Type Test Notes

Automation Products Laboratories
TYPE TESTING OF PROTECTION RELAYS

1. INTRODUCTION TO TYPE TESTING OF PROTECTIVE,
AUXILIARY & TRIPPING RELAYS.
A relay or protective scheme may only be called upon to operate once or twice in its
entire life. It must however be accurate and reliable. It must be completely stable
against maloperation when subjected to any of the numerous onerous conditions
that may occur in its normal working environment.
Since the prime function of a protective relay is to operate correctly under abnormal
or extreme conditions, it is essential that the relays be tested under those conditions.
Abnormal conditions may be caused by a number of reasons.
These can be
summarised into the following categories:

Overvoltages or overcurrent.
Interfering noise.
Problems with the DC or AC auxiliary supply.
Mechanical vibration.
Extreme environmental conditions, temperature, humidity.
Transients caused by Voltage or Current Transformers.
Transients caused by large transformers, or HV cables and lines when energised.
It is also important to determine the accuracy or response of the relay within the
specified operating range. The relay itself must not be a source of interference to
other equipment, and although it is connected to the primary system, it must pose no
safety hazard to personnel or plant.
Automation Products Laboratories - St Leonards Avenue Stafford ST17 4LX England

Tel: +44 (0)1785 223251 Fax: +44 (0)1785 212232
ALSTOM GRID UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue Stafford ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
It is therefore necessary to carry out TYPE TESTING on newly developed relays to

assess their performance.
Type testing is quite different from ROUTINE
PRODUCTION relay functional testing which is carried out on every relay before it
leaves the factory.
The International Electrotechnical Vocabulary defines type tests as:
A test of one or more devices made to a certain design,
to show that the design meets certain specifications.
Before a product is developed the required performance is specified, as are the
required performance tests, and before any tests are carried out, test plans and test
procedures are written and agreed.
At ALSTOM Grid, Stafford, the Automation
Products Laboratories carries out the EMC, Environmental, Electrical and Safety
Type Testing. The functional Type Testing is carried out by the R&D Department in
China (CTC) although Automation Products Laboratories will review both the
Functional Test Specifications and the Functional Test Results.
As a parallel process to this, the Automation Products Laboratories are also
responsible for gaining third party approval for the relays. The electricity suppliers
have their own formal approval processes for protection relays and the Automation
Products Laboratories take the responsibility of ensuring that the relays conform to
these requirements and that the approval process is carried out correctly. In the UK
the Energy Networks Association (ENA) is the main approval body which represents
a group of relay users involved in the generation, transmission, distribution and
supply of electricity. Its membership consists of mostly UK companies, although
there are associate members from Ireland, Japan, South Africa and Finland.
The market for protection relays is worldwide, and, it is most important that
internationally agreed standards are used as the basis for the tests carried out.
Hence most references in the publications are to IEC standards (International
Electrotechnical Commission).
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Typetest_notes_2012.doc
So, what type tests are carried out? Broadly speaking they can be split into five
groups.
1. Functional Tests
2. Electrical Tests
3. Environmental Tests
4. EMC Tests
5. Safety Tests
Functional tests are carried out to determine the accuracy and repeatability of each
of the discrete functions that the product can perform. They also determine the
effect of the interaction between each of the discrete functions within the relay, and
also the interaction between other items of equipment that the relay may be
interfaced with.
The electrical tests are designed to test that the relay is not damaged by transient
overvoltages that may be experienced on site. In addition the affect of variations on
the relays auxiliary supply voltage are also determined.
Environmental tests are designed to ensure that relays can operate as expected in
the environment they are installed in.
Power system protection relays can be
installed anywhere in the world, in a diversity of environments. In order to ensure

reliability in operation, and whether they are fit for purpose, they are subjected to the
most stringent type tests, as specified in the IEC standards.
EMC tests are designed to ensure that the protective relay is not affected or capable
of affecting other equipment that is located within the substation. Compliance with
the EMC directive is a legal requirement of all products sold within Europe.
Safety tests and reviews are designed to ensure that the product being sold is safe
ensuring that it causes no injury to users during its normal operation. Compliance
with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) is a legal requirement of all products sold within
Europe and along with the EMC Directive is essential for CE marking the product. In
addition Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and Atmosphres Explosibles (ATEX)
testing is carried out in conjunction with the appropriate authorities.
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1.1 UKAS ACCREDITATION

The Automation Products Laboratories are accredited by the United Kingdom
Accreditation Services (UKAS). The laboratory complies and operates to ISO/IEC
17025 requirements to provide a quality service. The Schedule of Accreditation
detailing the tests for which Automation Products Laboratories is accredited is shown
on the UKAS web site; www.UKAS.org.
All equipment used to carry out the tests, is calibrated by an accredited test house
which includes our own Electrical Measurements Laboratory which is also UKAS
accredited.
Specialised tests are performed at external accredited test houses, these being:
Mechanical testing: Vibration response and endurance, shock response and
withstand, bump and seismic.
Enclosure protection testing: dust and water ingress
Electromagnetic Interference testing: Conducted and radiated emissions, conducted
and radiated immunity.
2. FUNCTIONAL TESTS
2.1 ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITY OF PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
Taken to the basic definition, functional tests consist of applying voltage, current or
frequency variations over the complete setting range for the function under test, and
measuring the performance in terms of accuracy and repeatability.
They are carried out under reference laboratory conditions, usually in a temperature
and humidity controlled environment.
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Consider the following simple overcurrent element.

Element
Range
Step Size
I>1
0.08 - 4.00In
0.01In
I>2
0.08 - 32In
0.01In
Directionality
Forward/Reverse/Non-directional
RCA
-95 to +95
Characteristic
DT/IDMT
Definite Time Delay
0 - 100s
IEC IDMT Time Delay
IEC Standard Inverse
0.01s
IEC Very Inverse

IEC Extremely Inverse
UK Long Time Inverse
Time
Multiplier
Setting 0.025 - 1.2
0.025
(TMS)
IEEE IDMT Time Delay
IEEE Moderately Inverse

IEEE Very Inverse
IEEE Extremely Inverse
US-C08 Inverse
US-C02 Short Time Inverse
Time Dial (TD)
0.5 15
0.1
IEC Reset Time (DT only)
0 - 100s
0.01s
IEEE Reset Time
IDMT/DT
IEEE DT Reset Time
0 - 100s
IEEE IDMT Reset Time
IEEE Moderately Inverse
0.01s
IEEE Very Inverse

IEEE Extremely Inverse
US-C08 Inverse
US-C02 Short Time Inverse
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The functions described above are the basic building blocks of any overcurrent relay,
and, the following tests would be carried out to prove the functionality:
Test 1:- Three phase non-directional pick up and drop off accuracy over complete
current setting range for both stages
Test 2:- Three phase directional pick up and drop off accuracy over complete
RCA setting range in the forward direction, current angle sweep
RCA setting range in the reverse direction, current angle sweep
RCA setting range in the forward direction, voltage angle sweep
RCA setting range in the reverse direction, voltage angle sweep
Test 6:- Three phase polarising voltage threshold test
Test 7:- Accuracy of DT timer over complete setting range
Test 8:- Accuracy of IDMT curves over claimed accuracy range
Test 9:- Accuracy of IDMT TMS/TD
Test 10:- Effect of changing fault current on IDMT operating times
Test 11:-Minimum Pick-Up of Starts and Trips for IDMT curves
Test 12:- Accuracy of reset timers
Test 13:- Effect of any blocking signals, opto inputs, VTS, Autoreclose
Test 14:- Voltage polarisation memory
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So, for even the most basic function, there are numerous tests that are carried out in
order to prove the correct implementation and operation of the function. This is a
very time consuming process, and for a large project, involves numerous engineers
and technicians for several months. In the case of the Px4x development, if only one
person were to carry out all the test duties, it would take a total of 4 years to write the
test specifications, and 30 years to carry out all of the tests. Then there would be the
small matter of writing the type test reports!
2.2 RATINGS/BURDENS AND THERMAL WITHSTAND TESTS

