares war a second time.
l%th.
lOth.
to
TABLE OF EVENTS.
xix
1878.
ith.
Janioary
IQith.
2iird.
fleet
counter-
manded.
January 28tli,. Terms of Peace as communicated to Count SchouvaJofl
announced in the House of Commons. Chancellor of the Exchequer
moves for a vote of credit for 6,000,000.
February 7th. Russians continue to advance on Constantinople. British
fleet finally
March
Srd.
April 2nd. Lord Salisbury's Circular explaining why England could not go
March
at Berlin.
Government
and
and in order
to enable
by
her."
TABLE OF EVENTS.
XX
Boenia and Herzegovina provisionally, in the interests of Peace. Montenegro to have Antivari and an increase of territory. Servia also to
receive an extension. Eectification of Greek frontier recommended.
Part of Bessarabia, confiscated by the Treaty of 1856, to be restored to
Russia. The Dobrudja, including Silistria and Mangg,lia, to Eoumania.
Batoum, Kars and Ardahan all to become Russian, with the proviso that
Batoum should be made a free commercial port. War indemnity not
payable
July
22ncl.
till all
";
INTRODUCTION.
In presenting these Papers under their collected
would seem
title-page
to
of statesmen
be
little
is
but
it
is
advantageously quoted.
When
may be
here
submitting to public
in September, 1876,
Lord
in
outline,
Free as I
of
anyone
am from
that
my experience to clear
my natural
May
those
indulgent.
purpose.
first
attention
be
my
Peace
instance
is
their
(then, existing-
of
war
INTRODUCTION.
cies)
to
and
anxiety,
less
Christian supporters.
party
politics.
sanguine writers
who
di-eam
of
of "Western freedom,'
but I go so far as to persuade myself that with competent guidance the Ottoman authorities, and even
their subjects,
may be
would be
notes,
war in
its shrillest
them on grounds
of general interest."
of
Lord
Strat-
the Eastern
first local
disturb-
and he would have had England sooner recognize what he considered the magnitude and extent of
laid,
the danger.
of Paris
least
central place
and
He would
115TR0DUCTIDN.
Empire
and
fearlessly
to
Sxiii
by right
of her
On
it.
steadily
Power
especially
if
friendly
more
as
such
and
by her
successful.
He
never advo-
must
give the Turk a loop-hole, for if you once got him
with his back to the wall, he would fight to the very
end.
It was not to be, however, and when at last the
country woke up to the gravity of the impending
crisis, Turkey, dishonoured and disgraced, was already
cated force, and constantly insisted that you
^whether
for
good or
ill
veterate foe.
The papers
their dates,
last
having been
of
memoranda
They
hitherto unpublished,
own use
or at the
and
of his views,
dormant for
INTRODUCTION.
xxiv
European
politics.
Selections
have
necessarily
several articles
December, 1880.
PART
I.
THE
EASTEEN QUESTION.
I.
TURKISH FINANCE.
[The following
is
financial state of
on the
debt. ]
The
financial state
of the Turkish
Empire
is
not alone
interesting to those
the
Porte's revenue.
the
allied
it.
England,
It is
all
that
eventually embarrassing
is
However, be that as
it
[i-
and a
to that
or
Germany, or both,
to attack or seriously to
menace the
commanding
position
in the
Conference at Paris.
its
cause, whether
it
means of
which especially
Greeks, Servians, Roumanians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Albanians, Bosnians and Montenegrins, whether subjects or
recognizing the Sultan as their suzerain, look to some opportunity for asserting their independence.
They can be
easily
is
on
terms of amity with the greater Powers, but they are dangerously explosive
without.
Add
to this cause of
for support
from
evident
sacrificed,
that
the half or
OFFICIAL EXTRAVAGANCE.
1874.]
money has
to be
it
can
The wretched
continues.
The popu-
still
lation is geiierally
it
those pro-
crown
all,
wants.
numerous
The
Civil List,
officials are
The Turks,
on
and the
salaries
and pensions of
To
seconded by
Their good
their interest.
it loss
willingly
The danger lies in their increasing necesThe Porte has lately made arrangements with
the Ottoman Bank, which, if made in a right spirit and
fairly carried out, may warrant a cautious renewal of confidence on the part of capitalists and shareholders.
But
Christendom.
sities.
Misgivings are
and economy
is
still
entertained in
some observant
quai'ters,
at Constantinople.
To form
even an approximative
and a
half, or, at
There was
B 2
4
ii
[r.
in a year or two.
barked in
its
At
European markets.
Within the
last
increase at twelve
millions.
and
security, with
The
public
its
this
this
unwise
guarantees,
Is
it
employ-
may be
friendly suggestions
A FORECAST OP DANGER.
1871.]
would surely be
the
three
fair
allies
to
Sooner or later
it
if
Turkey
Let
it
its
Our
is
Turkey might
indeed not improbably justify an exceptional interference on
behalf of our numerous bond-holders. But that is not the
purely political.
matter in hand.
vated by
its
he knows,
is
in the path.
A false
its author's.
sympathy might be
vitality
by the warmth of a
flattering
such a contingency
quite possible, but are we sure that the snake does not
bosom
of
its
dupe, and
is
the
it,
calculation,
would, even
if
on the Government.
II.
many
Decembee
That Turkey
31st, 1875.
is
;
my
but to
apprehension
it
would be a
way
for
England
is to
leave
it
who
in
entirety alone.
Among
their wants,
feel
Nor
to
are
and prudence
Sultan's
Mussulman
to be
The Eastern
dm-ation.
question
is
Like a volcano,
it
but
its
have
for
destructive.
all,
life,
the agonies of
its
1875.]
PASSIVE.
if
not into
hostilities.
Under
may
well be dreaded.
Such an
attitude with
True
attendant duties.
that of two
it is
evils
its
would be better
War on
side,
influence, exercised
The Treaty
it
wherever the
afi'airs
of
Turkey
are concerned.
If the
There
but Eussia
is,
is
no reason
nevertheless,
The moral
insistance of
England would
nor
is
its
in all hlielihood
administrative, in par-
of her policy
five
moreover,
all
would be more
lUcely
to
assent
The
to
Sultan,
measures
when proposed
the Powers and recommended by England
him by all
whose counsels have always had a defensive or conservative
defensive as to the Danube and the Bosphorus,
character,
to
&
[n.
Objections
may
and therefore
The measures
to
be accepted with
lesser
it.
mixed
The
from without.
would be
twofold arrangement
difficulties of this
No
embarrassments.
good end
is to
be attained by under-
Government
to
meet the
fair
demands of the
But
all,
of a
some newspaper
articles
on that
The
who
Crimean War.
NECESSITY OF EEFOEM.
1875.J
pretation, moreover,
was an act of
reliance
on the Sultan's
By
counterpledge.
the
table of reforms
Constantinople
proof of
Mussulman Government.
It is
the forbearance of
all
Their inter-
special
its
aggrandizement;
recommend
it
Steatfoed de Eedcliffe.
III.
and an explanation of
its
May
By
it
politics.
"Well
increased
its difficulties
it
16, 1876.
and given
it
continues
European
settle it
have
So rapid
By
may
Even
hesitation, acknowledged.
have
articles
significant title
lately
At
The mediating
who now
and at
that of a
it,
paramount journal,
head a most
in your
is
be said to
commanding
this point
it
action in
may be
some
effective shape.
1876.]
11
Question."
obvious enough to
all
who have
But
meaning
its
or'
taken pains to
and the
extent of
its
For the
question we must
origin
Turks as a
and
to the
To
full
British interests.
manner
is
temper which
facilitates the
tends to shorten
its
duration.
exercise
Their fanaticism
conquered in subjection
but the
them
effect of these
and of utter
from
all
little
room
for error in
ment were
12
With Turk,
will
[iir.
and the
excite hostility,
evils of
misgovernment
will
History con-
The
decline of that
against Vienna.
Sultan
Although
was checkered
to judge
its
it
pace.
effects of the
bordering Powers
who
either were
most molested by
its
its
At one time
interests.
it
It was not
1876.]
Bessarabia, and
13
privileges bordering
this,
Egypt
Sultan,
fell off
on
its
political separation.
More than
all
Greece with
its
By way
Government shook
off
a variety of en-
its
authority,
for
mUitary
Mahmoud,
The
army was
created,
fee,
in
Enough
of evU
still
life
and
nourish,
financial
if
fail
to
may
survive,
still
power in the
of
full
to the
arms of England
if
she
14
after took
possessed.
[iir.
England.
Turk's
character to the
initiated
relation
then took
its
To
with
more
settled
Christendom
as
European
its
at
The
by Sultan Abdul-Medjid
made
be a fixed policy,
peace.
1876.]
It is not
an
idle curiosity
15
purposes.
its
intended
Crimean "War a
the
The
The Syrian
by Eussia, was
disciplined legions of
to detach
left to
Omer Pasha.
Greece in
its
attempt
disturbance was
Montenegro, un-
Though Russia
Treat}', the
impatience of
any
ulterior designs.
Have
The
basis
of national
prevailed.
Empire.
strength), a
extravagance has
and railways
ironclads requiring
[in.
been pm'chased
means of the
What
State.
sequences
of
and
folHes
these
the
though
general inquietude,
Why,
delinquencies ?
(at least,
partial, insurrection, a
perhaps,
hostilities, involving,
who
*****
if
properly served,
However the
proportions.
which
case
may be
in those
was natural
to apprehend
and that part threatens to quicken into larger
The first attempt from without to restore
it
districts, if
failed.
present appearances
The
six
may
A PLAN OP KBPOEM.
187B.]
17
sm'es as in
my judgment
The remedies
Where there is
Where
confidence within
the Eastern
difjficulty to
a peaceful solution.
When
to be pernicious, safety
shown by experience
of a
sounder kind.
for the
cessity
State's vitality
sources
Hence the
first
point to be established
is
equality of all
The next
is
reform of the
fiscal administration.
all
Army, with
all
other secular
man
subjects.
and
no suffering or
forfeiture shall
be
inflicted
18
number
of
whose members
[iil.
His
made
and the
effective
the
and his
execution of
*****
Objections, however,
ment comprising
so
complicated machinery.
to the right of foreign
much
Doubts may
also be entertained as
Governments to carry
their inter-
monstrance.
be employed,
if at
suggested above
all,
may
in the
instance.
first
The terms
efficient.
has done.
deed, be warranted
of
peace,
national individuality as
itself allow it to enjoy.
of right is required,
circumstances
If somethiiig
we must take
cost of
life
originating
more
from
positive in point
much
Empire, and
A caoiCE OP
1876.]
on
its behalf.
Christendom
name
the
if
EVILS.
19
bound
eventually
still
to
make
It
for
and the
indifference,
Christian Governments.
if
man
destructive
of
Turkish
ascendency,
encourages
very
different expectation.
Let
is
it
that the
Powers
and his
that such
interference ending in
supposed.
It is obvious that
where there
is
is
only a choice of
what may be
fairly
evils,
the
termed a necessity.
were deemed after due reflection on any account inadmissible, the great interests involved in the
tion,
Eastern Ques-
and
at times to unc 2
THE BASTEBN
20
settle
far to secure
from
The
who
-niU
ptl.
The command
of the
transfer of Constantinople
those
QUESTION".
its
present occupants to
it
commerce and
its
A hint
Porte, at
of
visit
to
that
belt
such
of
it
authorities.
To go
1876.]
21
no further, Mahomedan Egypt, as every oue knows, is tributary to the Sultan and in Mahmoud's reign, not half a
;
its
value.
Steatfoed de Eedcliffe.
IV.
[Tliis letter
SErTEMBEU 9th,
The
1876.
The
of the pen,
past engage
you
it
all
me
special interest
now
perilous consequences.
is,
to be
Little
pregnant
more than a
Those who,
like myself,
fail to
it
an extension
Emperors, from
whom
Even
fatal to the
peace
now proved
to have
1876.]
is
still
23
strengthen the
fluctuating, that
an adequate
result.
w'
3s'
p'
Jjf
P'
hostilities in
them must evidently be great. The proud habit of comside, and the natural love of independence on
the other, would in any case dispose them to keep apart.
mand on one
To overcome
this
What
is
But it
The terms
is
not
if possible,
my
A
Why
The
for
a pre-
present pm'pose.
weU-known proverb
should not this
tells
maxim
us that "union
is force."
Government give us a
now?
But such
which recommends
sacrifices of a painful, or
even unusual,
24
THil
JiASTEEN QUESTION.
tiV.
than that of
far other
A truism
It only
such as
Good
both.
To me
appears to be
it
last.
The
doubt.
little
its effect
a general sense of
tlie
inefficiency
of Lord
Derby
liis
part in
it
as affording
no marked reason
for suspecting
present hostilities,
Turkey by
practi,ce
it
its
difficulty in
settling the
nevertheless, considerations of no
if
the
There are
1876.]
naturally
25
in Herzegovina,
selves
Though
resources.
living
far
auxiliary
in
still
to
also
animated by motives of
territorial interest,
Turkish
they were at
atrocities in
Bulgaria, and
who
more
was impelled by
to his
Throne and
existence.
means of
the Powers of
j)ersonal
The
Provincials.
Servians themselves
mny be
deficient in
of Christianity,
acts
but their
of individual impulse
established system.
There
much
still,
perhaps, tributary
But,
any amount of
it
is
we
simply revolting.
As we
are
now supposing
it
may hope
by
its
26
unsparing sword.
moneyed
are
now
classes of
have enabled
it
[iv-
War
it
allies,
on
Do
partially realized.
right
nay,
and
humanity
for,
what lover of
interests,
would seek to
dependent Straits
its
they will be of
little
result of media-
Turkish authority.
Not
precaution.
want of faith.
Tutored as the Turks have been from time to time during
still averse from foreign inter-
and therefore
be brought
home
it is
most con-
mixed
ISre.]
Governments.
palatable to the
to
27
their
respective
anticipation.
may
be
left
in
it,
would expose
their
if
themselves to the
annoyance
of
having
etiquette.
It is to be
Powers,
if
now
all
be lost sight
now
of,
Peace, no doubt,
full extent.
is
negotiating
may
The
a degree as to
preferable.
The
greatest,
when
ultimately over-
namely,
28
[iv.
Our
now
human feelmg
tion,
and
finding vent in
But
official
reports
may
The
easily
Even
is really
matter enough
public expression of
it,
how-
ever, to
sum
them
is to close
the war in
its
government
on sounder principles of
which to
Stratford de Eedcliffe.
V.
letter,
and
^yl^tteIl
about the same time as the precedIt has not hitherto heen pub-
lished.]
NOVEMBEE,
As it has come
my
to
my knowledge
that persons,
1876,
who approve
momentous
draw up a
crisis to
The
The
desired settlement.
trust,
insuperable.
greater
The
still.
me
it
best calculated to
effect
the
but not, T
first essential
Equally indispensable
is
Six Christian Powers signataries of the general treaty concluded at Paris in 1866. The Powers should declare by
such
instrument the
reasons
of
their
interference,
its
The
reahze them.
tion of peace
Provinces;
1.
Eestora-
2.
