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F1
ZF
N1
ZF
= Fault shunt
= Combined Impedance of -ve and zero sequence
network impedances for particular fault.
/E
ZF = Z2 + Z0
ZF = Z2
//E
ZF = Z2 . Z0
Z2 + Z0
ZF = 0 (short circuit)
Healthy
ZF = (open circuit)
Power Flow =
E1 E2 sin
Z
Power
Load Angle ()
5
Power
3 Healthy
2 Healthy
1 Tripped
/E Fault
//E Fault
3 Fault
3 Tripped
Load Angle ()
6
Steady State
Y
Power
Normal Healthy
Operation
P0
Phase Angle
Difference
0
7
During Fault
Y
Power
Normal
P0
A
//E Fault
P0 - P1
P1
C
B
0
Phase Difference
Power
Normal
P2 '
P0
P2
F
Faulted Feeder
Disconnected
A E
D
//E Fault
0
1
9
Phase Difference
Damping
Normal
Power
P0
Faulted Feeder
Disconnected
//E Fault
Phase Difference
P0 '
E
A
Faulted Feeder
Disconnected
//E Fault
11
Phase Angle
Difference
P0'
Power
P0''
A
D
F
E
BC
Successful 3 A/R at E.
H
Faulted Feeder
Disconnected
//E Fault
Phase Angle
Difference
13
X
Power
Normal
P3(A/R)
/E Fault
Line Open 3
P3(A/R)
14
Phase
Angle
Difference
Power
P1(A/R)
1 Open
/E Fault
P1(A/R)
15
Phase Angle
Difference
16
1.
2.
3.
4.
Choice of Scheme
17
2.
3 A/R.
3.
4.
18
2.
19
high
2.
3.
4.
5.
20
Protection
High speed < 2 cycles
Phase comparison
Distance schemes with signalling
Distance scheme with zone 1 extension
Direct intertrip
21
De-ionising time
1 A/R longer special steps
22
Dead Time
Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to
die down.
Different settings for opposite feeder ends.
Typically 5 to 60 secs.
23
Reclaim Time
Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting
value.
Number of Shots
1 (invariably)
24
Check Synchronizing
25
Synchronism Check
On interconnected systems - little chance of complete loss of
synchronism after fault and disconnection of a single feeder.
Phase angle difference may change to cause unacceptable shock to
system when line ends are re-connected.
VB
VL
VL = 0
VB = live
Dead Line Charge
26
Check Synchronising
27
1)
2)
Voltage
3)
Frequency difference