In the case of measuring the burden and rating of the relays CTs, VTs, auxiliary
power supply and opto inputs, as well as the maximum quantities that these
components can withstand thermally, tests are performed to the requirements
defined in:
IEC 60255-1 Electrical Relays Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment
Part 1: (Common Requirements)
This standard specifies the general performance requirements of all electrical
measuring relays and protection equipment used in the electrotechnical fields
covered by the IEC, and gives recommended values for ratings, burdens, markings
and accuracy claims.
In the case of the burden, this is measured for the CTs, VTs, opto inputs and
auxiliary voltage input. This involves measuring the operating voltage and/or current
drawn by each of these components over the specified operating range.
For ratings, this is again measured for the CTs, VTs, opto inputs and auxiliary
voltage input. This involves applying the appropriate input quantity at increasing
values for decreasing amounts of time.
For CTs and VTs, thermocouples are
embedded in the windings and the temperature rise when the current or voltage is
applied is measured. This gives an indication of the point where the insulation is
about to melt or deteriorate, although the wire itself may be able to withstand the
applied quantity.
This also determines the short time thermal withstand of the
components. For CTs this is the maximum current they will withstand for 1s, and for
VTs it is the maximum voltage they will withstand for 10s.
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Output contact ratings tests are performed to determine the ability of the relays
output contacts to perform repeated loaded operations. These are usually off the
shelf components, and the performance when breaking DC inductive and resistive
loads is rarely claimed by the manufacturer, so tests have to be performed to
determine this.
2.3 COMMUNICATIONS TESTS

More and more, relays are being developed with highly complex communication
capabilities to allow information exchange within intelligent protection schemes.
Tests are performed to ensure that various communication commands sent to the
relay result in the correct response. Tests are also performed to ensure that the
communications do not have an adverse effect on the protection performance of the
relay, for example, increasing the operating time should a system fault occur whilst
the relay is communicating remotely with the control room.
2.4 MEASUREMENT PERFORMANCE

Modern relays have an extensive array of measured quantities, ranging from voltage,
current and frequency, active, reactive and apparent power, peak, fixed and rolling
demand values, and the sum of the broken current value used for circuit breaker
condition monitoring.
The accuracy of these measured quantities has to be
determined.
Some measurements are made directly by the relay, for example phase current and
voltage magnitude. However, others are derived by the relay, for example negative
sequence quantities, so tests have to be performed to determine the comparative
performance between direct and derived measurements.
2.5 INFLUENCING QUANTITIES

Along with measuring the accuracy and repeatability of each of the protection
functions, there is a whole suite of functional tests designed to determine the effect
of various parameters on the protection performance.
These are known as
influencing quantities, and consist of the following.
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System X/R, where tests are performed with faults at various X/R values, ranging
from 1 up to 120. This results in fault waveforms with DC offset components, and
allows the effect on the relays operating times to be determined.
Point on Wave, where tests are performed with faults applied over the complete
point on wave range. Again this allows the affect on the relay operating times to
be determined.
Harmonics, where the effect of harmonics up to 17th, usually at 10% of the
fundamental are determined.
Relays installed in proximity to HVDC links,
capacitive compensators, and arc furnaces will encounter distortion of the current
and voltage waveform due to the presence of various harmonics.
Frequency. Under normal operating conditions, the system frequency varies over
strictly specified limits.
However, generator and motor protection relays are
required to operate over an extremely wide frequency range, and the accuracy
has to be determined over this range.
Similarly, modern relays are dual
frequency rated to work with either 50Hz or 60Hz systems, so a comparison in the
protection performance at these two frequencies has to be determined. In fact, in
some cases, the functional tests are performed at 60Hz, because this is the most
onerous condition for the relay in terms of samples per cycle, i.e. the digital signal
processor (DSP) has to work 20% faster when the relay is configured for 60Hz,
than it does for comparable performance at 50Hz.
Auxiliary Voltage. In modern relays, the operating range of the auxiliary voltage is
very wide, and therefore tests are performed to ensure that the relay will perform
its functions with the same accuracy and speed over the complete operating
voltage range. Most relay power supplies are also dual rated to work with either
AC or DC voltage, and a comparison in functional performance is made between
these two parameters.
2.6 CONJUNCTIVE TESTS

These tests derive their name from the fact that they are performed with a relay in
conjunction with a real current transformer, and realistic power system parameters.
The main aim of these tests is to determine:
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line current transformer requirements

realistic operating times
limits of stability for through faults
Traditionally, these tests have been performed on a bulky heavy current plant known
as the synthetic test plant, which used CTs, VTs, resistors and inductors to simulate
the line. This equipment has now been replaced with the RTDS (Real Time Digital
Simulator), which is essentially a power system simulator.
(There is a separate
presentation and notes on the RTDS).
3. ELECTRICAL WITHSTAND TESTS

These tests are performed on unenergised relays to prove that:
1. The insulation employed is able to withstand the likely overvoltages encountered
in service.
2. The creepage and clearance distance between two points is large enough to
withstand the likely overvoltages encountered in service.
3.1 DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND TESTS.

The test is designed to prove the rated insulation voltage as declared by the
manufacturer.
ALSTOM Grid, Stafford, perform this test as a type test, and also as a standard
routine production test on every relay produced.
The relevant standard is:
IEC 60255-27 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 27: Product
Safety Requirements.
The relevant test levels used by ALSTOM Grid, Stafford are:
2.0 kV rms 50/60Hz for 1 minute applied between all terminals to case earth, and
then between independent circuits
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1.5 kV rms 50/60Hz for 1 minute applied across dedicated normally open contacts
of tripping output relays
1.0 kV rms 50/60Hz for 1 minute applied across normally open contacts of
watchdog relays or changeover pairs:
The pass criteria are that no breakdown or flashover shall occur, and the relay shall
still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance after the test.
3.2 IMPULSE TEST.

The purpose of this test is to prove the ability of the relay's insulation to withstand
without damage overvoltages of very high amplitude and short duration, for example,
those caused by lightning strikes. The test waveform is shown below:
Impulse Waveform (not to scale)
5 kV
Rise time : 1.2 us
Fall Time : 50 us to 50 %
Peak amplitude : 5 kV
50%
1.2 us
Pulse energy : 0.5 Joules
50 us
Figure 1 High Voltage Impulse Test Waveform

The impulse is applied to a de-energised relay as 3 positive and 3 negative impulses
applied at intervals of not less than 5 seconds between:
all circuits and the case earth
all independent circuits
the terminals of independent circuits except for normally open contacts
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IEC 60255-27 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 27: Product
Safety Requirements.
The relevant test level is:

5kV, 1.2/50s waveform, 0.5J
The pass criteria are that no breakdown or flashover shall occur, and the relay shall
still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance after the test.
3.3 INSULATION RESISTANCE

The purpose of this test is to measure the insulation resistance of the relay. 500Vdc
is applied for 5s, and the current drawn measured.
IEC 60255-5 - Electrical Relays Part 5: Insulation Coordination for Measuring

Relays and Protection Equipment Requirements and Tests.