The
territorial status
The
3.
principles.
The next
progressive
move should be a
Capitulation oi
Treaty between the Porte and the Six Powers, each and all,
the Porte thereby agreeing in definite, binding terms to
30
establish forthwith a
portions, of the
[v.
Sultan's
and
the
at least
whom
amenable.
Cases of difference
when
arising
Provision to be
ing those
who
made
them personally
sponsible.
re-
judicial duty.
The
local application of
Turk and
tian Powers,
councils,
cerned.
sufficient
to
be temporary,
taking root.
Some mode
settled
outlay must be
by previous agreement.
In some
Agents
at a distance
armed protection by a
from the
capital will
have need of
1876.]
Any
indispensable
foreigners
N.B.
must be
31
and duty.
five
disturbed provinces
European Turkey.
my suggestions, as
may be borne
in
VI.
TEEMS OF PEACE.
llie capture of the Schipka Pass by the Russian army, the terms on
which a peace between Russia and Turkey might be based, were thus
[After
Januaet
The
is
now approaching,
which
if it
Europe
so Jong
all
15, 1878.
conjecture,
Fact
After
much
dis-
to
the neutral
move
and England, as
to a faint overture
authorities.
far as
we know,
confines herself
Turks.
for solution
on the parties
particularly, perhaps,
courses
is
preferable
claration, single or
will
to the
on England,
namely,
is this
by
Which
of two
some diplomatic
de-
in silent
direct negotiation
two parties
THE TREATt OF
1878.]
an advantage over
tlie
weaker.
PARIS.
33
It is
pro-
Even th
general desire
whose Government
is
hand, there
is
now
On
There
is
is less
the other
among
the
exposed to
Emperor
of Russia an oppor-
by an impulse of honourable
What remains
feeling.
might
entitle
Russia to impose
The
is
only
the
of friendly
and
it
allied
to
March
its
30, 1856.
This
last
common
than this
it
Its general
34
[vi.
independence
and
territorial
integrity
of
the
Ottoman
hy a
special motive
namely,
To show
clarations, it is
made
similar assurance is
is
Eussians can do
little
more than
autonomy
the Adriatic.
relief
The
to appre-
Turkish authority.
RUSSIAN INDEMNITY.
1878.]
some motives
less
35
The main
to that end.
difficulty lies
with Bulgaria
hut
it
which
to its
sufficient
Mussulman administra-
to secure
tion ?
It
negro,
as
well
as
evils of
Roumania, look
to
But
whatever
may be
opinion
entertained by
statesmen in
is
re-
Ministry or
Parliament of
England.
Granting that Russia, according to the practice of nations
at every period, is entitled to extend her conditions in
some
all lies
open to her
by
no means extensive.
present state of
engagements.
of Treaty
still
is
now
at peace.
The
36
[vi
She
phorus.
may
fairly
the
entertain
wish
without
The
great
made
its
Empire.
salutary
Palliatives
effect.
be desirable
present superiority,
some
to endure than
A word
made
acquisitions in Armenia.
its
Russia
may
of her influence in
Whether our
interests
all
Asia
Minor, over
likelihood accrue to
1878.]
37
He
is
justice, consistency, or
tegrity of the
Steatfoed de Redclifpe.
VII.
[The next
because
it
Apkil
Much
Europe
29, 1878.
are at present
Among
more or
less
those writers
Much
who
of
come
difference
more
this struggling
It is
San Stefano.
ment
it
a preliminary arrange-
Powers which
object, the
one
THE EESPONSIBILITY OF
1878.]
39
KUSSIA.
effect of
liberal
The
treaty of
San Stefano,
as
it
now
What remained
have to
lie
under a
and
financial
stifling
its
inhabitants would
its
The
territorial integrity.
more complete
reforms which had been pro-
to require
mised by the Ottoman Government, and guarantees suffiThe Sultan adopted a system
which placed
all classes
of his subjects on an
civil rights,
of reform
The Conference
we
all
where.
of all was war between Russia and Turkey,
part of other powers, England in partion
the
neutrality
The upshot
40
[vil.
and a renewal or continuaace of hostilities by provinces endeavouring to throw off the Turkish yoke.
cular,
reform and
its securities.
air of a
champion pre-
ference.
cir-
It has
to inquire
how
no necessity
terms.
The broad
far the
There
is
examination of the
than negative.
left
Emperor
Asia.
much
is
is
silently respected,
Eoumanians
who owed
so
appearance of an after-thought.
But
there is no mistaking
when viewed
Muscovite not European, excessive not considerate, ruinous not corrective, surer to gall
on national welfare in
preliminaries of
1878.]
of necessity undergo
41
curtailment.
Why
means
tion ?
it is
more or
is in
the
from
is free
the
interest differing
own
the blood-
less restrain
other Powers.
if
England
If
let loose.
share in some
still
At whose door
is
is
full,
member would be
at liberty to
the
if so disposed.
England
is
like-
imderstood to
laid
plement of their
objections to
validity.
is
so
England
impregnated with
and London.
it
prefer
much
it.
On
The
42
side.
is
more
[vil.
likely to proceed
Even when
the case
is
its
endangered
among
the object-
interests.
striking
may be
At the
useful here.
Added
is
of corresponding proportions.
Of Constantinople, the
it
may
Straits,
appropriated.
at
Eevertiag to Bulgaria
to extend that province
it is
it
has held
less
inimical
to
the
free
Sultan.
The
arrangement might
state
of
Eou-
mania.
If
Turkey is not
to be crushed the
EUSSIAN MISTAKES.
1878.]
43
its
dangerous pres-
purposes by making
its
legitimate
its
or military.
The Eussian
concessions
to
grounds, especially
when
enough from
solicited
can
equitable
underfoot, enmity
side,
and
irritable
watchful
look-out
for
occasion
of
retort
and practical
retaUation.
They seem
to have
There seems to be no
upon
it
its
Government should be
own judgment in
all
that be
if
free
fuU effect?
44
[vii.
bit
by
bit
bound.
success
is
room
The wisdom
may
for
path to
who
Statesmanship and
its application.
upon some
creditable
may
well
if
its
handmaid
they
fail to hit
What
epithet
must we assign
to the age
we
live in,
should
StEATFOED DE EEDCLnTE.
VIII.
July, 1878.
The new
treaty between
Whether we look
or to
its
almost
is
immediate
It
demands a
close, a serious,
an impartial exami-
falls
colour more or less impressive on any international transThere is the moral point of view how stands the
action.
treaty when measured by the rule of right and wrong ?
:
has also
its
framers ?
England
means
Practi-
Would
it
be prudent, would
it
be
safe, to
upon the
to
is
exposed by virtue of
46
Such
is
[viir.
all its
may
But a
matter.
attendant interests.
individual must
of each division.
adopted.
Morality
It
form an alliance
to
Power
Mahoniedan Empire
for a Christian
may
It
before,
be answered that
millions of
of these
replies
and occasional,
is indefinite
perty,
its
The new
justification.
alliance is
by no means temporary
which preceded
like others
it.
Its duration
There
inhabitants.
is still
to protect
numeSo
and crushed
it
is
at
The intended
1878.]
47
railways, or to the
With respect
of the Paris
departui'e
settlement,
it
strengthens a main
may
be
censured as a
Under
this
may
It
bo
asserted, with
results are
much must,
much
civil,
also
must be
left to
and
The
military, or scientific.
field,
no doubt,
is
ample,
may
The
more easy
The
by
rail
many
officials,
quently of expense.
in part at least,
liability
48
'
.than the
treaty,
published,
as hitherto
[vjii.
The
present's.
On
the whole
it
seems
fair to
San
occurred
them pressed
peace
of
is
title
to
favour,
Eesults belonging
the balance of pro and con cannot yet be struck with the
requisite" precision,
and
statesmen
may well
without blame.
Our ministers have evidently incurred a more than common amount of responsibility. The engagements they have
contracted, however opportune for the moment, are fraught
to
all
difficulties,
Was there necessity for exposing the nation to such momentous chances ? Could the evil of the hour have been met
with some measure of a less endangering kind ?
The
answers to these essential questions remain to be supplied
its
constitutional forms.
IX.
Turkey at that moment, and considered once more the reforms which are
indispensable to the continued existence of the Sultan's rule in Europe.
be observed that many of the views expressed in this and the preceding papers have been strikingly justified by subsequent events. The
suggestion of a commission to consider the whole subject of Turkish
It will
finance
for interested
Febeuauy, 1880.
Everyone knows
called,
Eastern Question, as
that the
it
is
The
pointment.
The forms
The
it
its
Commerce has
tci
in
original
Extreme pretensions
and
been assigned
thrown
The
The
feel that it
and a point
is
cannot retain a
its
50
promised,
its
[ix.
its half-tried
reforms.
the
to
of accommodation
left
open by
But
tunities.
it is
transitorj'.
Remedies were needed
an extensive mischief never thoroughly uprooted, but
rather stretching
surface alone
out
noxious vegetation
But
it
its
fibres
at times
no
as-
The
financial
There
by want of confidence
Great discontent
from the defective payment of wages and salaries.
The Greeks continue to press their demand for a large
arises
territorial cession
The Albanians
vina by Austria
the Porte,
is still
the Sultan's
Turkey
is
To any who
still
by
this state
ISSO.]
strained
by
difficulties
he
51
not be ashamed of
will
failure.
many
years
inter-
It
enlighten
may
There
it.
is
j^ears,
all
means
question, which,
still
being
unsolved,
threatens
large
We
are
now
Empire
still
its
to evolve order
Its population, as
we
has to be made.
distinguished by then-
of tenitory.
field
all
know,
is
into separate
what were
One grand
dominant race of conquerors, and the tributary victims of conquest. This harsh line of severance has been gradually softened
is to
most part
Their
and pensions.
liberal,
E 2
52
[ix.
rests principally
operating
Moslem
elsewhere so
beneficially
The
service.
criminal and civil cases are ojierative over the raj'ah classes
wherever a Turk
is
concerned.
Domestic slavery
is
stiU
power.
am
he were a
man
of great talent
and determined
will.
if
CaUph
as well as sovereign, he
as the persons of his
fore brave
ranks.
thej'
corn-tiers,
whose
We
and
make
to England,
the subject ?
18S0.]
The conquering
race
must cease
to
be exclusive
53
;
those
must learn
to
The
seems to
me
pathway
told
to such results.
made
persuaded to abandon
all
still
"What
is
fertility,
Mahometan occupants. Syria, Palestine, and Arabia are by no means unproductive appendages
Even in the European provinces
to the Imperial sceptre.
not exhausted by
lost to
their
verts
its
Turkey as
new
position
their
hatred
susceptibility of
a
of
Ottoman tyranny
into
con-
a jealous
may be recogof
the
mouths
the
Danube to
from
nised as subsisting
deliverers.
The
no
secret.
altered feeling of
Eoumania
is
their unwillingness
to
favour
of
its
indefinite duration
and accession by
sympathetic instead of a
54
predatory
neighbour
the
to
Sultan's
[ix.
dominions
in
Europe.
According to the press and town gossips, reform is the
foremost and urgent demand of the Porte's best friends,
and it would seem that in Asia Minor some process
bearing that
name
in actual operation.
is
as
Economy.
is
Magmini
by the formation of an
made
est vectigal
for internal
sity.
For
Much might
revival,
also
be
by clearing up the
field
of pecuniary obligation.
At present
remains of
vitality to the
outlet
same as
its
adjacent shores.
To
of bringing an oppressive
distinct outline,
component
difficulties
may
on a larger
under oath.
1S80.]
may
be termed, Harbourage..
55
Turkey
of national progress
to Police, to Judicature, to
neath as
its
must
lie
under-
requisite foundation.
of suitable rank
The pump,
from abroad.
As
matters
now
staiid there
sacrifice,
can be no
assist-
mischance.
The most
cautious
more or less
recommended
unpalatable, though strongly
by some commanding interest or some unavoidable requirement.
Turkey reformed is no longer the imperious, fanatical
Power with which the Cliristian Sovereigns originally made
their treaties.
Trade being then the principal object in
suggestion of relief can hardly
fail
to be
it.
The
and indeed to
events.
all
Alterations were
36
[ix.
all
which have
number
of
the
charge
smaU
at
countries
commercially similar to
swarm
the
of
Ministers,
adherents.
As
all
may be presumed
the Porte,
to stand
footing
But
difScultj'-
in procuring the
desired agreement.
if
the Sultan
in-
sealed up.
in the
mode
who
if
them
to be
Eussia.
all
infliction.
Besides
that,
rity
1880.]
57
Europe', and
more
if
own
There
by which
is
this lien
my
all
this breach
counteracted.
Bosnia have
Herzegovina
and
medium
may not be
Advantages of so
it
to the
The
reality, the
intei'ested
if
although
take
it
it
in hand.
The amount
it
made an
to
There would still remain the obstacles to good government arising from the social and political condition of the
Ottoman Empire. An assembly formed by elections more
or less popular has been tried with a fair promise of success,
but
it
58
able
[ix.
by
free elections
classes,
and
from the
itself
jirovincial councils
open to
all
with sufficient
Improved
effect for
it
My
pretend to
offer a perfect
remedy.
confident.
future
its
The
those
when
asperity
it
comes
nor does
it
who
localities.
afford the
I also refrain
from enlarging
ample
causes for
know
It
requires but
may
little
information to
be an instrument of good
1880.]
it
59
an outlet
Europe.
Public opinion
is
abeady
settled
on these points.
X.
Written in the
WANT
why
to show,
Summer
of 1880.
My present impression is
of claim
no ground
when
I believe,
when
the
impolitic,
lb., p. 198.
1880.]
to be essentially good.
means
affords easy
of
61
and
was
It
is
it
But what
is
now
is
a large cession
of territory, which far from producing a permanent settlement would only encourage the Greeks in their desire for
still
further extension.
Now
interests of
strengthened by measures of
relief,
Europe require to be
rather than weakened
own
interests.
moderate
line
of
extension,
however unnecessary,
and were
This
and
62
[x.
Turco-Greek
make
frontier.
PAET
11.
Stratford de Eedcliffe,
liistory of
the third
prise a
tlie first
is
clearly explained
summary
by
its
own
title
politics
political
the jiiirpose of
XI.
TUEKEY.-L
THE EDITOR OF "THE NINETEENTH CENTURY."
[TO
MAY,
Sib,
The
Bumber
article
1877.)
known to you
acquainted with the manner in
beforehand.
You were
also
which
it
Whatever
interest
vitality of the
it
it
retains
may
Eastern Question.
as a bird's-eye view
may
it.
Your own
description of
had their
effect
question,
may find,
my
original paper.
Yours
truly,
Stratfoed de E.]
In
this nether
world of ours
is
it
the least
known.
We
what
like to
is
have
Life, in
66
[part
ii.
Wonder, by exciting
our curiosity, quickens the sense of existence, and nothing
leads more to wonder than the mysterious and unknown.
