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Auto-Reclosing On Transmission

Systems

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Fault Shunts (1)


Z1

F1

ZF
N1

ZF

= Fault shunt
= Combined Impedance of -ve and zero sequence
network impedances for particular fault.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Fault Shunts (2)

/E

ZF = Z2 + Z0

ZF = Z2

//E

ZF = Z2 . Z0
Z2 + Z0

ZF = 0 (short circuit)

Healthy

ZF = (open circuit)

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Use Of Power Angle Curves

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Power Angle Curves

Power Flow =

E1 E2 sin
Z

Power

Load Angle ()
5

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Comparative Power Angle Curves

Power

3 Healthy
2 Healthy
1 Tripped

/E Fault

//E Fault
3 Fault
3 Tripped

Load Angle ()
6

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Steady State
Y

Power

Normal Healthy
Operation

P0

Phase Angle
Difference

0
7

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

During Fault
Y

Power

Normal

P0

A
//E Fault

P0 - P1
P1

C
B
0

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Phase Difference

Increased Power Level


Y

Power
Normal

P2 '
P0
P2

F
Faulted Feeder
Disconnected

A E
D

//E Fault

0
1
9

Phase Difference

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Damping
Normal

Power

P0

Faulted Feeder
Disconnected

//E Fault

Phase Difference

Power transfer and phase difference oscillates around E.


Damping causes system to settle at E in stable condition:P0 transfer.
10

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Equal Area Criteria


Power
Normal

P0 '

E
A

Faulted Feeder
Disconnected

//E Fault

11

Phase Angle
Difference

Equal areas when G lies on P0'

P0'

Max. power transmitted for transient stability.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Transient Fault Successful A/R


Normal

Power

P0''

A
D

F
E

BC

Successful 3 A/R at E.
H

Faulted Feeder
Disconnected

//E Fault

Phase Angle
Difference

= Equal area when H lies on P0''

P0'' = Max. power transmitted for transient stability with 3


A/R.
12

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

3ph or 1ph A/R

13

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Single Feeder 3ph A/R


Y

X
Power
Normal

P3(A/R)
/E Fault
Line Open 3

P3(A/R)
14

Phase
Angle
Difference

= Power transfer limit for stability following


successful high speed 3 auto-reclose.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed 1 A/R Single Interconnector


Normal

Power

P1(A/R)
1 Open

/E Fault

P1(A/R)
15

Phase Angle
Difference

= Power transfer limit for stability following


successful high speed 1 auto-reclose.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

1 Auto-Reclose Advantages (over 3 A/R)

16

1.

Higher power transfer limit.

2.

Reduced power swing amplitude.

3.

Reduced switching overvoltages due to reclosing.

4.

Reduced shock to generators.


Sudden changes in mechanical output are less

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme

17

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme (1)

High Speed Auto-Reclose


1.

Single transmission links.

2.

3 A/R.

3.

1 A/R for E/Fs


Lockout for multiphase faults.

4.

1 A/R for E/Fs


3 A/R for multiphase faults.

18

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme (2)


Delayed 3 Auto-Reclose
1.

Densely interconnected systems.

Minimal power transfer level


reduction during dead time

2.

Power swings due to fault and tripping


allowed to decay

Less shock to system than with


speed A/R

19

high

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

1 Auto-Reclose Factors Requiring


Consideration
1.

Separate control of circuit breaker poles.

2.

Protection must provide phase selection.

3.

Mutual coupling can prolong arcing and require


de-ionising time.

4.

Unbalance during dead time


(i) Interference with communications
(ii) Parallel feeder protection may maloperate

5.

20

More complex and expensive than 3 A/R

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (1)

Protection
High speed < 2 cycles

Fast clearance at each line end.

Phase comparison
Distance schemes with signalling
Distance scheme with zone 1 extension
Direct intertrip

Phase selection required for 1 A/R

21

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (2)

Dead Time (short as possible)


Circuit breaker minimum open - close
time
200 - 300 msecs.

Same dead time at each line end.

De-ionising time
1 A/R longer special steps

22

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (1)


Protection
High speed not critical for system stability

desirable to limit fault damage

improves probability of successful A/R

Dead Time
Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to
die down.
Different settings for opposite feeder ends.
Typically 5 to 60 secs.
23

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (2)

Reclaim Time
Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting
value.

Number of Shots
1 (invariably)

24

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Check Synchronizing

25

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Synchronism Check
On interconnected systems - little chance of complete loss of
synchronism after fault and disconnection of a single feeder.
Phase angle difference may change to cause unacceptable shock to
system when line ends are re-connected.

VB

VL

VL = 0
VB = live
Dead Line Charge

26

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Check Synchronising

Used when system is non radial.


Check synch relay usually checks 3 things:

27

1)

Phase angle difference

2)

Voltage

3)

Frequency difference

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

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