100M between all circuits and the case earth, all independent circuits and
across normally open contacts
The pass criteria are that the insulation resistance must be greater than 100M
between the circuits specified above.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
As well as proving that the relay can carry out all the functions claimed to the
required accuracy over the claimed operating range, it also has to be ensured that
the relay is capable of performing these functions correctly in the environment it may
find itself in. This involves testing each new product to extremes of temperature,
humidity and vibration.
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4.1 TEMPERATURE TESTS

Temperature tests are performed to ensure that the relay can withstand extremes in
operating and storage temperatures, both hot and cold.
The relevant standards are:
IEC 60068-2-1 Environmental Testing Part 2-1: Tests Test A: Cold
IEC 60068-2-2 - Environmental Testing Part 2-2: Tests Test B: Dry Heat
The test conditions are:
Storage and Transit
-25C to +70C
Operating
-25C to +55C
For the storage and transit test, the relay is placed unenergised in a temperature
cabinet at -25C and held at this temperature for duration of 96 hours. After this time
has elapsed, the relay is removed from the cabinet and allowed to return to the
ambient temperature.
It is then powered up, and tested to ensure that all the
functions still operate within the claimed tolerances. The same process is repeated
for the +70C temperature.
The criteria for acceptance are that after the temperature testing the relay should
carry out its main functions correctly, and that the results should be within the
claimed tolerance.
For the operating temperature test, the relay is placed energised in the temperature
cabinet, and subjected to the following temperatures:
-25C, 0C, +20C, +40C, +55C.
At each of these temperatures the relay is allowed to stabilise until it is at the same
temperature as the test level. It is then powered down and up again, and subjected
to tests to determine that the functions still operate within the claimed tolerances.
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The criteria for acceptance in this case is that the relay must power up correctly,
(particularly important at low temperatures), it must perform all its main functions
within the claimed tolerance, and the LCD should be legible, (again, this is important
at the low temperatures).
4.2 HUMIDITY TESTS

Closely related to the temperature test is the humidity test. This test is carried out to
ensure that the relay will withstand and operate correctly when subjected to high
humidity at a constant temperature over a prescribed period.
IEC 60068-2-78 Environmental Testing Part 2-78: Tests Test Cab: Damp
Heat, Steady State.
+40C 2C and 93% relative humidity.
Duration 56 days.
For these tests the relay is placed in a humidity cabinet, and energised with normal
in-service quantities for the complete duration of the test. In practical terms this
usually means energising the relay with currents and voltages such that it is 10%
from the threshold for operation.
Functional tests are performed on the relay at 21 and 56 days, whilst it is still in the
cabinet. These tests determine if the main functions of the relay perform within the
claimed tolerance. Throughout the duration of the test the relay is monitored to
ensure that no unwanted operations occur.
Once the relay is removed from the humidity cabinet, its insulation resistance is
measured to ensure that it has not deteriorated to below the claimed level. The relay
is then functionally tested again, and finally dismantled to check for signs of
component corrosion and growth.
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In this case, the criteria for acceptance is that for the 56 day duration no unwanted
operations shall occur including transient operation of indicating devices. After the
test the relays insulation resistance should not have significantly reduced, and it
should perform all of its main protection and communications functions within the
claimed tolerance. The relay should also suffer no significant corrosion or growth,
and photographs are usually taken of each PCB and the case as a record of this.
4.2.1 Cyclic temperature and humidity testing

In addition to the 56-day humidity tests is the cyclic temperature with humidity test.
This test is a short term test which physically temperature stresses the relay whilst
subjecting it to a high ambient humidity. The test does not replace the 56 day test
but is used for testing extension to ranges or minor modifications to prove that the
design is unaffected.
IEC 60068-2-30 Environmental Testing Part 2-1: Tests Test Db: Damp heat,
cyclic (12h + 12h cycle).
+25C 3C and 95% relative humidity/ +55C 2C and 95% relative humidity.
24 hour cycle period conforming to profile shown below.
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Figure 2 Cyclic temperature and humidity profile
For these tests the relay is placed in a humidity cabinet, and energised with normal
in-service quantities for the complete duration of the tests. In practical terms this
usually means energising the relay with currents and voltages such that it is 10%
from the threshold for operation. Throughout the duration of the test the relay is
monitored to ensure that no unwanted operations occur.
Once the relay is removed from the humidity cabinet, its insulation resistance is
measured to ensure that it has not deteriorated to below the claimed level. The relay
is then functionally tested again, and finally dismantled to check for signs of
component corrosion and growth.
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The criteria for acceptance is that no unwanted operations shall occur including
transient operation of indicating devices.
After the test the relays insulation
resistance should not have significantly reduced, and it should perform all of its main
protection and communications functions within the claimed tolerance. The relay
should also suffer no significant corrosion or growth, and photographs are usually
taken of each PCB and the case as a record of this.
4.3 ENCLOSURE PROTECTION TESTS

The object of this test is to prove that the casing system of the relay is protected
against the ingress of dust, moisture, fingers, tools etc., depending upon the test
level specified.
IEC 60529 - Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP Code)
For MiDOS cases, (MCGG, KCGG, KBCH), the relevant level for the case is IP50,
which means protected from the ingress of dust particles, denoted by the 5, and no
protection against the ingress of moisture, denoted by the 0. For the MiCOM relays,
(P*40, P*30, the relevant level is IP52, which means, protected against the ingress of
dust particles, denoted by the 5, and protected against the ingress of dripping water
at an angle of 15, denoted by the 2.
For the dust test, the relay is placed in a chamber containing 2kg of powder per
cubic metre of the chamber volume. The chamber is then sealed, and the dust
circulated violently for a period of 8 hours, after which time the relay looks like this:
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Figure 3 LFZR relay on completion of the dust tests.

The relay is then carefully dismantled and inspected to determine the degree of
ingress of dust. The criteria for acceptance is that dust may enter and accumulate
inside the case as long as it does not interfere with the normal operation of the relay.
An engineering judgment is made about this considering the fact that the dust
encountered in service may be conductive.
For the dripping water test, the relay is subjected to 2.5mins of dripping water at a
flow rate of 3mm/min with the relay inclined at an angle of 15 from the horizontal.
The pass criteria in this case is that if any water has entered, it shall not:
Be sufficient to interfere with the correct operation of the equipment or impair
safety.
Deposit on insulated parts where it could lead to tracking along the creepage
distances.
Reach live parts or windings not designed to operate when wet.
Accumulate near the cable end or enter the cable if any.
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4.4 MECHANICAL TESTS

These tests are carried out to simulate a number of mechanical conditions the
product may have to endure during its lifetime.
They fall into three distinct
categories, each designed to simulate a different environment, and covered by a

different standard.
Vibration
Shock and Bump
Seismic
In all cases, these tests are performed at an external test house. The relays are
subjected to the tests in the three axes, front to back, side to side, and top to bottom.
The relays are subjected to the mechanical tests in both the normal in service
condition, that is with current and voltage applied so that the relay is 10% from the
threshold of operation, and also on the tripped condition, where current and voltage
is applied so that the relay is 10% above the threshold for operation.
4.4.1 Vibration Tests