Was ever country, for instance, more talked of and written
about than Turkey ? Yet in some respects, and those not
the least important, Japan and New Zealand are better
known to us than the Sultan's empire. Geographically, we
have a fair notion of its outline by sea and by land. Historically, we are not without the means of learning by what
succession of events and under what inspiration the Turks
Commerciallj^, we
and
We
less
is
pictured on
political
But when
s'tate
of
no easy matter
we
find
Have we occasion
of weakness,
disturbance,
so
judgment and
on
solid
and
practical
grounds.
Our marked
1877.]
moment be
tlie
We
67
which may
great interests
any
at
threatening coutingencj'.
The author
if
he
He
Should he
own
and
His motives
by recent
by the death of Sultan Abdul-Medjid,
and his brother's accession to the Ottoman throne. These
unexpected changes have directed public attention more
task.
events, particularly
crisis of vital
it is
by
importance to
consequences.
and personal opportunities of observing much that has occurred there of late, may perhaps entitle him to an impartial
hearing.
The Turks
when we
that,
first
impression
is
summoned
to give
by so many barriers
them
a thought, our
interests in
F 2
68
forward, at our
own
[pakt
Why,
it
ii.
may
Why
Koran ?
should those
who
is the
live
despotic principles ?
literature
itself
ally
were
whose
written idiom
is
of knowledge, ally
^for
fined to tracts
alien
circle
from truth
may
in
and properties against the violence of a despotic government, the cupidity of local authorities, and the prejudices of
a fanatical population.
We
same great
now consigned
to the
common
restiag-
common
scale of
magnitude.
It
was
additional
treaties
first
Sultan's power
The
is
stUl
in
vigour,
constitute
our legal
practically maintained.
Company, though
it
originated
in the year 1581, dates in its improved shape from the reigns
1877.]
of
James
I.
existing, date
and Charles
The
II.
69
capitulations, as
now
The
taken
much
we
larger proportions.
all
know, of
It
now comprises
late years
the
at a high
The
shipping employed
must
in Great Britain,
way through
Dardanelles.
No
same direction
inclines
promise to
facilitate
whether by
rail or
by
He
is
now
we exported
direct to
lbs. of twist."
70
[part
ii.
made use
which
it is
im-
clear
Ottoman dominions.
Calculez (says lie, in the pursuit of this idea) I'essor prodigieux que
peuvent prendre, en pen d'annees, I'agricultuie et le commerce de la
Turquie, sortie de son mal precaire, d^gagee des entrayes qui la genent,
nialtresse de ses populations, et fecondde k l'int6rieur par I'industrie et
les capitaux de 1' Europe, dont les amies la d^fendront contre les attaques
du
dehors.
presented
we
exist-
officially to
amounted in
namely
and
of those two
amounts had
in-
that,
produce to
all
and
for
Turkey
we take
Be
our support to
remembered
substantial,
is
and pro-
at the
1877.]
improvement of
resources,
its
its
administration,
we promote the
mercial policy
is
and
71
to the expansion of
interest of a State
whose com-
M'CuUoch, in
work already quoted, observes that "in almost all that
relates to her commercial regulations Turkey is entitled to
read a lesson to the most civilised European powers."
it,
this superiority in
ment
steps
instinctively
before
others
Ascribe
it,
if
you
into
the
right course,
had
how
are
the
Porte to
we
But on
all
encouragement given by
and
At
all
which mutual
the Mussulman.
not slow to
a
more
cordial
understanding
between their
Government appears
to have lost
respective
The
British
no opportunity of
cul-
Its endeavours
72
[pakt
ii.
Turkey yielded
of neighbouring powers.
Even
to the pressure
oifered
1827,
Bourbon
in
we had
fearful crisis in
subserviency to France.
In the former
European
affairs,
In the
latter
we aimed at bringing
effect of closing
Thomas Eowe,
in ordinary from
King James the First. Among the imporThomas was instructed to submit to
offer of British
mediation
is
your royal ancestor hath done in the like occasion, His Majesty will
accept it as a respect of your love, which will assure and increase the
commerce and friendship of your dominions.
The
1S77.]
73
high court,
and shall desire oiir favour and amity, hy the mediation
of your resident now in our imperial port, all matters shall be pacified
and ended, and with a pen we will blot out all former differences, and the
peace being so established, your instances and desires for them shall
have grateful acceptance with lis.
.
His Highness's
letter concludes
King
of England,
that, " as
it
in proportion as its
power
Even
bours.
differing
Mohammedan
Persia, though a
neigh-
country, yet
declines,
its
belief,
and population,
is
and
not
recovering
much
lost in her
had previously
marked by others
Egypt
for
dismemberment.
France has an
Justly or
and
man's chamber-door.
either par-
7i
[paet
ii.
Danube
and Bosphorus to
For
who have
us,
strong
and
Any
on
the
it
ground
tis
dear,
of
international
and prove,
at the
best, inadequate.
who
those
from
after the
early
Revolution of 1688.
England
recommended
to
the
Another, on a larger
scale, is to
of Europe.
between
Poland,
Russia, Vienna,
separate
respectively,
treaties
and
the
Porte.
Again, in 1712,
it
appears from a
letter,
addressed by
1877.]
is
75
parties.
England
aiid
later
between
The terms
if
It
may
be infen-ed
The war which broke out in 1787 between the Turks and the
Russians afforded the British Government an opportunity of
displaying a very remarkable consideration for the interests of
the former.
1791-2 there
on
this subject
is
;
much
of the difference is
running high.
Empire from
early times
we now reach
a period
when
the
gave their
own
when everything
life
Our expedition
to
'
Egypt
[paet
ir.
no doubt,
in
The Turks,
at least, evinced
effective.
few years
to
later, indeed,
allies.
Emperor
to
abandon her
much
as they
Nor can
we were
it
be
war
by
own
and
that,
Embassy
at Constantinople
concluded in
May, 1812.
The
effect hostile to
it
may
it
was directed
to a pacification calculated to
limit sacrifices
The
avoided.
1877.]
77
aiFairs
strong places.
sentation
and
Sultan
Mahmoud,
self-confidence,
deceived by misrepre-
Greek
we bombarded
At the
risk of a
St.
forces of
of
The
fall
and our
allies.
to have witnessed,
had the
effect of
placing us in a
new
discretion, to step
by a
to
distinct,
We
are henceforward
bound
allies.
78
even
were to involve us in
if it
power or an aggressive
a contingency
is
It
good
faith,
with an aggressive
may be
The answer is
more than once may
or improbable.
obvious.
to our
hostilities
coalition.
remote
made
[paet n.
What
it
about,
may
in,
approach.
Let us
test it
fugitive ?
to
Emperor
to the Austrian
ambassador at his
war which in
less
first
coui't,
on
New
intimation of a
now
1877.]
79
less.
horizon.
an exi)edition ourselves, or
we any
power?
Have
faith of treaties,
may
may
Such, conse-
principles.
upon
and acknow-
at
Paris a
borne out by
it
however, that
fear,
lations
formal engagements.
When
of a sentiment;
we take
in
our canvas, and drive before the gale sometimes even under
bare poles. The Congress of Vienna has something to
teach us in this respect.
Lo
its
for
half a century
labours,
and
80
[paet
if.
where are now the results of them ? Can anj'one deny that
thej^ have.hecome little more than a record and a name ?
ha Italy ?
whom
When
the
the
dismemberment of Turkey,
its
some
distant
and very
different theatre,
On
ties
and
rebels, the
former en-
too
may
much
In
fine,
there
quarters.
is
sincerity
by adequate
exertions.
We
to, comes in
by our obligations under the
most
direct
1877.]
Her Majesty's
in that
territories
Government
at
81
In proportion as
home,
it is
desirable that
it is
in need of
interests in
and ambitious,
is
of
Egypt
towards England.
are so
engineers
weU
fortified
thanks to the
of French
skill
^that
raise
the
we should have
Syria,
Httle chance,
still
if
its
its in-
magnificent breadth of
late
mutiny we
if
a con-
how much
had the
The
may
may
be unjust
it is
be improbut where
om- business to
look out, and our duty to guard against the worst that
happen.
may
82
[pAET
ii.
We
also ia con-
the
constitute us
be said to
involve us in
costly
sacrifices.
to an
we cannot but
country
deeply concerned?
is
opinion of
its
feel that
our
ment
but they
These questions, in
lie
in our path,
at
if
not re-
satisfactory conclusion.
We
owe
to Macchiavelli,
who
is generally
considered to
latter.
its
these two
all,
principles.
of
idolater,
on submission and payment of tribute to the conquerleft in the enjoyment of their property,
1877.]
83
helonging to their
maxim
own
and
race
is vividly illustrated
this un-
now
reaping
plenitude of self-relying
Macchiavelli's
creed.
by the consequences of
it
is
originBlly_sowed in the
power.
Its
Christian suhjects,
much
Mussulman
fellow-subjects, as objects of
Their
numbers, wealth, and knowledge are generally on the,.^crease, while the professors
oflsjawism decline
for the
most
pecuharJO-Ulgi^social condition.
The Sultan
all
exercises a
He
is at
the
Commander
of the Faithful.
The
Koran and
of Mussulmans, as
immutable and
we
all
all-sufficient.
will of
God>
for conforming to the variable wants of society and the exIt operates moreover as an
panding views of mankind.
G 2
THE EASTERN
84
[paet
QTJBSTION.
it
its
'
The
original mission of
It
sanctified aggression,
rights of
all,
its
professors in a state of
not
impulsive as
it
carried in its
tually
made
spirit of
The
process,
bosom
ment
into
vitality.
its
The same
energy
develop-
system of government.
The
ahment of hope
and of ambition
for the
latter.
\y
It
may
who compares
the East
in
for the
In
this respect the Porte does not belie its oriental origia.
when
there
is
But enough
likely to
give a permanent
1877,]
85
Khan.
Appearances
means so
clear.
many
are so
all,
culties
must be taken
and
social
Each
political
of these
diffi-
more or
less,
who
live
those
by their
who
skill,
their trade,
or their labour,
as
harem
to
home
all
struction as can be
The
Most
in-
is
confined
to religious doctrine
ledge, with
is little
Of
cially
slavery
little
need be
said.
The moral
for
effect,
espe-
servants or com-
86
easily conceived,
notwithstanding
[part
its evil
tendency,
may coexist
it
ii.
that,
in the same
intellectual vigour
puhlic duty.
The harem
operates far
rests of society.
It confines to the
narrow
inte-
circle of each
in so far as
It taints, moreover,
life,
its
own
irra-
human
and degrades
contracted limits
it
enter-
it
Mohammedan Turkey
which circulates with
is
its
and
at
More than
in that country.
much
in
houses
tumbling
into
ruin,
or
spaces
cumbered with
village.
Constantinople, or at Smyrna,
may
be observed at
we cannot venture
it
Whatever
is well
to take
known
it
that
1877.]
falls
off
87
upon the
capital,
some
and pro-
Think
arable,
it
and much
within eighty
mUes
The decrease
army as well as
bailiff.
five years.
whole
amount, and
consequently,
they diminish
as
in
is
scription
is
recruited by con-
failure in the
required
many
cases, are
Owing
two-thirds of the
Ottoman army
to the
exist only
same cause,
on paper, and
enemies.
Many
parts
of
habits,
in-
character, independent
if
at
all,
88
command
II.
under the
[part
The Sultan's
respect
troops,
who may be
said
to
out to
its
The
intended extent.
various
defects
and sources of
incalculable
drawn out
method
evil,
of collecting
finance, a
the advantages of a
The
tion
for
power as
soil,
for trade.
ment has of
any immediate
Her
Europe.
made
relief
issuing
The exposure
That of
of an arbitrary govern-
faith
it
in
the
money-markets of
Necessity
may
in
aU parts
of the Empire.
if
the kaim'es are used for paying up the arrears of the army,
is
Another
evil in
is
the habit of
It
has
1877.]
nothing to recommend
it
89
the year.
Every
artifice is
to realise a profit
first
if
In the Sultan's
The
some
in
parts,
for carts
and camels.
laid
it
and in
fine
for horses
assists
communication by
construction.
There are
fit
its
now
districts in
where
artillery,
Asia Minor
that of
miles
price.
off,
For
commands
a high
No
made by the Porte with companies or enterprising indiWith the exception, however, of thirty miles at
viduals.
Kustendjee, and about the same at Smyrna, none have yet
been carried into
effect.
90
Local wants,
have
if
[pakt
No
little
ditary properties,
ii
no constituted
aristocracy,
great here-
no powerful
of
Marmora.
or, it might
The
necessary orders
The
iato
effect,
devote
its
To
or nothing.
little
to be
made.
to
this
The
If such and so
many
its
These
of powerful princes
They
the physical position occupied by Turkey, and the circumstances which attended its political growth.
Consider the
The
to
say nothing
much
A policy
of conquest, not so
operates even
now
so far as to keep
fragile feet,
and therefore
up a jealous
attention
1877.]
of
Head and
care.
its
heart
may
shift for
contact
with
themselves,
The Porte
91'
is
thus
neighbours at a
man's ruin
its
it
we can hardly
command
to
the
it
yet another in
made Sebastopol,
It
its
war, and
'it
by
affiliation
up a military establishment
It works, moreover,
at
by
tections in the
Porte,
advantage.
From
on
its part.
and apprehension
Syria, Greece,
Tixnis,
Algiers,
92
[pabt
il.
They seem,
own interests
by a system of measures firmly
prevent
discouragement
it
a place in the
Empire is exposed.
Of other Powers, and the
list
The
and
offers
degree.
we
can-
relations in
weU known,
manner and
policy of
no room
reluctantly,
place.
perilous
decay of the
it
so
catastrophe.
England
Levant
in the
is likely,
under pre-
eventually pretend
and
to
have a
than to themselves.
Be
it
as
it
schemes or
evil intentions to
those
who
enough to
man's recovery.
sanguine
mind. The
create a world of doubts in the most
Unfortunately there
must
is illness
1877.]
93
There
is
method of treatment.
much
commencement must be
in the
liable to perish
at seed-time
thing
we must
is
season.
is
unquestionable
will
be ?
but
One
in
alternative is fatal.
May
The many
certain
The
conjectural.
26, 1877.
my own
opinions as to
its essential
They
are
still
it,
Not
in favour of
;
of reform-
of maintaining,
of restoring peace.
Sundry
them may
justly be ascribed
any difference
state of opinion
as to Turkish
at the close of
94
tracted
[pAfiT
it.
ments which in
countries of
fulfilment.
reality
state
cordial
of relations between
mount
influence in
protect all
Paris,
Ottoman
Power from
realising a para-
right to
The
treaty of
may be
How far
it
has secured
inferred
How
its
final
purpose
may be
far it
collected
was
by the
fitted to
from other
cir-
By
taken by
all
the Powers in
By
and
territorial integrity of
His Majesty's
Hat-homayoon, and the Powers engaged not to interfere
affairs of the
The Powers, no
communication.
it
1877.]