Two types of vibration tests are carried out:
Vibration Response
Vibration Endurance
The vibration response test is carried out with the relay energised to ensure that it is
able to perform correctly when subjected to constant mechanical vibration caused by
rotating machines such as generators and motors and industrial plant such as
crushers and mills.
The vibration endurance is performed with the relay unenergised, and is an
accelerated life test to simulate the effect of long term vibration and also some forms
of transportation.
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IEC 60255-21-1 Electrical Relays Part 21: Vibration, Shock, Bump and
Seismic Tests on Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Section One:
Vibration Tests (Sinusoidal)
The relevant test levels are:
Vibration Response Class 2, 1g, 10 - 150Hz, 1 sweep, energised.
Vibration Endurance Class 2, 2g, 10 - 150Hz, 20 sweeps, unenergised.
For the vibration response test, the pass criteria is that the equipment shall not
maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance
after the test.
For the vibration endurance test, the pass criteria is that the equipment should not
suffer any mechanical damage, and should still perform its main functions within the
claimed tolerance after the test.
4.4.2 Shock and Bump Test

Three types of shock and bump tests are carried out:
Shock Response
Shock Withstand
Bump
The aim of these tests is to ensure that the equipment can withstand similar
conditions both in service and in transportation. Circuit breaker mounted relays can
be subjected to shocks when the breaker operates, panel mounted relays can
receive impact shocks caused by ladders and doors.
Relays can also undergo
repeated bumps during transit.
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The shock and bump impulse waveform is shown below:
Figure 4 Shock and Bump Impulse Waveform
- - - - - nominal pulse.
limits of tolerance.
D
Duration of nominal pulse.
Peak acceleration of nominal pulse.
T1
minimum time during which the pulse shall be monitored for shocks and
bumps produced using a conventional shock and bump machine.

T2
minimum time during which the pulse shall be monitored for shocks and
bumps produced using a vibration generator.

IEC 60255-21-2 - Electrical Relays Part 21: Vibration, Shock, Bump and
Seismic Tests on Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Section Two:
Shock and Bump Tests
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Shock Response, Class 2, 10g, 11ms, 3 pulses, energised
Shock Withstand, Class 1, 15g, 11ms, 3 pulses, unenergised
Bump, Class 1, 10g, 16ms, 1000 pulses, unenergised
For the shock response test, the pass criteria is that the equipment shall not
maloperate and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance
after the test.
For the shock withstand and bump tests, the pass criteria is that the equipment
should not suffer any mechanical damage, and should still perform its main functions
within the claimed tolerance after the test.
4.4.3 Seismic Tests

The third type of mechanical test that is carried out is the seismic test. This is
designed to prove that the relay can operate as intended during earthquakes. The
test consists of a single axis sinusoidal sweep.
IEC 60255-21-3 - Electrical Relays Part 21: Vibration, Shock, Bump and
Seismic Tests on Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Section Three:
Seismic Tests
Class 2, 1 - 35Hz, 1 sweep, energised.
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The sweep parameters are:

Peak displacement below Peak acceleration above Number
the cross over frequency.
the cross over frequency
(mm).
(gn).
of
sweep cycles
in each axis
x (horizontal)
y (vertical)
X (horizontal)
y (vertical)
7.5
3.5
2.0
1.0
The criteria for acceptance is that the equipment shall not maloperate, and shall still
perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance after the test.
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY TESTS

There are numerous tests that are carried out to determine the ability of relays to
withstand the electrical environment in which they are installed.
The substation
environment is a very severe environment in terms of the electrical and

electromagnetic interference that can arise. There are many sources of interference
within a substation, some originating internally, others being conducted along the
overhead lines or cables into the substation from external disturbances. The most
common sources are:
Switching Operations
System Faults
Lightning Strikes
Conductor Flashover
Telecommunication Operations e.g. mobile phones
A whole suite of tests are performed to simulate these types of interference, and
they fall under the broad category known as EMC, or Electromagnetic Compatibility
tests.
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Broadly speaking, EMC can be defined as:

The ability of equipments to co-exist in the same electromagnetic environment.
It is not a new subject and has been tested for by the military ever since the advent
of electronic equipment. If there is no electromagnetic compatibility in the battlefield
then the results can be disastrous.
For example, in 1967 there was an incident that occurred aboard the US aircraft
carrier Forrestal whilst cruising off the coast of North Vietnam. All the planes on
board were loaded with two 1000lb bombs each, as well as air to ground and air to
air missiles, and were fully fuelled and ready for take-off. Somewhere on the deck,
attached to the wing of an aircraft, was an improperly mounted shielded cable
connector. As the radar swept around, radio frequency voltages were generated in
the cable, which ignited a missile that shot across the deck, struck the aircraft
opposite and blew its fuel tanks apart.
Its two bombs fell on to the deck and
exploded. Fire spread below decks, and by the time it was extinguished, 134 men
were either dead or missing. Total damages were put at $72 million.
Early Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) on both aircraft and automobiles were
susceptible to EMI.
Accidents occurred when the brakes functioned improperly
because EMI disrupted the ABS control systems.

The sirens of passing emergency vehicles caused some electric wheel chairs and
invalid buggies to operate. This problem caused several deaths when these chairs
and buggies moved into the path of oncoming traffic and not responding to the users
input.
More recently there have been some problems with the throttle jamming wide open
on some modern cars that use fly by wire technology to control the engines throttle.
This also has caused several deaths and although the true cause of this was never
discovered it is widely believed that it was due to an EMC problem in the cars
concerned. This shows that an EMC related issue can be difficult to find and hard to
prove as it leaves no physical evidence particularly within the electronic circuits that it
effects which is particularly the case for microprocessor circuitry.
5/4/2012
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So, it is evident that EMC can cause real and serious problems, and does need to be
taken into account when designing electronic equipment. To achieve this, in addition
to designing for statutory compliance to the EMC and Low Voltage Directives, the
following range of tests are carried out during our products development process.
5.1 DC INTERRUPT
This is a test to determine the maximum length of time that the relay can withstand
an interruption in the auxiliary supply without de-energising e.g. switching off, and
that time when it is exceeded and it does transiently switch off, that no maloperation
occurs.
It simulates the effect of a loose fuse in the battery circuit, or a short circuit in the
common DC supply, interrupted by a fuse. Another source of DC interruption is if
there is a power system fault and the battery is supplying both the relay and the
circuit breaker trip coils. When the battery energises the coils to initiate the circuit
breaker trip, the voltage may fall below the required level for operation of the relay
and hence a DC interrupt occurs.
The relevant test standard is:
IEC 60255-11 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 11: Voltage
Dips, Short Interruptions, Variations and Ripple on Auxiliary Power Supply Port.
20ms interruption without de-energising
10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 & 5000ms interruptions without
maloperating.
The relay is powered from a battery supply, and both short circuit and open circuit
interruptions are carried out. Each interruption is applied 10 times, and for auxiliary
power supplies with a large operating range, the tests are performed at minimum,
maximum, and other voltages across this range, to ensure compliance over the
complete range.
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The pass criteria for this test is that for interruptions of 20ms and less, the relay shall
not maloperate or de-energise, i.e. it shall not respond to the d.c. interrupt. For
interruptions greater than 20ms, the relay shall not maloperate, and power up
correctly.
5.2 AC RIPPLE ON DC SUPPLY

This test determines that the relay is able to operate correctly with a superimposed
AC voltage on the DC supply. This is caused by the station battery being charged by
the battery charger and the relevant waveform is shown below.
60.00
50.00
Voltage
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
1393
1306
1219
1132
1045
958
871
784
697
610
523
436
349
262
175
88
0.00
Time (ms)
Figure 5 AC ripple superimposed on DC supply

IEC 60255-11 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 11: Voltage
Dips, Short Interruptions, Variations and Ripple on Auxiliary Power Supply Port.
12% ripple peak to peak on the dc auxiliary voltage.
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For auxiliary power supplies with a large operating range, the tests are performed at
minimum, maximum, and other voltages across this range, to ensure compliance for
the complete range. The interference is applied using a full wave rectifier network,
connected in parallel with the battery supply.
The pass criteria is that during application of the ripple, the relay shall not
maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance.
5.3 DC RAMP DOWN / RAMP UP

This test simulates a failed station battery charger, which would result in the auxiliary
voltage to the relay slowly ramping down. The ramp up part simulates the battery
being recharged after discharging.
The relay must power up cleanly when the
voltage is applied and not maloperate.

ALSTOM Grid Staffords Standard, (no international or national standard exists)
1min/cycle and 100min/cycle where 1 cycle is Vmax - 0 - Vmax.
The pass criteria is that the relay must not maloperate by either issuing a trip
command or by chattering (rapidly switching off and on) when the boundary level of
the voltage is reached, for both the ramp down and ramp up test.
5.4 AC DIPS AND INTERRUPTIONS

This test is to evaluate the effects of a relay when subjected to voltage dips, short
interruptions and voltage variations.
The tests simulate the effect of a loose fuse or wire in the supply circuit, or a short
circuit in the common AC supply. Another source of AC interruption is when a power
system fault or overload occurs. When loads are switched onto the supply, the
voltage may fall below the required level for operation of the relay and hence an AC
dip, interruption or variation may occur.
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IEC 61000-4-11 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and

Measurement Techniques - Voltage dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage
Variations Immunity Tests.

Minimum operating voltage 80% of lower voltage range (LVR)
Maximum operating voltage 110% of higher voltage range (HVR)
Voltage Dips and Interruptions:

0% i.e. 100% Voltage dip for a duration of: 10, 20, 50, 100, 200ms & 5s
Note: The above interruptions are applied for both positive and negative polarities
at the following angles: 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315.
Voltage Variations: Levels of 100, 40 and 0% of the 80% of lower voltage range
(LVR) and 110% of higher voltage range (HVR) for 1s duration. Time to reach
new level: 2s.
An interruption of the supply shall not exceed 1 minute

Repetitive Start Tests to simulate a loose fuse
The tests are carried out using an AC voltage variation generator which powers the
relay, the tests are performed at 80% LVR AND 110% HVR with minimum, half and
full loading i.e. number of outputs etc energised.
The pass criteria for the above tests is for the specified variations and interruptions,
loss of function is permitted, but the relay must self recover with no loss or corruption
of settings or data and without operator intervention.
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5.5 HIGH FREQUENCY DISTURBANCE TEST

This test simulates the types of interference caused by switching operations and
power system faults, which cause high voltage transients.
The high frequency
disturbance test waveform has a frequency of 100kHz, 1MHz, 3MHz, 10MHz or

30MHz. A typical 1MHz waveform is shown below.
Figure 6 1MHz High Frequency Disturbance Waveform

This type of interference is most likely to occur when a circuit breaker breaks load or
fault current, or an isolator/disconnector breaks load or charging current. This type
of voltage disturbance occurs for switching operations in any electrical circuit and the
frequency of oscillation is given by the equation below:
f =
1
2 LC
Where:
F is the oscillating frequency
L is the inductance in the circuit
C is the capacitance in the circuit
5/4/2012
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The relevant test standards are:

IEC 60255-22-1 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 22-1:
Electrical Disturbance Tests - 1MHz Burst Immunity Tests
Measurement Techniques -Damped Oscillatory Wave Immunity Test
Also ANSI/IEEE C37-90.1 - IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capabilities
(SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electrical Power
Apparatus.
100kHz and 1MHz burst tests: Class III, 2.5kV common mode, 1kV differential
mode, 2s total test duration, 6-10 bursts per power system frequency.
3MHz, 10MHz and 30MHz burst tests: Class IV, 4kV differential mode, 50ms
(3MHz), 15ms (10MHz) and 5ms (30MHz), 300ms test duration
ANSI/IEEE SWC test: 2.5kV both common and differential modes, 1.0 MHz, test
duration >2s.
Tests are carried out on each circuit, with the relay in the following modes of
operation:
1. Current and voltage applied at 90% of setting, (relay in a quiescent untripped
state)
2. Current and voltage applied at 110% of setting, (relay tripped)
3. Main protection and communications functions are tested to determine the effect
of the interference.
The pass criteria is that during application of the high frequency disturbance, the
relay shall not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the
claimed tolerance.
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5.6 FAST TRANSIENT

This test simulates the type of high voltage interference caused by high-speed
disconnector operations in GIS substations, and by breakdown of the SF6 insulation
between the conductors and the earthed enclosure. Both these types of interference
can be inductively coupled onto the circuits connected to the relay, or be directly
introduced via the CT and VT inputs.
The fast transient waveform/pulse train is shown below.
Burst Period, 300 ms

V
Burst Duration (15 ms)
t
V
5 ns rise time, 50 ns pulse width.
Repetition Period.
Figure 7 Fast Transient Waveform/Pulse Train.

This waveform has a very fast rise time of around 5ns and duration above 50% of
the crest value of around 50ns.
IEC 60255-22-4 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 22-4:
Electrical Disturbance Tests Electrical Fast Transient/Burst Immunity Test.
Also ANSI/IEEE C37-90.1 - IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capabilities
(SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electrical Power
Apparatus.
Class III, 2kV, 5kHz, common mode only.
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Class IV, 4kV, 2.5kHz, common mode only.

ANSI/IEEE 4kV, 2.5kHz, common and differential mode.
The test is to one circuit at a time, and the test duration is 1min. Tests are carried
out on each circuit, with the relay in the following modes of operation:
1. Current and voltage applied at 90% of setting, (relay not tripped)
The pass criteria is that during application of the fast transient, the relay shall not
5.7 POWER FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE

This test simulates the type of interference that is caused when there is a power
system fault and very high levels of fault current flow in the primary conductors or the
earth grid. This causes 50 or 60Hz interference to be induced onto control and
communications circuits.
IEC 60255-22-7 Electrical Relays Part 22-7: Electrical Disturbance Tests for
Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Power Frequency Immunity Tests.
300Vrms common mode, 150V rms differential mode, applied to circuits for which
power system inputs are not connected.
Tests are carried out on each circuit, with the relay in the following modes of
operation:
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The pass criteria is that during application of the power frequency interference, the
relay shall not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the
claimed tolerance.
5.8 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE

This test simulates the type of high voltage interference that occurs when an
operator touches the relays front panel after being charged to a high potential by the
friction between dissimilar materials moving against one another.
For example, in 2005 Frank Clewer of Warrnambool in Western Victoria, Australia
attended a job interview wearing a nylon jacket and woollen shirt. As he walked
through the building he left scorch marks across the carpet which subsequently
ignited and led to everyone being evacuated. Firemen attending the scene cut the
power supply believing the fire had been caused by a power surge. However, they
later discovered that Mr Clewers clothes were carrying an electrical charge of 40kV!
In this case the discharge is only ever applied to the front panel of the relay, with the
cover both on and off.
Two types of discharges are applied, air discharge and
contact discharge. Air discharges are used on surfaces that are normally insulators,
and contact discharges are used on surfaces that are normally conducting. Typical
application points are shown in the diagrams below.
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Figure 8 Application points for the ESD tests. Front cover on.
Figure 9 Application points for the ESD tests. Front cover removed.
The shaded labels indicate those points which are not normally conducting and
which will therefore be subjected to the air discharge. The unshaded areas are
those that are normally conducting and will be subjected to the contact discharge.
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IEC 60255-22-2 - Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 22-2:
Electrical Disturbance Tests Electrostatic Discharge Tests
Cover On: Class 4, 8kV contact discharge, 15kV air discharge
Cover Off: Class 3, 6kV contact discharge, 8kV air discharge
In both cases above, all the lower test levels are also tested.
The discharge current waveform is as shown below:
100
90
Rise Time = 0.7 to 1.0 ns.