Now what,
the
let
manner
me
ask,
in which
it
95
The
proclamation,
The
of
To
free
years, during
to the
some few exceptions, painfully disappointed, and that the large sums of
money derived from revenue and loans were either extravagantly wasted, or applied to that extension of naval and
military force in reliance on which the Turkish statesmen
and
their
sovereign have
stood out
treaty of
Paris.
when I look
good
faith
and
96
[paet m.
on our part to
firman
is,
insist
on the
full
my
That
surprise, if
it
was a duty
how any
conceive
discredit,
throw
violability so
aU events
It is at
Christian
Power
to
its
difficult
scale of
Turkish
in-
its
Finally, it
would seem
idle to
it
its
are
now
The ever-growing
proportions
it
who perform
Eastern Question.
The
is
former
also,
may be
But something
and perhaps there is more to
Steatfoed de Redclippe.
XII.
TUEKEY.-IL
False
The
an incHned plane.
position
is
The
pro-
It has
on the
side of
to testify.
The
country so
and
fertile
offering at the
same time a
field
Can
by means
simply this
of almost boundless
Mohammedan
faith,
convictions,
must
tell
to the revival of
us by what process of
educated minds,
reflecting or
the passions,
its
system
of
tenure to
the
Under
98
right,
[part
ii.
of
individual worth.
both as to
Would
by
be
"no complaining
ance,
Would
dom ?
Greeks
less sensible
Are the
there
to the claims
Where but
empire.
in the elements
of social harmony,
That
civilising process,
which
carries
out materially and morally the benevolent purposes of Providence, and knits together the various classes and pursuits
of
ever
is
is
breathing
is
to bodily health,
is
ment
in other matters.
individual
nature.
men, partakes
freedom of
A body politic,
legislative enact-
the compound of
of their mutable
and mortal
877.]
To
promised.
this
dilemma
99
it
are
portionally their
in error,
Christian
their
may
Sultans
allies.
Mussulman
must learn
to act as
The
difficulties
are by no
means
so great as they
may
and
its
empire,
its history.
code of laws
The
between the
letter
difference
faith,
but positively
by
first set
the
alliance
pri-
Solyman the
example of an
This
of policy prescribed
The
act
by their
international
It
was the
which may be
fitly
first
them over
their
own
fellow-
called extra-Koranic,
felt
100
[pabt
ii.
commenced
in the same
spirit
The
Janissaries, excited
last
no doubt by
and his
life.
Mahmoud
to
It
was reserved
for his
and
to
This
Janissaries.
ill-disciplined
model.
tion
its
comple-
by successive misfortunes
by
compelled him
Minor
Christian Eui'ope.
introduction of
The proclamation
extensive
reforms
Mahmoud's
sincerity.
They
under
the
name
of
imposing earnest of
more
man
subjects
bound
Grand
Seignior.
civil
foreigners.
It
Those of a
judicial character
Its
maxims
of procedure were
PEOGEESSIVB REFORM.
1877.]
forms of
trial,
101
by
and
at Constanti-
Mohammedan
sit
with
on
To
these beneficial
capital charges.
and cholera
and established
less,
by the
necessities of the
Empire.
at
State.
The Porte's Christian subjects were released from the payment of tribute, and were declared to be admissible as
privates
and
talions were
ofl&cers to
Turkish bat-
command
of British com-
and
officered
At one time
On
all
solemnly
Among
its
new
fact,
in
the
provisions were
102
[paet
By
to surpass.
ii.
it
By
full
These
difficulty
are facts,
Empire on European
Most
of
They
principles.
them show
may
be
to demonstra-
We
overthrow or to undermine
its
We
dominant
do not seek
faith.
We
to
only
We
allies,
to the
authority, proclaimed
re-
gagement.
We
the
well-
contemporary powers.
fail to
which may
prevail
among
operate favour-
Any
discontents
state of transi-
1877.]
103
is
always
is sanctified,
To
as
halt between
is preferable,
can have no
effect
Under the
ties,
far
property lapsing
to
the
and other
Timariotes,
service,
who held
their lands
on condition of military
at their
own expense.
On
field
the exter-
Government had
in
of
child
104
long-cherished
their
of
[pakx
ii.
privileges
by a more
liberal
Eespect for the Sultan, consideration even for his weaknesses, submission to his authority, nay, to his pleasure,
are
universal
still
From
population.
now
in this,
now
gents
may
Excesses
limits.
the magistrates
suffer,
But
swept away.
after a
and
is sure
tion.
Empire,
ill
as
and
it
ill
is
upon
its
it
a constant advantage
worst of
it is
to rely
its
arms.
The
to
its
finally reduces
purpose at a
loss,
to order,
despot's strength
-
them
is
the weakness of
The
is to
country
be found.
mainly to be
ascribed to religious
enthusiasm, mihtary
1877.]
105
arts of
in population, in produce,
Much, however,
ofi&ce.
at court
and in
of his
successors
are
brilliant
The nature of
the people make it
power.
illustrations
His
life.
and the
His
failings
as there is
vile
home and
room
de-
reign, unsullied
disposition unsustained
which the
fact,
and suc-
eldest son
abroad.
the
so.
imme-
cessor
of
the
to hope, his
If,
Christian, the
Empire and
Appearances
if it
its allies,
are,
so far,
Economy would be
may soon
ripen
lOG
such a limitation.
[paet n.
of the seraglio
The
intermixture of classes.
while in suspense.
ofiicers are
new
reign
Four thou-
described in the
A vast increase
of paper currency and its intended apphcapayment of the army are measures of ominous
The dismissal of the late Grand Vizir in favour of
tion to the
import.
is
Other
referred to motives of
may be
mere convenience.
Eeduction of expense
is
I repeat that
it
its
exertions.
Its increase is
more
its collection
and administration.
Be it remembered that the Sultan's dominions, whether
we look to climate, soil, or position, are rich beyond conception in resources of every kind.
We
1877.]
107
The wonder
is
all varieties
of
full
experience of these
Mesopotamia, Egypt,
districts
to the sea
all
these
thrown open
let
new
Europe
Imperial Government
of execution,
to follow.
is
Even
as
let
it is,
satisfactory results
would be sure
by a fourth since the Crimean war, and the financial embarrassments which have accompanied that progress may be
fairly attributed to extravagance, corruption,
and mismanage-
They
by no means limited
They
whatever
proclamation, in
comare
are calculated to
may
are
They
all classes,
The
imperial
are embodied
108
together with the
Magna
ii.
Honour
Empire.
to Sultan
Pasha with
to Eeschid
The
earliest,, is
[paet
various provisions
whom
it
it,
and
its
may be
contains
severally classed
I.
claimed.
II.
III.
The
its
field, it
compartments there
apparent
sineeritj'.
removal of
all
in
of
all
resources, the
in
command
We
boast too
it
our admiration
much
difficulties
which surround
greatest
and
faith,
manufactures,
skill in
greatness
are
all
Our
free institu-
What
our Mussulman
allies
now
stand in need of
is
with an
Unfortu-
1877.]
The
109
Sultan looks
personal interests
Some
some by
their
Among
sity
who admit
the neces-
is
in this plea.
Men
act is
clear
when the
and determined in
its
views,
and adequate
own
interests.
fulfil
their public
open
to their predecessors,
their ranks
the
earliest
who
instruments,
the
most
active
full
effect to
all
the ministerial
offices, at
and setting
110
[paUt
cities of
ii.
Christendom,
literature, is
no
main channel of
to monopolise the
The
dors at Constantinople.
are performed
What
by a Mussulman.
important a change
is
favouritism, which is
still
but too
may be
This
1.
The
made on
2.
Their
first
appointment
Their promotion
is fre-
The
relations of patron
element of public
and
life
client,
in ancient
degree at Constantinople.
3.
The
Eome,
great
survive to a certain
man
is at
times sus-
him
for the
little
Official estab-
still
expensive, and
which
is
who
Debts are
end, employ
debtors.
a discouragement to those
who seek
to rise
hence
by honest means
must laugb
Such pashas
to
keep
1877.]
Ill
of colossal pensions.
There
is
much, we must
Even
here,
in our
own
It survived
It
experiment
^that
we look for
in this respect,
dangers of a relapse
its
pro-
death-blow to a doubt-
we are
who went before us, what
If,
its
better,
securities have
The answer
is
obvious.
We
are less
The
if
to the delinquent
missal from
office.
and
still
The Turks,
less a parliament
whose power
is absolute,
whose
sovereign
Empire
or
In
fact,
money, no
tration,
justice,
goes info
effect.
The laws
against malversation,
112
of
them a
penalty,
more or
[pakt
ii.
more comprehensive
To
functionaries.
these
may be added
Board
of Eeform,
elective
No
by a separate
authority.
special order
from Constantinople.
swayed by local
then* neigh-
and capable
at times of giving
EDtCATIOlt
1877.]
AND THK"
118'
AEM^-.
High Com-
Examples of
kind of
this
One of
them has
lately
for
the two
who
in
little difficulty
effect to
intentions.
The
by opening a wider field of instruction to candidates for public employment. The first step has been taken
assisted
in this direction.
exists
college,
was
of
Constantinople.
its
further extension.
tions in the
chief
It
No
As
The
The
They
institution
rudiments of an university.
of
to contain the
way
provincial cities,
hardly be overrated.
its
importance can
'
my
army, far from being too large for the wants of the country,
stands rather in need of a considerable increase, with reference
114
1:hB
at least to the
[pam
eastern question.
numbers
actually enrolled.
ti.
The objections
The conscription
is
felt for
ance a growing
evil.
recruiting
some
How
among those
'
and
years,
is it
to be supplied
made
defi-
appear-
not by
if
This
it is to all
and levying
it
on
all religious
classes
^like.
stUl dependent
on
its
recruit-
ment.
its
increase of expense.
it is
On
on
others,
abuses, and
most in the
to render taxation
line of reform.
more
They
alone can at present obtain, for any security the Porte could
oifer in raising
money on
imagine
how
it
is
difiicult therefore to
a temporary accommodation.
Ten
FOEElGNBES
18?7.]
II?
way
115
stances.
The
use.
come
have
progress of improvement
is
into
everyday
extensive.
It
first
allowed to take
They had to
They
contend with
much
jealousy and
many
it
was
Porte has
all
now
prejudices.
and
if
The
who
and to them, in
those
at
They
are earnests
Even
to
short of miraculous.
more or
direction.
ment than
firom the
of all" so well
pull,
and pull
match, have
known
all together,"
still
to be impressed
on our Ottoman
friends.
are
In Turkey, as now
I
116
circumstanced, and
qualities of national
The
elsewhere,
these
sustained,
if
not
its
it
if.
[pAKt
member
as a
to
counsels
danger to
single
its
interference
of a
neighbouring
and
rival
power.
Were
commanding
attention as European.
The
if it
and his
subjects,
Who
and
gagements, on
sacrifices attendant,
its dissolution,
1877.]
117
by no means
stalled at Constantinople is
it
may
But
when weighed
attractive.
We
The
Syria.
European
the kites
affairs of
principalities,
have
likewise,
We
deliberation.
may
turn, been
in
subjects
of
or where
surrection.
It were well to bear in
Their
risk.
The
evils
of which is Constantinople.
tions are not of good
omen
is
it
them
where the patient resides, and not on the spot where his
fever
direct
their attention,
is
common,
to
the
advantage, responsible.
manifest.
Of
all
The
policy
may
at times give
is
its
mistrust.
Others
may
be
118
more
feared,
consequently more
and
[paet
favoured,
ii.
by the
The
subject in
hand
it
is
so large,
its
bearings so multiplex,
it
there
may be enough
in
to weary, if not
to bewilder, the
upon,
is
it.
The
discredit, uncertainty,
fraud,
and in
all
illusion,
The
all
other
is the
share in pubhc
and temptation
have at
all
to
times
plorable effects.
Our own
prominent example
is offered
Bank.
With
it
them spell-bound
1877.]
119
their side
force in a country
when every
government
is
A word would
rivals.
its
suffice
remove
to
this
nightmare
would be overpaid by
it
sacrifice essential
its results,
and a real
Those
redoubt
to
an
whom
every molehill
impregnable
fortress,
effect
if
an indefinite extent.
to
is
a mountain, every
may
fancy that
would have
on that
little
the
or no
diversity of races
make
the Turkish
That
there,
Empire a hotbed
as elsewhere, difficulty
of internal dissension.
and danger
exist in
is
entitled to dis-
exaggeration.
It
deficit,
stability
of the Empire.
off,
But
the
120
[pam
il.
embarked on a current, generated by false principles and vicious courses, which threatens to sweep them
into ruin government, religion, empire, and all.
It is
They
are
fail
good chances of
safety, retarding
the end
may
prove inevitable.
and
non-Mussulman
by no means the
force either of
union or of endurance.
classes on the
They
They have
of weakness to them.
other.
Numer-
different
is evidently a source
little
sympathy
for each
respects antagonistic
among
most in common
rule.
is
themselves.
What
they have
Each
Islamism.
left
class in the
authority than
The
Chris-
circle of their
and treat them with forbearance and considerahave less to stimulate their longing for independence,
privileges,
tion,
and
them above the dread of their longOn the same account their hold
upon the sympathies of Christendom, and the confidence
less
to
raise
established conquerors.
m7.]
121
surface
to
manage
own
their
life.
affairs.
Even
own
their
magistrates.
The amount
to be levied
on each
district
pasha
or,
it
and what in
reality they
had most
What
they most
to complain of,
was
But
all
more
likely to die
of further improvement.
What
is
judiciously treated,
more
clearly developed,
been more
more ably com.
pressed.
together,
review, as
their road.
Its
us, before
sible,
forth,
we
part,
if
pos-
our minds
may
amount of
entitled, in conscience, to
conviction,
122
[pakt
tion,
Turkey
trade
is
our
interests,
friendly relations
ii
for
with
we have much
to apprehend from
Ottoman Government ?
In the next place, are we satisfied that it has been our
policy and also our practice, from an early period, to cultiof the
and in
years,
to her succour
critical
emergencies,
Have we not
in
either hastened
reluctantly,
into
of
a state
Christendom
Thirdly, is
political
of
?
it
Fourthly,
is it
its
many
standing
its
if
not to avert
entii-ely.
ENGKLAND'S INTEREST
1877.]
AND DUTY.
May
it
123
it
surround
it
own unaided
itself,
assistance,
exertions, it has
that even
now
it
depends
less
than entitled to
strenuous en-
vitality,
to justify
its
allies ?
If,
as
it
them may be
left
the country.
Persia,
terranean
India
communication with
Are we
are palpably
to relinquish,
when
it is
arms ?
Are we
and bandaged
and nobler
spirit, to
we
124
to
[part
employ at
il.
once,
though with some inconvenience and doubt, the means required for meeting it with effect, and to do our best, without
hesitation, for diverting a calamity which, be it far or near,
We
and with no
greater
by
its object
rather than by
we
and
a mistrustful government.
such as
Let
be
let this
A course
it is
it
by means of an improved system of administration throughout the Turkish Empire, and of the concurrent operation of
the Porte and her
mate
allies,
even were
it
Europe, to the
relief of millions
who
effects of ignorance,
are
still
suffering
misgovernment, and
fanaticism.