Current Specified for 30 ns and 60 ns
Current, % of Peak
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, ns
Figure 10 ESD Current Waveform

The test is performed with single discharges repeated on each test point 10 times
with positive polarity and 10 times with negative polarity at each test level, the time
interval between successive discharges is greater than 1 second.
Tests are carried out at each level, with the relay in the following modes of operation:
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of the discharge.
The pass criteria is that during application of the electrostatic discharge, the relay
shall not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed
tolerance.
5.9 SURGE IMMUNITY

This test simulates interference caused by major power system disturbances such as
capacitor bank switching and lightning strikes on overhead lines within 5km of the
substation.
The open circuit voltage is a 1.2 /50s test waveshape, and the short circuit current
is a 8/20s waveshape. The short circuit output current can be as high as 2kA and
this test is therefore much more powerful and potentially destructive than any of the
other interference tests.
Electrical Disturbance Tests Surge Immunity Test.
Level 4, 4kV common mode, 2kV differential mode
The pass criteria is that during application of the surge, the relay shall not
Also, it shall not suffer any damage.
5.10 CONDUCTED AND RADIATED EMISSIONS

These tests arise primarily from the essential protection requirements of the
European Community (EU) directive on EMC which require manufacturers to ensure
that any equipment to be sold in the EU must not interfere with other equipment. To
achieve this it is necessary to measure the emissions from the equipment and
ensure that they are below the specified limits.
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Conducted emissions are measured from the equipments power supply ports and
communications ports.
Radiated emissions measurements are to ensure that the interference radiated from
the equipment is not at a level which could cause interference to other equipment.
When performing these two tests, the relay is in a quiescent condition, that is not
tripped, with currents and voltages applied at 90% of the setting values. This is
because for the majority of its life, the relay will be in the quiescent state and the
emission of electromagnetic interference when the relay is tripped is considered to
be of no significance.
The relevant test standards are:
IEC 60255-25 - Electrical Relays Part 25: Electromagnetic Emission Tests for
Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment
IEC 60255-26 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment: Part 26:

Electromagnetic compatibility requirements
The relevant test levels are detailed in tables 1 to 4 below:
Table 1. Test level requirements for radiated emissions up to 1GHz
Frequency Range (MHz)
Limits of Radiated Emissions at 10m 1

Measurement Distance
Quasi-Peak dB (V/m)
30 to 230MHz
40 2
230 to 1000MHz
47
Notes:
1. The limits can be changed for different measurement distances
2. The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequency
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Table 2. Test level requirements for radiated emissions over 1GHz

Frequency Range (GHz)
Limits of Radiated Emissions at 3m

Measurement Distance
Average Limit dB
Peak Limit dB (V/m)
(V/m)
1 to 3
56 1
76
3 to 6
60
80
Notes:
1. The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequency
The highest frequency that the radiated emissions is measured up to is determined
by the highest frequency generated or used within the EUT as follows:
If the highest frequency of the internal sources of the EUT is less than
108MHz, the measurement shall only be made up to 1GHz
If the highest frequency of the internal sources of the EUT is between

108MHz and 500MHz, the measurement shall be made up to 2GHz
If the highest frequency of the internal sources of the EUT is between

500MHz and 1GHz, the measurement shall be made up to 5GHz
If the highest frequency of the internal sources of the EUT is above

1GHz, the measurement shall be made up to 5 times the highest
frequency or 6GHz, whichever is less
Table 3. Test level requirements for conducted emissions on power supply inputs
Frequency Range (MHz)
Limits dB (V)
Quasi-peak
Average
0.15 to 0.5
79 1
66 1
0.5 to 30
73
60
Notes:
1.
The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequency
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Table 4. Test level requirements for conducted emissions on communications ports

Frequency Range
Voltage limits 1
Current limits 1
(MHz)
dB (V)
dB (A)
Quasi-
Average
Quasi-peak
Average
peak
0.15 to 0.5
97 to 87 2
84 to 74 2
53 to 43 2
40 to 30 2
0.5 to 30
87
74
43
30
Notes:
1. The current and voltage disturbance limits are derived for use with an
impedance stabilization network (ISN) which represents a common mode
(asymmetric mode) impedance of 150 to the communications port under
test (conversion factor is 20 log10 150/1 = 44dB). The choice of whether the
current limits or voltage limits are used for measurement depends on the
availability of test equipment at the time of testing.
2. The limits decrease linearly with the logarithm of the frequency in the range
of 0.15MHz to 0.5MHz
5.11 CONDUCTED AND RADIATED IMMUNITY

These tests are designed to ensure that the equipment is immune to levels of
interference which it may be subjected to. The two tests conducted and radiated,
arise from the fact that for a conductor to be an efficient antenna, it must have a
length of at least wavelength of the electromagnetic wave it is required to conduct.
If a relay were to be subjected to radiated interference at 150kHz, then a conductor
of at least =300,000,000/150,000*4 = 500m long would be needed to conduct the
interference. Even with all the cabling attached and with the longest PCB track
length taken into account, it would be highly unlikely that the relay would be able to
conduct radiation of this frequency, and the test therefore, would have no effect.
The interference has to be physically introduced by conduction, hence the conducted
immunity test.
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Note that at the radiated immunity lower frequency limit of 80MHz, a conductor
length of approximately 1.0m is required. At this frequency radiated immunity tests
can be performed in confidence that the relay will conduct this interference, through
a combination of the attached cabling and the PCB tracks.
Although the test standards state that all 6 faces of the equipment should be
subjected to the interference, in practice this is not carried out. Applying interference
to sides and top and bottom of the relay would have little affect as the circuitry inside
is effectively screened by the earthed metal case. However, the front and rear of the
relay are not completely enclosed by metal and are therefore not at all well screened,
and can be regarded as an EMC hole. Electromagnetic interference when directed
at the front and back of the relay can enter freely onto the PCBs inside.
When performing these two tests, the relay is in a quiescent condition, that is not
tripped, with currents and voltages applied at 90% of the setting values. This is
because for the majority of its life, the relay will be in the quiescent state and the
coincidence of an electromagnetic disturbance and a fault is considered to be
unlikely.
However, spot functional checks are performed at selected frequencies, where the
relay is tested to exercise all of its main protection and control functions, to ensure
that it will operate as expected, should it be required to do so.
The frequencies for the spot checks are in general selected to coincide with the radio
frequency broadcast bands and in particular, the frequencies of substation
attendants mobile communications.
This is to ensure that when working in the
vicinity of a relay, the substation attendant should be able to operate his walkie-talkie
without fear of causing the relay to maloperate.
In addition, two further frequency sweeps are performed between 800MHz - 960MHz
and 1.4GHz - 2.0GHz at 30V/m to replicate the digital radio telephone and base
station frequencies used throughout the world.
The relevant test standards for the radiated immunity test are:
Electrical Disturbance Tests Radiated Electromagnetic Field Immunity.
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IEC 61000-4-3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC. Testing and Measurement