It is reasonable to
-great depositary of
presume
power in
that,
theirs, a
The
proud and
125
1877.]
and hallowed
Power
is
duties.
throughout
its
by Christian
course
lore.
fidelity to
its
may
June
18, 1877.
pretensions of Eussia by
means of
support,
allies to its
my
point
But
European Powers.
loss of inde-
now exposed
itself to just
and
later to its
haughty rejection
it
received from
all its
co-
its
own
in every
respect,
but surely
it
required a deep
126
[past
it.'
population to lay
itself bare,
by
subjects
religion,
who were
nor can
of
The
reign
of
it
hand
in
hand with
the
when
tinctly implied,
ex-
pressed, are put into one scale, and its fragments or shadows
The marked
disproportion
degree of validity
may
still
be ascribed to that
If any
treaty, it
sary to
which
demand
all
it
neces-
is
now unhappily
results of
in progress on a colossal
The
supposing
its real
Mussulman
subjects
but
its object
The
its necessity,
itself.
Mussulman Turkey
for reforms
may
not
THE WORK
1877.;]
be equal to
me
its
MlDHAT PASSa.
OS"
it
On this account
improvement.
127
it is
faith,
Austria,
whose
territory bordered
and such
How
left
on the insurgent
could
district
on a movement
so likely to
event of
compromise her
expansion,
its
to.
"Were not
authority ?
Was
local
first
it
symptoms of
their arms,
on a simple assurance of
up on both
resistance to
to
Sympathies
Popular
its effects
In proportion
refusal.
demand
to
their
of securities, the
Turks
replied to the
houses a Senate
and Deputies.
is this
Can
which
it
it
change in
succeed ? can
suggests.
it last ?
mixture of
128
5:he
eastern
by a
forced
at
trying,
may
QUESli'lON'.
flash
[pAitT
of urgency, and
The
sincerity
shaken, although
it
If."
the Porte, as
it
given
it
There
failure of the
new system.
Such a course
corruptions
of the
as here-
tofore.
Although
it is
not
my intention
to censui'e
bygone trans-
ominous of
failure
What,
more
ceedings ?
which I
What more
offensive
What
counsels of
its
allies,
and
1877.]
129
St.
Petersburg ?
No
verj'
is
a network of difficulties
important
state of rest
The
liable to
ments of which
composed explain
it is
exciting
interests',
its
ele-
character.
field,
presses
down
to the south
its ruin,
comprises whole
The former
is
of
neighbour's
its
its
views by
The Porte
its
natural
among
produce a
spirit of disaffection
subjects.
the majority of
its
to
assume
the
guise
of
Europe's
pendence.
and in
them even
much
to
alarm
two
They know that the small dark cloud on the
horizon may surge into a sweeping tempest, and they must
lose no time in determining when and by what means they
may have to protect their own particular interests even toparties.
130
[paet
ii.
We
being
But the
declared neutrals.
the
home
from the
Danube
contest which is
all
We
are
raging in
generalities
or
now
among
it
Speculation
sion.
"What opinions I
service of
my
readers.
is
at the
turns
bent on something
of grievances in
European Turkey.
is
We
"We
What more
are content to
jjlausible
in Europe.
ground we propose
won and
whole of
actually occupied
by our
1877.J
armies " ?
demand
131
a cession of Erzeroum,
and with
the
it
entrance of the
There are
Persia.
politicians
who
by Russia a danger which threatens our Indian dominions, and consequently raises the question of what should
tion
be done to counteract
it.
Any
An
answer
one
who
may perhaps
be sug-
to contend with
would not be
may be
the
and
recruiting,
As
inferior to his.
we had
surely, if
seas,
Suez Canal,
for the
but
is
it
may perhaps
fairly
upon
to act
on
We
its behalf.
must
effect
Eussia.
The
not, however,
we may reckon
side when
on our
favourable
of its
it
freedom
our
or provisioning,
may
it
line of
advance
fettered
navigation of the
Danube, an indefinite occupation of the befriended provinces in Turkey, a free passage of the Dardanelles, and
even the appropriation of Constantinople
tingencies
itself,
are
aU con-
132
would
entitle
ii.
liaries ?
Lpakt
hostilities
with a reasonable
territorial,
more parThe
ticularly, in
some
mere introduction of Eussian armed vessels into the Archipelago and Mediterranean from the Black Sea would make
a very objectionable alteration in the relative position of
other naval Powers, and be a constant source of anxiety and
peril to the
Ottoman
authorities.
The
transfer of Con-
Power
if
at
assemblies,
sometimes even
points.
usefully,
may
fairly,
and
commonest understanding
clear to the
most
is
crisis,
at
means within, but by union of counsels and concert of operations without. The other indispensable duty is to ascertain,
as nearly as possible, the amount of effective means for a
If there be one proposition more obvious
successful issue.
than another,
it is
it
it
such
without necessity or
1S77.]
133
success in
Europe
and
it
may
be found
observe their
movements with
vigilance,
we
and prepare
Stratford de Eedcliffe.
to
XIII.
INTEENATIONAL KELATIONS
AND HOV THEY MAY BE MAINTAINED FOE THE BEST
INTERESTS OF MANKIND.
(OCTOBER,
Theee
is little risk
1S7T.)
In
nised by
if
more or
less discerned.
is at least
statistical writers.
Tui-key,
Europe
is
recog-
thing of the
same proportion.
Science,
exj)loring with
same
direction.
been enlisted in
facilitate
The
its
Steam and
rail
unite to
skill are
The
China
Celestial
is
Empire has
felt
its
dependencies.
POLITICS AS MODIFIED
1877.]
continent,
New
BY THE TELEGRAPH.
135
If
fail to
and
durable forms.
Political security,
commercial prosperity,
more
and comforts of
bound up
if
We
that
ai."e
living
word may
suflfice
wires,
at
when he
it
learns
by
may
be,
official,
whatever
may be
his
department,
command
theatre of
He
The
is
not
transmits
to
London.
136
[pakt
ii.
first
It
transacin using
is
N ations
on grounds of
No
conflicting
and
hostilitj'
The
con-
course of growth
is
Prosperity in
which
its
The
insists
on
As
augmented
human
intercourse,
it
would be dif&cult
to
activity of
means of
controlling them.
of living
much
evils
of disturbance
of a remedial kind
is
men may
WHAr
1877.]
subject.
Even my aim
But having
falls
137
acquired, by no merit of
my
own, some
little
may perhaps
be
my
course of
my
within
life,
range of thought.
mankind in the
were
largest sense, it
consist.
bj'
consider
well to
essentially
theii*
importance.
may
on that
Does
It
The answer
is
obvious
first
dealings of
on both
sides, equally
differ
from
on much the
regions
and
their
savages
thievish,
example.
Though
and
irritable.
illustration of
my
meaning.
Cook
commanded
qualities
that
The
great
admiration.
138
like a divinity,
proached
it
sidex'ation.
and wherever
[pakt
ii.
lie
inferior creatures
without mercy.
Look here upon
Apart
this picture,
fi-om consequences,
and on
this.
Can Spain
entertain
How
strangers,
civilisation,
and
to
social
improvement.
Among
mankmd we
can hardly be
how
position,
mind
little reflection
objects.
The shepherds
were the
to perceive
is affected
sky.
movements and
The mountainous
regions of
1877.]
The development
of art in
its
some genial
climate,
and
be
to the
perfections of
owe
to that
say,
But those
it
may
be said that
can hardly
fail
to recognise in peace
The
iirst is
as the air
existence.
almost as
To name them
is
enough.
relations
Illustrations
would
Taking
peace,
it
then for
granted that
morality, kno-wiedge,
increase of population
extend the
relations
The
140
in the subjugation,
other.
Even
ii.
if
to this
[PABT
hostilitj'^ is,
we
all
free
know, of rare
is
the force of peaceful habits, that even in the heat of war the
means
of carrying
a blockade
is
it
Mankind on
shown
another, and the high degree in which they feel the duty of
promoting them by
means.
available
all
They have
not,
perhaps, been equally careful to give a strictly moral character to their international relations
but whatever
may be
We
may
on
paragraph.
mere
i-anks of persons
list
employed
for the
maintenance or extension
how
deeply those
names of ambassador,
minister,
charge
The
d'affaires,
consul,
consul-general,
vice-
we
are treating.
Taking furthermore
and so many
establish-
1877.]
inents,
141
who
on one of
Whatever
weakest sides.
its
it is
may
defects
still
highly encouraging
to
know
that so
telligence
wUl continue
Whatever the
ment
to operate with
original
wholesome
may have
term
the earliest,
if
would seem to
effect.
Old Testament.
earliest, are
Among
those mentioned in
the book of
worded
the king of
knowest
all
Edom, Thus
Thou
The request
modern
The ambassadors
definition characterise
The second
an embassy.
object,
and
result,
differing
from
it
whose permission
only with
to traverse
their
accustomed privilege.
Nor
is
THE EASTEEN
142
security thau
that less
QUESTIOjST.
now was
[part
afforded to
ir.
individuals
The
times.
K-qpvi of
vpia-jSvs,
who possessed
when on
duty,
the ambassadorial
may
be
numerous members.
treat
with Philip
Mention
is
made
of
Macedon, had
several colleagues.
When
by Eome.
Csesar, it
was composed of
at least
common was
explained by only
by the royal
listener.
1877.]
difference in point of
of ambassador,
an important
143
and attached
to
it
exclusively
An
and therefore
on equal
accredited,
is
An
mean
agent so
to the
envoy
matic business
lies
at present
who
them
altogether, but
it
and
derivation.
their side.
butes,
Grandiloquence
word, augments
is
not
is
home
it
as
had claimed
If the Spaniards
attri-
pronounced gutturally,
in the French and English forms of the
its effect
on the
x,
But
ear.
this conjecture
of Greece and
Eome
The languages
have been rummaged in vain for some
may have
The
sprung.
lexico-
gi-aphers have
It is
enough
its
to
its
know
that
meaning.
it
vi'e
The
preceded or
144
followed that of
its
which may. be
left
To
butterflies.
culminates, to
correlative,
[paet
ii.
defects of inter-
means
of correc-
deserve
little, if
anything, should
It is
From
Wootton it may
vitality.
residence.
derived its
Sir
Henry
of their countrj'.
it
He
lie
This expression
a sound at least of
England
been the
case, it
number
and
it
may
it
iSy?.]
iable
of progress in
in fine,
all
145
and another
proof,
A similar improvement
portant respect of
all.
has taken place in the most imSo general among nations has been
under the
it
As
subduing human
distinctly recognised.
But the
still.
The
been
One
of the Scipios
honour.
when
in
power
been
ill-treated
its
is
to his
by the
done,"
is
In modern times, on
In Turkey
ambassador as a hostage
is
M.
It
now untenanted,
served in his
146
place just
fifty
[paet
An
ii,
him
Sultan's court.
was
first
is
intention
make the
to
A message was
outrage.
conveyed
officially
of nations
had been
violated.
What
How
greatly did
it
teU in
The
in.
of political conduct
Lower
in dig-
it
matic order.
its authorities
in
In Turkey, by
unless
treaty.
187?.]
147
judgment as well
example of
this
liberality it
the encouragement of
policy,
may be
office
mation of public
men and
At what period a
may
necessary
but
it
be
From
as trial.
became
left
know
its
present
name took
place
Third.
Surely
mercantile
acquiesced in
therefore
it
was a grand
officer. It
we
its
adoption,
are in
title
wherewith to invest a
it,
it
and
as an
it
company.
The
functions of a consul-
he
A consul's are confined in principle to a disA vice-consul is either the consul's aid, or an agent
is sent.
trict.
empowered to act as a fuU consul, with smaller appointments and in some district or seaport of minor importance.
In countries where the foreign trade is on a large scale, the
consvdar service naturally tends to grow up into the same
proportions. Individual traders of the same country as the
consul look naturally to
him
and such
He
is
whom
he depends,
may
all
that passes
own governl2
THE BASTEEN
lis
ment and
QUESTlOl?.
[paeT
it.
country.
office at
bound
to respect.
on the
state of trade
where he
is.
He
diplo-
He
has,
statis-
no
fills
It
the
social
circle
around him.
he
capital.
He
show
interests.
It is no
wonder that the post of consul should be much prized by
the mercantile class.
In places where we have no regular
tercourse
its
no
difficulty
in
honour of hoisting our union-jack over his door. The arrangement may have its disadvantages, though it must be
allowed to supply an occasional want on the principle of
strict economy.
In a country
must
interests
which
profit
by
it
The
1877,]
and the
spirit of
149
constitution occasions
cordant principles.
In
illustration of this
dis-
remark I may
me on
"You
sixpences."
The
my
inter-
me
with
my
present theme.
It fell to
my
lot,
when charged
income.
How,
How,
he be free
With
ceive
from their
prescribed
so
much
them
clients
by law,
the annual
variation that
it
may
amount of them
is subject to
In
Fixity of income
and humilia-
may
150
be relied on,
my
[paet
11.
less into
eifect,
came into power with retrenchment figuring in its programme. The word went forth, and a change more or less
slashing was brought to bear on our table of American
with no other view but the single one of reduction.
salaries,
This,
if
The machinery
regret.
interests as those
for protecting
financial
maintenance.
Cheapness, as the
exclusive
Economy may
be extravagance.
more advantage
be
consulted with
is
with
taken
its
attendant examinations
provide
the
with
State
office
no doubt,
mechanical talents
capacities.
hardly pretend
qualities of
tion, the
to'
to
grounded in the
Competition
is calculated,
servants well
employment may be
of patronage.
But
wont
it
can
lies
in a quick
who
memory.
An
illustrious
1877.]
me
151
had answered
that he
In the
been employed to
test the
name
com-
first
which had
of a stream in Dorsetshire,
It is refreshing to learn
Her
It
passed through
to
which
it
The
countries
under present circumstances it is most wanted. The formation of a body of " student dragomans," eligible for eventual
employment as consuls or
consul
who
is
own
He must
salary be small,
under needless
pay him
at a rate
which
if his
is fitter to
work or
to exclude temptation.
The
principle of opening
first
It
home
to year,
official
depart-
make
more and more dependent for
information, and consequently even in some degree for
particularly the frequent changes of ministry tend to
1.5i
on
opinion,
his
subordinate
_.[pART-n..
It
officers.
is,
therefore,
title
in
first-rate
depart-
would be strange
it
if
the traveller, enlightened by variety of scene and occupation, did not finally prove a safer counsellor to his chief
than
if
knowledge
is
amount of legal
accomplishment, but an
the interests
concerned.
This
instituted
court
is
the
more important
the ambassador's
of last
who
appeal
at
court, as
has
been
Hamburg
more complete
office.
If
SUGGESTED EEFOEMS.
1877.]
more
153
but
it is
by no means unlikely
may
its
The
commercial.
avoid reproach,
is
by the mere
fact
exposed to
may be to
much that
due to his
o6.cial
He may
may have
he
own cause
private account
he
is
lucky indeed
if
he escapes being an
remark that of
men
all
It is need-
name
interests,
Among
life
under the
my
official
entertain, that I
by inserting a few of
of a simple
may
its
much
strengthen
my present
passages here.
memorandum, and
it
statement
It is in the
form
up
for transmission to
was
Down-
ing Street
several departments of the estaSurely the public service would gain if attaches
were placed within reach of practical consular knowledge, if consuls were
,
154
[pakt
ii.
less rooted to
sphere of action,
if
misconduct.
motion, and uncertain tenure might go far in the way of remedy, and,
as consuls now retire on pensions, there would be no hardship.