Techniques. Radiated, Radio-Frequency, Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test
ANSI/IEEE C37.90.2 IEEE Standard for Withstand Capability of Relay Systems
to Radiated Electromagnetic Interference from Transceivers
The relevant test levels for these radiated immunity tests are:
Class III, 10V/m, 80MHz 2.7GHz with 80% AM modulation using a 1kHz
sinewave. Plus additional spot frequency tests at 80, 160, 380, 450, 900, 1850 &
2150MHz.
Digital Radio Telephone Sweep Tests,
Level 4, 30V/m, 800MHz - 960MHz
Level 4, 30V/m, 1.4GHz - 2.0GHz
Both with 80% AM modulation using a 1kHz sinewave
ANSI/IEEE, 35V/m 80MHz 1GHz with 80% AM modulation using a 1kHz
sinewave. Plus additional spot frequency tests at 80, 160, 450 and 900MHz.
The relevant test standard for the conducted immunity test is:
IEC 60255-22-6 Electrical Relays Part 22-6: Electrical Disturbance Tests for
Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment - Immunity to Conducted
Disturbances Induced by Radio Frequency Fields.
The relevant test level for the conducted immunity test is:
Class III, 10Vrms, 150kHz - 80MHz.
The pass criteria is that during application of the interference, the relay shall not
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5.12 POWER FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD

These tests are designed to ensure that the equipment is immune to levels of
magnetic interference which it may be subjected to. The three tests (steady state,
pulsed and damped oscillatory magnetic field) arise from the fact that for different
site conditions the level and waveshape is altered.
5.12.1 Steady state magnetic field

These tests simulate the magnetic field that would be experienced by a device
located within close proximity of the power system. The relay is tested by immersing
the product within a magnetic field generated by two induction coils. The relay is
rotated such that in each axis it is subjected to the full magnetic field strength. The
test setup is represented in the diagram below.
Induction Coil
Induction Coil
EUT
Ground Plane
Figure 11 Power frequency magnetic field set-up


Measurement Techniques Power Frequency Magnetic Field Immunity Test
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Level 5: 100A/m continuous and 1000A/m short duration
The pass criteria is that during the application of the steady state condition, the relay
shall not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed
tolerance.
During the application of the short duration test, the main protection
function shall be exercised and verified that the operating characteristics of the relay
are unaffected.
5.12.2 Pulsed magnetic field

located within close proximity of the power system during a transient fault condition.
The generator for the induction coils shall produce a 6.4/16s waveshape with the
equipment configured as per the steady state magnetic field test.
IEC 61000-4-9 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-9: Testing and

Measurement Techniques Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity Test.
Level 5: 1000A/m
The pass criteria is that during the application of the magnetic field, the relay shall
not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance.
5.12.3 Damped oscillatory magnetic field

located within close proximity of the power system during a transient fault condition.
The generator for the coil shall produce an oscillatory waveshape with a frequency of
100kHz and 1MHz, the equipment shall be configured as per steady state magnetic
field test.
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IEC 61000-4-10 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-10: Testing and

Measurement Techniques Damped Oscillatory Magnetic Field Immunity.
Level 5: 100A/m, 100kHz and 1MHz
The pass criteria is that during the application of the magnetic field, the relay shall
not maloperate, and shall still perform its main functions within the claimed tolerance.
5.13 SAFETY
All relays sold within Europe are required to comply with the European Low Voltage
directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC. This requirement has been mandatory since January
1997 in order to CE mark a product.
Products manufactured before this date
complied with the appropriate Health and Safety at Work and Consumer Protection
legislation.
Note that this legislation covers the Product Safety i.e. whether the
product is inherently safe and does not pose any hazard to the user of the product.
The ability to detect and protect against external events which might cause a hazard
is dealt with under any applicable functional safety requirements.
The essential requirement of the legislation is to show due diligence that the product
is safe and will not cause electric shock or fire hazard under normal conditions and in
the presence of a single fault.
The LVD requirements cover all aspects of the
product and are not just confined to the electrical connections. The product must be
well constructed according to good engineering practice i.e. it must not fall apart
exposing live parts or presenting mechanical hazards. Walls must not be so flimsy
that pressing against these reduces the insulation distances below the minimum
requirement. The product must be adequately insulated and be suitably earthed with
clearly labelled manufacturer mark/logo, product ratings and any safety warnings. In
addition the product publication must contain adequate instructions and warnings
affecting safety.
Compliance with the Low Voltage Directive is demonstrated via self assessment with
the information being stored in a Technical File.
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The key relevant test standards are:

IEC 60255-27 Measuring relays and protection equipment. Part 27: Product safety
Requirements.
IEC 60664-1 - Insulation Coordination for Equipment Within Low Voltage Systems
Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests
UL 508 edition 17, Industrial Control Equipment
UL 840 edition 3, Insulation Coordination Including Clearances and Creepage
Distances for Electrical Equipment.
IEC 60079-0, Electrical Apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
and other BS, EN, IEC and UL standards referenced directly or indirectly by the
above documents.
6. ADDITIONAL TESTING
In addition to the Type Testing that is carried out on our products the Automation
Products Laboratories has introduced additional testing. This testing is carried out
after the Type Testing has been completed and prior to the products being available
for sale to our customers. This testing is carried out by a team of Technicians who
are effectively acting as our first customers. The testing focuses on the functional
operation of the product in that tests are carried out to ensure that the product
performs according to the claims made in the publications, the commissioning
instructions are also followed to ensure that they are correct and the product
performs as detailed in these instructions.
Another aspect of this additional testing is what we term Break-It Testing. This
again is carried out by our team of Technicians who carry out unusual tests on the
products to ensure that they do not have any unforeseen problems, an example of
such a test is:
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When downloading a settings file to a relay the communications cable is

disconnected before the file has downloaded, the relay will be tested to see
what effect this has had. The expected result is that the relay should
disregard the new settings and continue to operate using the original settings
and the relay shall continue to work and trip as expected.
There are many other examples of this type of testing that is carried out as Break-It
Testing but they are far too numerous to detail here. As can be seen from the above
example the intention is to carry out testing that is not usually part of routine Type
Testing and is more representative to how the product will be used in service.
The purpose of carrying out this additional and Break-It Testing is to ensure and if
necessary improve product quality and to detect and rectify any potential problems
with the products before they go on sale to our customers.
7. IEC 61850 CONFORMANCE TESTING.