The rank
of consul-general
We
are told
it
its traffic is
in the. practice,
an injury.
who
are ready to
Whatever modifications of
may have
this right
introduced, the
consuls or protectors of trade are entitled to every consideration and encouragement consistent with the
world at large.
Her
bearing on
its folds
a watchword for
all
who would
selfish error,
strike off
and secure in
and of
Thus
it is
that
1877.]
also
when we take
human
bridges of
tion,
can
to suggest.
fail
which
Wisdom
155
intercourse.
The
by means of statute, treaty, or subordinate agency, we promote the interchange of produce, and encourage by protectAttention to the qualification of
With
any
at aU, to the
more privileged
effect is
respect to
and what
difference, if
class of diplomacy.
An
first
and character,
He
should
live
remember that
though
its
branches
for a season.
his
Such
ing from
call for
of diplomacy
it
when
may be
never shrink-
an iadependent decision.
ments, differing
leaves scattered
its instructions,
when
responsibility
appears to
its
in degree, befit
acting in chief.
No
More on
this
Similar require-
aU the members
portance.
To make
plod through
it
its earlier
deserving individuals
but
who
critical
emergencies
may
require
156
[part
II.
is
approved from
first
A prominent
and
example of
appointment
the
has
its
The
Commerce, that
bond of
tliis
Every medal
composed of light and
Even day
reverse.
darkness.
the
ideal
was
unusual
tliis
itself is
soui'ce of blessings to
our race,
nations,
who
are at
war
improvement
agreements.
traffic
negotiator unless
it
be the soundest.
The
method
of appeal-
it which
do honour to the present century, and the tendencies of
The annual
conferences,
movement
of the
1877.]
oui'
political, religious,
civilised
1B7
and com-
may
be
The
couragement.
destructive wars
fre-
what
have in
scientific
is
The
and unscrupulous
more hideous
patriotism and
no
Still less
is
societies.
spirit of violence
now culminating
field of battle
human
Exhaustive
still.
sacrifices
declare
charities of
Turkey or
impartial benevolence.
the
There
in Eussia.
suiferers with
call
of
humanity.
of conflict.
fields
seem, are
such a
crisis
may
THE EASfEEN
l58
interests
are
concerned
no
in
[pam
QTJES*I01T.
small
degree.
It.
Russian
Whatever
may be thought
who
weak
believe as Christians,
oppression.
to
Their position,
stipulate
grievous in the
on
if
extreme.
may
demand concessions
and emphatically
would
probably
to
their behalf,
be
itself
by the clamour of
his subjects
to those of England.
To
difficulties for
made
is
their
true glory,
government
by
suitable
Stkatfokd de Redclqte.
XIV.
I.,
AueusT, 1878.]
Some papers
Commons
relate
somewhat
distant
interests of that
House
of
but
country in
closely
its
state.
It so
called
upon
to take
an active
my
earnest
Government established
at
Athens, and the condition of the people submitted constitutionally to its rule.
flatter
me
little
service to
aid of a
memory subject
In
in the
following pages.
It
was not
till
after
my
160
[part
it.
fruitless negotiation
occupied several
The appointment
in view
was an embassy
at the Sultan's
subjects.
Hence
before I went to
it
my
The
least of
whom
was
at
directed
Mr. Canning
me
to
offer.
The memo-
word
for
word
They
follow
such an attitude she must act in contradiction to that pacific and comprehensive system of policy which she has adopted for the most beneficial
purposes, at the risk of being involved in war without the support of her
principal allies, and on very questionable grounds of justice.
MEMORANDUM ON GREEK
1878.]
ICl
AFFAIE.S.
them
to urge
it is
but
fair that
they should
abstain from employing any degree of coercion to bring the Greeks into
their measures.
162
[part
ii.
The memorandum
The adoption of the one or of the other of these two modes of proceeding will probably depend on the principle on which the Allied
Powers may see fit to ground their intervention.
If Russia be put
forward to interfere on behalf of the Greeks in virtue of her specific
stipulations with the Porte, the Russian ambassador wiU. naturally
become the organ of her proposals and remonstrances. The ambassadors
of the iovi other principal powers can hardly in that case take any other
than an auxihary and occasional part in the negotiations with the Porte.
If the suggestion of Austria, on the other hand, be adopted, and the
offer of mediating between the Porte and her insurgent subjects be made
in the name of all the Allied Powers on the general ground of the great
European interests, the ambassadors of those powers wLU probably be
called
Of
upon
venience.
collision
it
to act collectively.
modes
to carry with
AUiance.
Considering the alternative with reference to the Turks alone, the
most effectiial course would perhaps be found to embrace both the
above-mentioned principles.
The ambassadors of the five Allied Powers ought to be instructed to
commu.nicate to the Porte in similar terms, though separately, the
common
tion of Greece, at the same time that the Russian ambassador might
interfere in the same sense in virtue of treaty stipulations subsisting
between his Court and the Turkish Government. A joint representation, grounded on general principles and expressed in a more authoritative
1S78.]
tone,
might be held in
163
founded.
The Allied Powers have diplomatic relations with the former and
none with the latter. Those relations they have a perfect right to
suspend on grounds far short of what would justify an appeal to arms
and the interruption of commerce must follow on a withdrawal of that
;
protection without which the Christian merchant could not safely pursue
his business in Turkey.
The Turks,
known
to differ, toto
to the
number
The
me
IQi
[PAitT
li.
which might be
The
offered.
The
skirts.
to Petersburg
to'
and his chief Minister there, and to have powers for settling
by convention the boundaiy between our territories and
As to mediation,
those of Russia in North America.
the task was limited, or nearly so, to an interchange of
explanations regarding the proposed conference,
sion
by England
its
suspen-
principal instruction
only ample in
sures
left
itself,
composed
my
for
The
but an accompaniment of
fifty
enclo-
" You
question of Greece
and as
w.ell to
how
utterly
useless
close
itself.
ment
To
these specific
explanations
succeeded a state-
in
1878.]
To
of England.
For
is
165
much
an imperturbable neutrality in
to affect
It
became
my
whether at Vienna or
at Petersburg.
On
complain.
full.
My
listened graciously,
and stated
Nevertheless
They
for
man was
hand
mind.
It
[paet
166
connection
ii.
with that
Christmas
me
found
still
at Vienna.
unrailed,
be English trickery.
to
tardy
me
When
accredited
me
deal with
Count Nesselrode,
to liimself.
The
much
eifect
single
me
out
of accrediting
had
by M. PoHtica, who
diplomatic colleagues at Washington.
my
assisted
of
of
management.
It
seemed there-
precedence
fore
best
to
give
boundary
line,
which was
subsequently ratified
by the
respective Governments.
A
rode
some
representatives,
little
mediation.
MM.
us.
impatience at
Count Nessel-
my
continued
RUSSIA AND TURKEY.
1878.]
To
my instructions
It could
167
Emperors wished
to
come
pleasure,
to an
by his un-
to a stop
to
what
was
limits I
as useless as the
talk.
first.
to coercion as a final
allj^
means of
The audience
Emperor detained
me
ensued, and
the
it
seemed,
Greece in particular.
occasion contained
discourse,
and
all
My report
affairs
was
Turkey and
of
after a lapse of
more than
fifty
years I
it
may
not wholly
The Emperor declared that throughout his late difference with the
Porte he had laboured conscientiously to avoid the necessity of an appeal
He assured me that in proceeding to takemeasures for restoring
to arms.
tranquillity in the East his only motives were those of humanity towards
the Greeks, of concern for the general welfare of Eiurope, and anxiety
remove as far as possible all subjects of irritation between himself
and the Sultan. " I am well aware," said his Imperial Majesty, " that
to
the resources of Russia, great as they are, could scarcely be called into
action without exciting, perhaps not unreasonably, the vigilance and
solicitude of other sovereigns, and it is on this very account that I have
made it a solemn duty since the evacuation of France by the Allied
168
[paut
ii.
His
my empire in an attitude of perfect repose."
Imperial Majesty was so explicit in his assertions that the intervention
which he contemplated was of a strictly pacific character, that I ventured
to avow my emharrassment in endeavouring to reconcile those assertions
with the evident unwillingness which existed to satisfy the scruples of
Forces to keep
to appreciate.
Emperor
me
my
audience
brother,
He
to take her
own
He
should place
who had
and
cherishing hopes
still
Turkey.
He
without England
of
but to
tie
up
Russia from taking any active part in the war between the
putting
down
own
He
had no
They were
to be
1878.]
ME.,
169
of
my
greater merit
n,o
of "Warsaw, which I
had
Moscow and
visited
on
it
The homeward
gave
me an
oppor-
my way
out.
Although
his
them on the
subject of Greece.
London, and
its
members
v/ere
admitted to a conference
was
The
chief
England
to
" There might be a point in the contest," said Mr. Canning, "in which
Great Britain might exert her influence to promote a compromise between the Greeks and the Porte, not for the entire independence of
Greece, for that would be asking everything, and could not be the subject
of a compromise (if they could conquer it, it was well, and that was
their affair), but for anything short of independence which might form
The Greek deputies
the basis of an arrangement -ndth the Porte.
The Greeks would never again
declared such a plan to be impossible.
THE EASTERN QUESTION,
170
live in
[pakt
They must
among them.
estaLlishecl
ii.
Your Excellency
Mettemich that
the language of his Majesty's proclamation sufficiently implies the resolution of his Majesty not to contract with the Greeks any other relations
than those of the neutrality which his Majesty has hitherto scrupulously
observed.
My
journey to
Constantinople
middle of October.
From
it
by Geneva, I
fell
d'Istria,
flagship.
in with Prince
under
eclipse, the
where he met the blow which closed his career for ever.
It
was a part of
my
state of things in
Corfu.
Christmas by an
as well as the
life
illness
There, on the
old,
I was
which threatened
classic
detained
my own
till
happiness
of another.
The subsequent
portion of
my voyage
was lengthened by
A new
In our
there of the
of the leading
'
DIFFICULT NEGOTIATIONS.
1878.]
After nightfall
we were caught
in a hurricane.
we
for the
A roj'al brig
Nevertheless we hurried
could, to Smyrna.
At the Dardanelles
adverse.
171
I exchanged the
'
Revenge
my
'
'
In
had nothing
was, of plaintive
it
short,
after a fresh
on
My interview
off
my
diplomatic prospects
and
it
me
to expect
some fresh
instruc-
delay.
down
it
was
to low- water
little
"What-
Peace with
serve to rekindle
much
fortresses to be garrisoned
it
mind
is
naturally prone.
my
172
arrival,
His
j'our
approached
me
ii.
first
[rAiiT
'
am
sorry to inform
Of
They
is
enough
'
to
Can you
man
him
what
stantiate
fix
'
'
to
made
way
Of
respectable.
Conceive
my
embarrass-
capacity; his
sub-
ment.
full)'
official
Embassy and
The
channel of communica-
the Porte.
I esteemed his
him
decisive
my
difficulties
Enough
of this.
negotiate,
tions,
Sooner or
riituation.
had
to
make
later
my
to
instruc-
of Greece.
The renewal
Turkey and
Itussia
exertion.
of diplomatic relations
had also
to
his
between
be hastened by British
ministers
were
still
in-
1S78.]
No
Morea.
Greece.
settle
Austria, at least
Russia kept
Turks.
in
making
aloof,
her
it
Mahmoud and
mind.
The weight
point to
first
difference with
Sultan
with the
sentiment, sided
state of
173
England
more
Turkey.
to bring
conciliatory
much
became evident
it
till
'
my
family as well as
mission to
St.
Duke
of Wellington's
other
allies in
The
me from London
held good.
act alone
still
to
make
a single-handed effort in
As her
diplomatic
means
effect,
of friendly argument
yielding
its
accept-
to
those
174
reiterated
[paet
ii.
justice
in their favour.
From
as
it
was
the
Duke
in his
at the end of
were written.
of Wellington I received as
power to
give,
much support
He
joined
me
officially to
en-
just,
imminent danger
and no longer to be
Sultan and his
to the
empire.
Such were the points of his injunction. With
what an honest, friendly earnestness he pressed them on my
attention, may be collected from his private letter to me,
most
great a man,
so
St.
My dear
Sie,
can hardly
fail
to
careless of readers.
Petbksburg
inclose a letter
wHch.
March 27
I tliink
(15), 1826.
you had
better at
know it.
The Porte may
rely
upon
it
excepting as a friend.
is
am likewise
c[uite certain
remain
at peace.
1878.]
send with
you
175
which
this.
Wellington.
(Signed)
The Sultan
Duke's
letter,
and
it
was only by a
little
tour de
main that
it
triple convention
My
own proceedings,
month
which
of July.
its
intervening period.
Mahmoud.
course with
M.
had
Grand
sensible, trustworthy
man.
He
seded by M. Ribeaupierre, invested with the more representative character of envoy, but the expectation of that
improvement in the
was
still
i-elations
disappointed.
mark of
demands.
out at
for, if
[paet
176
ii.
at hand.
leaders,
The
fall
Decorum and
secrecj',
Hydra
in the
month
Greek deputies in
Downing
Street.
of January
stated,
by the
was
lost
to their
affair.
Much
correspondence
1827.
no means
own
affairs.
A formal
It took place at
mind
respecting
1878.]
M.
Eibeaupierre
made
177
Articles
were
For the time being it was principally at sea that the war
made itself felt. Incidental acts of piracy and a mistaken
exercise of belligerent rights continued to disturb the peace
of
Europe and
To
neutrals.
to inflict
serious injury on
the
trade of
rumour of some
lawless enterprise
it
was thought,
Hellenic
light it
flag.
was regarded
at
home
is
1826,
may
know
I really
Mm
expedition.
lie is
3,
nearly
hruHm
stantinople
till
the British service, an exile, and very nearly an outlaw, he has very
little to apprehend from any further process of the law, and may gain
by a few months' buccaneering in the Archipelago.
What is certain is, first, that Lord 0. has sailed in a yacht, nobody
.
knows where. He had been for some months at Brussels he came over to
England furtively, took a review of certain steamboats building in the
river Thames, and embarked somewhere in Cornwall supposed for the
;
Mediterranean.
Secondly, that two frigates have been some time building for the
Greek Committee at New York, one of which is now finished, the other
not so, or ever likely to be so, as the money for both is not forthcoming,
nor indeed for one without selling the other which the Yankees, who
put no enthusiasm in the business, intend to do.
Thirdly, that of the steamboats building here one has sailed, not
armed, and that three or four smaller ones, laden with arms, have
sailed also
supposed to be intended to furnish the " Perseverance " in
some port at which they are to touch on their way.
178
Ipaet u.
it was last year, when undoubtedly that prohibimade the proclamation effectual. But it would not have had that
effect long.
Cannon would have been exported to other countries to
by
order in Council, as
tion
which the export v/as not and could not be prohibited, and would havebeen picked up there by the ships for which they were destined or
what our manufacturers have dreaded most, other countries which have
foundries would have got the trade into their hands. The six months'
suspension, if we were to believe the representations of the manufacturers, had nearly ruined two of the principal establishments in this
;
coimtry.
The warlike steam vessels and the warlike stores have both cleared
out for Malta. But the Act of Parliament (of which, for your edification, I enclose a copy) applies to Malta as strongly as to England, and
the Governor would unquestionably put it in force against any attempt
In the Ionian Islands the law has
to put together the armament there.
no force but orders are sent to the Ionian Government not to harbour
Lord Cochrane there for an hour.
After all, therefore, perhaps the enterprise may be more difficult in
execution than in conception. But if it does take place, you must make
the best excuse you can, and you may represent the open assistance
rendered by the Turk Ibraham Pasha as increasing in an incalculable
degree the difficulty which the British Government has in restraining
;
British subjects.
been
me
to think
them here.
all its
obligations in
AN ANXIOUS
1878.]
179
CRISIS.
The
representatives of
respective
demand
efforts of three as
The month
commu-
allies
of an
The
The
Hellenic ^eas.
movement
The
for
the purpose
of
came in.
On one of the Sundays in October I was
on the point of starting for the daily rendezvous when a
packet from Smyrna was put into my hands. Within it I
found a shabby
little
Morea, had heai'd what convinced him that a great battle had
taken place between the allied squadrons and the Turco-
Egyptian
fleet.
my
The mutual
satisfactory.
Sir
but determined
veto.
180
[pakt
ir.
my French colleague's
His Excellency had no sooner read it than he raised
his head, exclaiming, " Trois tetes dans un bonnet, n'est-ce
pas ? " Nothing could be done at the moment, and we
when
hand.
contentment.
The thunders
tain Cotton left
no doubt that a
decisive,
and probably to
borne upon a
What
if it
Its confirma-
would soon
it
a treacherous surprise ?
Would
the
it
arrive.
allies,
and
in the light of
ambassadors in that
made to do penance
The prospect was by no means
so when it became known that
of earKer times, be
in
Towers
attractive,
still
less
the
Seven
and
tell-tale note.
ment
of Egypt.
knowledge
is,
my own personal
we were openly charged by the Reis
that
hension of some
evil design.
1878.]
When
came
its
ISi
cause and
its result,
down, at the same time that the Sultan's unbroken adherence to his repulsive policy remained without a shadow
of change.
month
of
In concert with
November
my
more
The
of war.
was the
What
pacification of
me
object
office.
since
we had
its
execution
In the sight of
all
at rest
credit, as
if,
day
is
Steatfobd de Eedcliffe.
XV.
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE REVIVAL OF
GREEK INDEPENDENCE.
[PAET
The
NOYEMBEE,
II.,
autumn of 1825
capable
common
Their
I left
Greece.
1878.]
England
in the
object, in so far as it
appeared
Peace
Greek insurrection,
my
reaching
Duke
A later batch,
Other
by the death of the Emperor Alex-
policy
imperial
danger
me
of
at
me
These
last instruc-
impending
hostilities.
1878.J
may be
This
effectively illustrated
183
1825.
was ordered
and
suggest."
little
if it
Duke
of Wellington at
tell
the Reis
Effendi that the Porte was not to reckon upon Great Britain
as an ally in a
from
reliable sources or
from positive
facts.
The
184'.
[paut
ii.
had
of proving that he
effect
plan.
Much
full
of;
somewhat
elastic, limits,
and
it is
now
allotted,
treated
though
It is right, nevertheless, to
by one or
more of the embassies, covered a space of twenty-one
M. de Ribeaupierre
arrived at Constantinople as
Turko-Russian conference
of which
envoy,
this
character seemed to
The
limited functions
of charge
had been previously exercised by Monsieur Minwho left no reason to doubt his having given what
d'affaires
ciackj'',
little
my
instructions.
a sense of increased
in similar
by
force of arms.
to this resolution
strength
ill-concealed language
of
the
Internuncio in favom* of
sideration.
come
1878.]
such
on
185
foot,
was invested
Their
They
its effects.
perceived,
when
it
was too
late, that
they had thrown away their last chance, nay, their best
prospect of bringing the war to a close on moderate terms,
and avoiding
its
The
gerous adversaries.
but
it
was
On
Turkish
fleet,
The Russians
The
followed
had been
The French were the first on board.
rejected by the Porte.
The English party, including of course the ambassador and
his famUy, had to find their way after dark to the two small
a few days later.
fresh north
wind with rain had the good effect of screening them from
public notice, and giving them a quick night passage to the
Dardanelles, where the Pasha in
command
received their
much
Archipelago,
we got
safely to
Smyrna, where a
frigate
com-
and
Communication with the
in waiting to receive
186
[pakt
ii.
The
relief
if,
my
offers of
afforded to
was preceded by an outbreak of plague, moderate in character and extent, but alarming enough to make communication
more or
less a
its rapidity.
Cases of the
Turkey
is
fatal disease
had occurred
victim.
where
a visit to Malta
was natural to
day to day, that despatches indicating the
views of Government would shortly arrive.
On failure of
at Corfu,
it
expect, from
this expectation
without
further
The
to proceed overland
Ministry, meanwhile,
had
1878.]
187
The Duke of Wellington had become the head of a new combination; Lord
Dudley was Minister for Foreign Affairs. The cause of
undergone a considerable change.
at liberty to
Mahmoud
in a pro-
Constantinople.
iU.
advised in takiug
when the
con-
It is reasonable
enough
to suppose that
he
was led into that mistake by the intrigues of those who were
alien to the triple convention, although there was ample
ground in the Sultan's character
of intemperance on his part.
to account for
Be
that as
it
any degree
war pursuant
to their
all
proceed-
how
the Morea.
It
to
understand
Russia
Mohammedan
misrule.
Was
it
pos-
188
SO
bad a cause ?
Our
[pabt
ii.
He
Marshal Maison.
command
effective,
of
with a
Government throughout
no reason
England had
lant ally.
for carrying
instructions
At
this point
effect.
The
fall
of Misso-
longhi had been attended with such heroic actions and such
affecting circumstances that their partisans in every country
Their actual
1878.]
It
fall
was somewhat
of Missolonghi
later,
189
triple
conven-
remnant of
means.
distinguished merit,
The
little
country, as
it
may be
called, long
new
Athens
It
at a very
advanced age.
also a
more doubtful
John Capo
d'lstria.
reference was
made
to
Count
my
my miud. The
Capo
d'lstria
He
dence.
Though
cast.
self-taught,
He
their confi-
common
He
Count
standard.
European
art of diplo-
still
a Greek.
With a
full
him
my previous
acquaintance with
190
[pabt
I knew
entire confidence of
ii.
the
country would
The two
abundant temptations.
But
equipoise.
thrown
offer
The Greeks
counsels,
condition of their
them
to i)reponderate.
first,
for the
Capo
d'Istria
man whose
was to
qualities
all
Europe.
Count
and circumstances
It
at all corresponded
made was
him
the
graciously
>
in function as President
when the
three
It
The
actual condition
by
to
his
1878.]
An
191
it.
far
from Missolonghi.
The Russian
Turks.
force
Turkey on the
Danubian
side of the
Black Sea.
The
situation
As
venience.
had
little
to
recommend
it
in point of con-
Our Eussian
colleague
had the double advantage of being on dry land and near the
President,
ill
common fund
of troubles.
aifairs, and the position
upon to lay the foundations of a
suppress an old cause of disturb-
who were
called
also to
The
and
task, in itself
difficult
by no means
by the character
relations,
whom
assistance.
owned
He
who
who were commissioned to
It
The
its
dislike of
usefulness
and
necessity.
failure of
192
obtain,
[part n.
requisitions,
It
as Venice,
so would
viving State
before
we could
respective impressions
and
was
allies
fully justified.
Count Capo
d'Istria appears to
have thought
it
it
a pity
He
pi-o-
should be employed,
its
rejected,
to
me
It
word
It is indeed difficult to
1878.]
For him
193
it
the spirit of a Greek President, or in the interest of belligerent Eussia, to covet the possession of Athens, nor would
My refusal was
sure to be approved
home, and
it
officer's
too
genial compliance.
After a term
ing as large
to derive
of
was almost as
trying to health
to
as
patience,
distracted, condition.
its
Weari-
Early
No
repeated
discussions
and preparatory
up in the form of
articles
had
many
all together,
Greece and
its
difficulty.
form of government
With
respect to the
*HE EASTER]^
194
we had
latter
[paeT
QtJESTIOif.
to consider whether
it
if.
it
rights of a separate
Power"?
all
Was
the
that
pai't
its
raised, or
would
pendence
within
it
be enough to
the
more
establish
classical
Greek inde-
circumscription
of
Archipelago ?
Considerations of the grayest character affected each and
all of
these propositions.
How
all
defied the
could they
its
attendant
fostering their
of forming
and
them
into a
evil tendencies,
little
Democratic or
them
fit
Europe.
On
the
ment kingly
in principle, if not
The
whom
Every State
18?8.]
is
195
FttONTIEU.
and
up
when made
of triumphant rebellion,
Christian
Powers
allied
If peace
ing rival.
We
lenic
were not
genius,
compounded of
or sympathy
religion
and
humanity.
Such, no doubt, were the sentiments prevailing
less in
Downing
and therefore
Street,
was thought at
first
that
if
my
both
more or
duty and
sphere of action.
It
and of Actium on the other, and to the south and east the
Morea together with those islands where a Greek population abounded, as much would be obtained as the London
Conference was likely to approve, or the Ottoman authorities
this outline
preferable to propose
frontier
to
from the
largement
district
of Zeitoun.
The reasons
it.
were
map
of Greece,
in addi-
THE EASTERN
196
sliort
QtJESTIOK.
[past
ii.
and how
detailed collectively to
explain them.
an end in the
to
Day His
my
De-
latter half of
full
share of numerous
sight
of
From
lightning.
its
where I completed
my
Straits of Messina
communications with
Whether
at
The
always
the
official
correspond-
some resemblance
of applying the
forces might not
the
its
bed of
to that of re-
"Eurydice," on the
requisite
power
at
times the
line, or
hauHng
Apart from
figurative
in their President,
much
my
city.
task.
embodied
to a
pretension warranted,
and the
The men-
was also a
cause of unpleasant disagreement, although it had not
been recommended as a part of the emancipated domain,
1878.]
fit
for unprejudiced
consideration.
among
London
the authorities in
to
the
There
Porte.
is also
evidence in
the
to the Sultan's
sequel proved
conduct
it
its flagrant
must be admitted
that, if the
spirit
My
now on
pearance of
out
to
finality,
actual chief.
There was
also
on
turned
me and my
Foreign Office by
my
side a misgiving
it
There was no
to
Greece
vailed with
me
I wrote to
Lord Aberdeen
tinctly
my
to take
the Conference of
London
conference at Poros.
my
conditional
198
The answer
London, and
my
successor to the
surprise
relieved
occasioned
by
li.
arrived without
It
the
as
[paet
Embassy
Conference
The
at Constantinople.
contradictory
this
of
Eobert Gordon
decision
was
liberty to consider
was reserved
The
had
to each
member
of the AlUance.
intended
its
effect.
The northern
frontier of Greece
of unqualified independence.
Many
his indul-
While Naples
mention may
is still
fitly
whom
allied Powers.
Among
On
own
1878.]
adviser in
a case
199
1831.
It
its
darkest colours.
letter to
me
till
Lord Grey had succeeded to the Duke of WellingLord Palmerston had taken the direction of the Foreign
place.
ton,
Department.
It
dependent State.
to
new
recommended
in-
The
line of frontier
at
finally
The Sultan
territory
it
my personal
Government.
vyish
made my preparations
At my
last interview
my
decided
Sir
but neither
,200
[part
ll.
surmounting the
It
diificulty.
liberty to start.
A boisterous
and then on
me
at
by the inclemency
at times
of the
to Brindisi,
where a
frigate
commanded by
I lost no time in
my journey
to Napoli di
me
to Corinth.
The
rest
seat of
few scattered
wood
little
in the valleys,
The
and
iato a settled
The
hills,
presented a
field
had sunk
it
in-
plain of Argos, as I
my
horse's feet.
The Morea,
scene of
civil
sence, one
headed by
conflict.
Two
followers of
local natives
and
more
of the foreign
and doctrinal element than suited the wild habits and lawless notions of the Pelecari and their chief.
Coletti had
1878.]
201
him a
intelligence gave
The
was Count
what
claim he possessed to
little
The
influence of
England
but
it
and,
Some
their grievances.
positive result.
to Argos, I
"
leg.
my
to you,
is
war,
sir
all
I added
my
The Government,
if it
" and
wholesome
Very
efforts to
All
war
sad,
those of
was unavailing.
its
own restricted
London was
sending
it
to
my
journey to
Constantinople.
I found the "Actaeon" at anchor in the Dardanelles
tiipe
than
it
202
my
placed at
to carry
disposal
me from
to choose
[pakt
II.
between
sail
Experience of long
and steam.
me
"Have you
"Yonder are
Straits.
on board
? "
piles
far
the Sea of
Marmora our
me
last.
wood.
"
visible.
and on
alone in
How
suggestion? "
When
of this dilemma.
"
as
we steamed
would not
plenty of coal?" I
we passed up the
of wood; shall we take a supply
commander
more."
" Which
is
point ? "
the nearest
"
Sulini,
believe, there
on the horizon."
" Steer a
to it," I added,
direct
course
I was so disgusted
horseback.
the stakes
The Turks
it
But neither did the " Alban " nor myself arrive before the
"Actseon." It amused me to think how my reliance on
steam, as the vanquisher of sail, had been defeated.
I was
now on
My
colleagues in the
French charge
We
1878.]
^03
Swayed by a
om- point.
had
suffice to carry
necessity.
last to
kind.
illin gly
money
if
possibly such
at this time
a manner to
picion at Constantinople.
jealousy in Greece,
fear of
fully
acting in
of susof this
The
neglecte'd,
channel by which
In a quarter of
He
talent which,
used with
much
whom
made up my mind,
but
it
The
therefore, to
was necessary
throw out
to proceed
if
not to make
204
him
[paet
ii.
a dangerous confidant,
and we agreed to meet. His house, at some considerable distance up the " Golden Horn," was to he the
place,
down
my
my
the harbour.
embark alone on
my
troubled waves.
its
On
The
was only so
The
conveyance.
visit
return
our faces.
My
my
He
engaged to work in
confidential intercourse
maintained
under his
simultaneously with
my tether,
auspices
the
official
could be
negotiation.
now
my
On
quicksands.
colleagues,
failure,
whose
on the other
my own
open or
character.
secret, are
my
government or compro-
by
rail.
Months
We
arrived at the goal, nor did I get rid of the cough, which
1878.]