7.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective as quoted in the UCAIug (Utilities Communication Architecture
International Users Group) Conformance Test Procedures for Server Devices is:
Does the protocol implementation of the DUT, conform to the IEC 61850 standard
and the PICS, MICS, PIXIT and ICD specifications as configured with SCD?
From the quotation above what is the:
DUT? The DUT is the Device Under Test.
IEC 61850 standard? The set of rules that the DUT protocol implementation
must adhere to. The standard is broken down into many parts of which the
following IEC documents for Communication networks and systems in
substations are used as reference during Conformance Testing:
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IEC 61850
Title
Part 1
Introduction and overview
Part 2
Glossary
Part 3
General Requirements
Part 4
System and Project Management
Part 5
Communication Requirements for Functions and Device Models
Part 6
Substation Automation System Configuration Language
Part 7-1
Basic Communication for Substation and Feeder Equipment - Principles and

Models
Part 7-2
Basic Communication for Substation and Feeder Equipment - Abstract

Communication Service Interface (ACSI)
Part 7-3
Basic Communication for Substation and Feeder Equipment Common Data

Classes and Attributes
Part 7-4
Basic Communication for Substation and Feeder Equipment - Compatible

Logical Node and Data Object Addressing
Part 8-1
Specific Communication Service Mapping (SCSM) Mapping to MMS
Part 10
Conformance Testing
PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement, a document

supplied with the DUT outlining what protocol services from part 7-2 are
supported.
MICS Model Implementation Conformance Statement, a document supplied

with the DUT outlining what Logical Device, Node, Common Data Class and
Attribute Definitions from parts 7-3 and 7-4 are supported and the format they
will use in the DUT. The MICS will conform to what is available in the ICD
file.
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PIXIT Protocol Implementation eXtra Information for Testing, a document

supplied with the DUT outlining conditions considered for each Conformance
Block supported by the DUT. The Conformance Test Engineer will reference
this document throughout the testing as and when specified by the UCA Test
Procedures to do so.
ICD IED Configuration Description, the empty configuration file/data model

for the DUT in SCL (Substation Configuration Description) format.
SCD Substation Configuration Description, the configured file/data model

for the DUT in SCL format.
7.2 TEST ENVIRONMENT

All tests are carried out by the Test Engineer in a laboratory faculty. Tests can be
performed to the UCA Test Procedures as Stafford Automation Product Laboratories
is a UCA Accredited Laboratory with ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO 9000 Quality System.
7.3 COMPONENTS IN THE TEST ENVIRONMENT

The test environment consists of the following components:
SIMULATOR / PC
Ethernet switching Hub

Device Under
ANALYZER
Time Master
Test (DUT)
EQUIPMENT SIMULATOR
5/4/2012
48
7.4 TEST TOOLS

We are currently conducting tests using the latest versions of the globally used
KEMA tools. Although the diagram above specifies an external analyser and time
master, the PC will consist of all tools necessary to conduct the Conformance Test
including the analyser and time master. The test tools are:
UniCA Client Simulator KEMA Tool for running mandatory/conditional test

case as defined in the UCA Test Procedures.
UniCA Goose Simulator KEMA Tool for running mandatory/conditional

Goose Subscription test cases as defined in the UCA Test Procedures.
UniCA SCL Checker KEMA Tool for the checking of the SCL File and Data
Model to ensure that there are no conflicts when compared to what is defined
in the standard.
UniCA 61850 Analyser KEMA Tool allowing the Test Engineer to

interrogate and store trace files for all test cases.
Omicron Test Suite for Omicron CMC256plus Equipment Simulator for

generating input/output signals.
Time Master PC based software to time synchronise device/clients.
SCL Configuration Tool IEC 61850 IED Configurator, of the MiCOM S1

Studio Suite, used to configure device for test.
7.5 TESTING
We are currently running Conformance Tests to the latest edition of the UCA Test
Procedures, Conformance Test Procedures for Server Devices with IEC 61850-8-1
interface Revision 2.3.
UCA Test Procedures requires the testing of:
Documents
o
5/4/2012
PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
49
MICS Model Implementation Conformance Statement
TICS Technical Issues Implementation Conformance Statement
PIXIT Protocol Implementation eXtra Information for Testing
SCL Configuration Files/Data Model

o
ICD IED Configuration Description
SCD / CID Substation Configuration Description / Configured IED

Description
Test Cases for following Conformance Blocks if supported by the DUT:

o
Basic Exchange Application Association and Server
Data Set
Substitution
Setting Group
Reporting Buffered, Unbuffered and Enhanced Buffered
GOOSE - Publishing and Subscribing
Control Direct Control, SBO Control (Select-Before-Operate), Enhanced

Direct Control and Enhanced SBO Control
Time and Time Synchronization
File Transfer
7.6 TESTING
When all tests have been performed and conducted according to the structured UCA
Test Procedures using the tools provided, an IEC 61850 Conformance Test
Certificate is issued.
5/4/2012
50
The tests and certificate can only be conducted and issued respectively by a UCA
accredited laboratory. Alstom Grid UK Stafford Laboratory is UCA accredited. A list
of other UCA accredited Test Laboratories from the UK and abroad is listed on the
UCA website, www.ucaiug.org.
References
[1] IEC 61850 Communication networks and systems in substations
[2] Conformance Test Procedures for Server Devices with IEC 61850-8-1 interface
Revision 2.3
[3] www.ucaiug.org
5/4/2012
51

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Automation Products Laboratories

TYPE TESTING OF PROTECTION RELAYS

summarised into the following categories:

Automation Products Laboratories - St Leonards Avenue Stafford ST17 4LX England

It is therefore necessary to carry out TYPE TESTING on newly developed relays to

Type testing is quite different from ROUTINE

At ALSTOM Grid, Stafford, the Automation

Power system protection relays can be

installed anywhere in the world, in a diversity of environments. In order to ensure

1.1 UKAS ACCREDITATION

Consider the following simple overcurrent element.

Definite Time Delay

IEC IDMT Time Delay

IEC Standard Inverse

IEC Very Inverse

Setting 0.025 - 1.2

IEEE Moderately Inverse

Time Dial (TD)

IEC Reset Time (DT only)

IEEE Reset Time

IEEE DT Reset Time

IEEE IDMT Reset Time

IEEE Moderately Inverse

IEEE Very Inverse

2.2 RATINGS/BURDENS AND THERMAL WITHSTAND TESTS

For CTs and VTs, thermocouples are

This also determines the short time thermal withstand of the

2.3 COMMUNICATIONS TESTS

2.4 MEASUREMENT PERFORMANCE

The accuracy of these measured quantities has to be

2.5 INFLUENCING QUANTITIES

These are known as

influencing quantities, and consist of the following.

Relays installed in proximity to HVDC links,

However, generator and motor protection relays are

Similarly, modern relays are dual

2.6 CONJUNCTIVE TESTS

line current transformer requirements

presentation and notes on the RTDS).

3. ELECTRICAL WITHSTAND TESTS

3.1 DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND TESTS.

3.2 IMPULSE TEST.

Pulse energy : 0.5 Joules

Figure 1 High Voltage Impulse Test Waveform

The relevant standard is:

The relevant test level is:

3.3 INSULATION RESISTANCE

IEC 60255-5 - Electrical Relays Part 5: Insulation Coordination for Measuring

The relevant test level is:

4.1 TEMPERATURE TESTS

It is then powered up, and tested to ensure that all the

4.2 HUMIDITY TESTS

4.2.1 Cyclic temperature and humidity testing

Figure 2 Cyclic temperature and humidity profile

After the test the relays insulation

4.3 ENCLOSURE PROTECTION TESTS

Figure 3 LFZR relay on completion of the dust tests.

4.4 MECHANICAL TESTS

They fall into three distinct

categories, each designed to simulate a different environment, and covered by a

4.4.1 Vibration Tests

The relevant standard is:

4.4.2 Shock and Bump Test