It
205
of papers
trouble.
requisite
ascendency.
and
delay.
recommended
to
me on
me no
I found
it
though
it
d'affaires,
power was
caused
me some
Turks
negotiation.
revolt
Kings of Brentford.
commands
number
left to
at
A plurality of
their respect,
my
my
on the contrary,
to have a sufficient
These were
But a stumbling-block
the very door. I knew to a
knew
it,
was not
to be trusted, I
More
his character
was no
secret.
I told
My
him at our
opinion of
first
meeting
206
EASTEbN
TitE
QUESTlOlJ.
[paut it
in so
less,
my
fate.
my
He
its
My
whatever.
ters;
had
the latter
In both
stantial reality.
any,
was
step
as hard with
with
my
by
me
step.
of outline,
less
departments
The Sultan
the progress,
in his
if
way fought
colleagues
and
me
in front of them.
An
ap-
new
that the
frontier line of
termini, east
and west,
at
and vdth
it
truly,
complete separation.
As soon
as a complete understanding
was
effected with
my
it,
its
result
seemed
we should agree
to promise
to that conclusion
satisfaction
which really
to all parties.
Such an
it
A FbRCEb
i878.j
Ms
a fair consideration of
207
CONCE^SlOif.
Majesty's wishes.
Thus
was
it
We
into contact,
now hrought
ment would be
Dts
Our
aliter visum.
Yenikeui.
We entered
its part.
The
away
cavil,
He
took courage,
Our
refusal
met
to sign,
a convention.
off
He
still
indignation.
subdue him.
aid,
last it
He
provoked him.
Even
had
fully risen
upon
its
pages.
Such were the means, such were the slow and weary
steps, by which the new Hellas was lifted up to that great
mountain ridge whence the eye of the traveller may range
unchecked over the pastures of Thessaly. Six-and-forty
years have all but closed-over that
memorable transaction.
fertile territory
which
208
is
reason to
fear,
[part
il.
have they
left
the price
The main
and
my
parture.
me
London on the
matters, it must be
Sultan's behalf.
to
These were
delicate
much
or too
little.
at
home
in the
Eussia.
Subsequently,
instructions,
it
relieved
when I had
me from much
my
make up
his
mind
exist-
to apply to
The
It
SULTAN MAHMOUD.
1878.]
None
on his legs.
to be
me
conversation he caused
At the
of our political
close
209
me
in his lifetime
may
here
an appropriate place.
superior.
His
fnorality,
He
He
had no scruple
to
interest.
changes of circumstance, or
of mind,
he missed at
critical
tunity,
and
But,
compulsory cessions.
up the
reins of sovereign
He had
On the
to lament the
other hand, he
His reign
gathered
loss.
fallen
he repressed
ever.
of reforms 'which
it
into friendly
Powers of Christendom.
To
him, moreover,
than to
its foes.
more dangerous
due the
to the country
is
army in place of a
210
[part
provement.
ii.
rather imposing
countenance.
face,
its
was
slightly
expression.
His
He
was healthy.
His
stature
constitution
may be
It
much
We may now
my
After
affairs.
dissensions
civil
had
dangerous aspect.
taken
The Conference
my suggestions
London had
and in consequence
acting in
into consideration,
effect.
it
came
to
it
to Greece
duphcate
so happened
after I
had
my
disposal,
and
it
parties.
I had a
occurred to me, on
my
duplicate, if
and prevent a
earned
the
fatal
explosion.
satisfaction
my
and
disgraceful
kind.
Petersburg
left
no doubt as
retreat
to the source
On
upon
St.
from which he
way to Odessa he
His vessel cast
Russian Minister
his
1878.]
211
resided,
de Boutenieff he
living.
With Monsieur
was in frequent communication. The
British
With
his retirement
ended the
shaken
finally
But
Set in
and in
its
off as
me
The
My secret inter-
to note.
own interests
which
my
was
remains for
little
when
first
province to conduct.
The
Island of
wished to be
its
him
title
it
Samos was
and he
I was
of Prince.
Samos and
came
it
its
to
inhabitants.
my
At the moment
of embarkation
if I
be, it
was too
to seek
me
to take
It looked as
an explanation.
Under
my
late for
but,
were
set,
and I turned
Eomania
was sent
other notables
or position.
off,
its
Napoli di
gulf,
waters.
but with
deputa-
more or
less distinguished
by
their conduct
ment of
its
My
first
reply
freedom
at so
much
cost,
212
[pakt
ii,
course.
appeared to value
withhold
it,
more
my
any
Finding
it iiseless
especially as
it
Your immediate
business, I con-
to
Institutional securities
victions
first
need."
me on
varied.
Empire
is
is
my
see with
a pernicious illusion.
spectacles.
The Turkish
may be used
as their garden
it
present existence
Their
at the
same
time that they give free play to the springs of internal progress,
and uphold,
principle of
life
from
The
loftiest trees
slips or seeds,
and risen to
their
of our
im.'i
The joy of
retvirning to a peaceful
and
the kind
was
still
later,
while I
his abode ia
slightest
by Pahnerston,
213
wish to
hea,r
actual position, or of
on a firm and
able footing.
to
to
suit-
wear the
recommend
The Eegency
it.
The
character of Prince
by
whom
have
already broken
directors,
inter pa/res
an
chief,
the measure
primus
and
more than
be deplored.
but
if
To
we were
when its
nor were we more happy
say the least,
mould ;
period.
It followed
that,
forts of the
214
fPABt
il.
it
all
article, I
subject, as
A war
sensibly
on the
or at least operating
Such a war
as
of future enlargement
pretensions
to
and
to bristle
succession
the
up
whenever
their cherished
it
may
fatality.
may
please
If the.
be credited,
and elsewhere.
kingdom stands towards the Ottoman Empire and its soveAt best they cannot be much more than superficial,
and the space which remains for expressing them is already
reign.
much reduced.
The main object
1878.1
in a spirit of
compromise on
sucli
The
grounds as to
215
a fair
offer
That
kingdom.
line
friendly re-
of boundary
That
line
of both parties,
to the separation
It
was
There
is
would have
must be allowed,
make
If that be true,
way
to that of
to a cession of considerable
persuaded to
to give
or, after
expe-
Powers.
on
its
its
northern side.
The Greek who learns fi'om history or by national tradiwhat manner his ancestors were dethroned and degraded by the armies of Islam, and who perhaps has felt
the weight of Mussulman misrule in his own generation,
can hardly fail to sigh for a more complete emancipation of
his race and a more extensive dominion for its glory and
security.
But the Turk on his side is equally open to fear
of losing the proud, imperious mastery so hardly won by his
tion in
Caliphs,
and at times so
pitilessly exercised
by himself,
to
216
[pakt
ii.
manners has
It
to be guarded.
rectification of the
and
if
the
would do well
ready to give
and be
is
gaged to promote
from
treaty-,
its
is
formally en-
work out
expedients
and
if it
it
may
present
now
by what measures of
fairly obtain a
constituted, to consider
policy,
may
may
alwaj'^s
Steatfoed de Eedcltpfe.
THE EKD.
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31
INDEX.
Abeecrombie's Works
Acland's India
Admiralty Manual
iEsop's Fables
Agricultural Journal
Albert (The) Memorial
Speeches
Army
Lists
Austin's Jurisprudence
Choice of a Dwelling
8
16
22
25
18
21
24
20
Barbauld's Hymns
Talmud
Turkey My Boyhood -
20
29
Barclay's
Barkley's
15
10
25
8
Barrow's Autobiography
11
8
Bell's
Bell's
Tower
of
London
Sea
Bible
17
2
11
18
id
Commentary
Japan
JKocky Mountains
Bisset's Sport in Africa
Blackstone's
g
11
9,
Comments
Works
25
20
15
Brugsch's Egypt
4, 6,
-
Bunbury's Geography
Burbidge's Borneo
10,
BurCkhardt's Cicerone 12,
Burn's Nav. & Mil. Terms
Burrows' Constitution
Buttmann's Works
Buxton's Memoirs, &c. Political
Handbook
Campbell's Chancellors
and Chief-Justices
Lord Bacon
Napoleon
Life
3
11
17
19
24
20
29
6
20
iS
7
23
Carnarvon's Athens
-
Cartwright's Jesuits
Cathedral (The)
Cathedrals of England
Cyprus
Cesnola's
Chaplin's Benedicite
Seas
Chisholm's Polar
4,
7'
to
23
16
15
4,
(loleridge's
Table-Talk
Cookery
Cooke's Sketches
Cook's Sermons
Crabbe's Life and Works
Crp.wford's
Argo
Curtius'
Works
C^ust*"? Annals
20
22
25
19
16
23
23
18
29
29
19
19
ig
21
of the
Darwin's Works
Wars
Dennis' Etruria
Dent's Sudeley
Derby's Homer
Derry's Bampton
24
Erasmus, Life
Davy's Consolations
Salmonia
De Cosson's Blue Nile
17
8
21
25
-
9
19
23
15
De
'
- Horse-Shoeing
Ducange's Dictionary
Du
Chaillu's Africa
Dufferin's High Latitudes
Ellis's
22
24
25
27
9
11
24
i9
- 5,
24
6
8
9
6
Catullus
Elphinstone's India
Elphinstone's Turning
Elton's, E., Africa
Elze's Byron -
23
Ellis's
17
9
7
S24
15
16
11
g,
Rome
tural-Works
20, 22
Washington
5
19
23
7
Glynne's Churches
Goldsmith's Works
Gomm's, Life
Wm. IVth
Grey's
Grote's Histories
Works
27
24
16
16
3
20, 21
Life
Mrs.
Hallam's England
Middle Ages -
4
4
22
Remaihs History
Literary
23
28
28
24
6
- 5,
Hamilton's Guards
Hamilton's Rheinsberg HandbooksforTravellers 12,14
21
Hatch's Aristotle Hatherley on Scripture 15
6
Hayward's Statesmen
Head's Engineer 24
Bur^oyne
'
8
11
Hollway's
Norway
Home and
Colonial Library 30
Homer,
Iliad, Odyssey 23
Hook's Church Dictionary 14
Hook's (Theodore) Life
7
Hope's, B., Worship
16
Houghton's Monographs
6
Poetical Works
23
Houstoun's Wild West 11
Hutchinson's Dog- Breaking 25
Hutton's Principia Grxca 29
Jex-Blake's Sermons
Johnson's (Dr.) Life
Julian's Dictionary
Hymnology
17
16
7
of
14
22
Junius' Handwriting
Fergusson's
Architec-
19
8
Forbes' Burmah
20
Forsyth's Hortensius _Novels and Novelists 21
8
Foss' Biographia Juridica
21
Frere's India anti Africa
-
19
10, 18
3,
Madagascar
Memoir
21
- 7>
Eastlake's Essays
Eldon's Life Elgin's Letters
24
20, 22
Speeches, &c.
Duncan's Artillery
Durer, Albert
English in Spain
Roman Empire
Cripps on Plate
Croker's Geography
Stories ior Children
Crowe's Flemish Painters
Painting in Italy ;
Titian
- 7,
Cumming's South Africa 9)25
-
Gibbon's
15
23
15
24
8
"6
Agamemnon
22
16
20, 25
Grammars
20, 25
-
Modem
29
4
17
19
ig
Egyptians,
4)9
11
it
Lane's
Lawrence's Remmiscences
32
Index,
9
29
19
Lex Salica
Liddell's Rome
21
21
- 3,
27
Loudon's Gardening
Lyell's
Works
Lytton's
25
17, 18
JuHan Fane
NordhofTs Communistic
Societies
Seas>
II
Macdougall's Warfare
Macgregor's Rob Roy
Madras, Letters from
Mahon's Betisarius
24
10
8
7
21
10
21
15
21
Markham's Histories
Parkyns' Abyssinia
Peel's
Memoirs
New
So. Wales 10
Michel Angelo
"
7, 19
Middleton's Rembrandt
19
Millington's Land of Ham 15
'
Milman's Histories
St. Paul's
Christianity Latin Christianity
Fall of Jerusalem
Horace
- 4,
-
5,
- 4,
-
4,
'
16
14
16
14
23
7j23
(Bishop) Life of
Mivart's Essays
The Cat
Moore's Life of Byron
Moresby's New Guinea
Mossman's Japan
Quarterly Review
21
Damascus
lion
4.6
Satsuma Rebel-
Mozley's Predestination
Muirhead's Vaux-de-Vire
Murchison's Siluria
-
Memoirs
Music and Dress
List
'
25
16
g
23
tory
7
21
15
4,
'
19
15
18
25
25
20
20
Robinson's Palestine
10,
Physical Geography
Alpine Flowers
Sub-Tropical Garden
Rowland's Constitution
Laws of Nature
Mycenae
g,
'
24
24
14
25
Wm.)
20
25,
8
3,4
Diction-
3, 4, 6, 7, 8, II, 14,
26
/^
Canterbury
Westminster Abbey
Sermons in East Bp.,
Memoir
Arnold
Corinthians
Christian Institutions
Stevens's Madame de Stael 6
Stephens's Chrysostom 6
Stories for Children
29
Street's Architecture of
Student's
Manuals
19
3. 9 18
14, 26} 28
Sumner's Life
Swainson's Creeds
15
7
Sybel's' French Revolution 5
Symonds' Records of the
Rocks 18
Swiff s Life
Temple's India
8,
21
15,
ig
10
16
7,
ig
Thielmann's
Caucasus
Thomson's Sermons
Titian's Life
and Times
Tocqueville's France
Tomlinson's Sonnet
23
Tozer's Turkey & Greece 10
Tristram's Land of Moab
10
Great Sahara 9
Truro, Bp. of. The Cathedral, &c.
IS
Turkey, Lady^s Life in 10
Tyler's Primitive Culture
21
Tylor's Hist, of
Mankind
VambSry's Travels
15
.
6
22
cow
S 22
Stanley's Sinai
10
Bible in Holy Land
10
Eastern, Jewish, and
Scottish Church - 4, 16
18
ig
Bible Lands
Vatican Council
23
29
5
18
Rejected Addresses
Reynold's Life
Ricardo's Worlcs Robertson's Church His-
Nimrod
23
18
8
Navy
Schomberg's Odyssey
School arid Prize Books
Scott's Architecture
Musters' Patagonians
New Testament
15
Nautical Almanack
Rae's Barbary
9
Rassam's Abyssinia
g
Rawlinson's Herodotus
3
Ancient monarchies
3
Russia in the East 10, 20
Redcliflfe (Lord S. de). Eastern Question
20
istan
Motley's Histories
Barneveld
Mounsey's
6
16
6
22
16
23
10
14
21
29
Porter's
Pitt
Miscellanies
Retreat from Mos-
22
9
Madame de
Stanhope's Histories
Percy's Metallurgy
Perry's St. Hugh Philip's Literary Essays
Philosophy in Sport
Pope's Works
-
Japan
Masters in Theology
Matthias's Greek Gram,
Mayo'sSportinAbyssinia 9, 25
Meade's New Zealand 10
Melville's Typee and Oraoo 10
16, 18
Stael,
Chinchona
Marryat's Pottery
Meredith's
11, 20
Prayer-Book
M'Clintock's Arctic
Northcotes's Note-Book
21
8
9
15
16
18
-A.
F., Crete
9
8
21