The

Keys
to
success

Public Speaking Course

Developed by Narelle Stoll. 1996

STOLL 1996

INDEX
The six golden rules of success

The purpose of the speech

Who is our audience

Preparation prevents poor performance

14

Elements of a public speech

Getting started
Format for a 20 minute speech
Speech Structure
Preparing an introduction
Preparing a conclusion
Note cards

16
18
19
21
25
26
27

Practise Practise Practise

28

Breathing
Voice
Emphasis
Pitch/Pace
Pause
Steps to practising speech
Remembering your speech
Gestures
Self appraisal form

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

On the Day

38

Appearance
When are you to speak
Checklist for preparation
Overcoming nerves
Exercises to overcoming nervous tension
Visualisation exercise
How body language can go wrong
Eye contact
Questioning techniques
Dealing with distractions

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
47

Checklists for Success

Checklist for speechmaking
Checklist for commencing your speech
Training exercises
Topics for speaking
Poetry readings
Oratory Practise

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49
50
51
52
53

Welcome to the Keys to Succes

One of the greatest fears in out lives is the fear of Public Speaking. It rates up
with the fears of loss of income and spiders
What this course is designed to is release your fears and help you find your
voice. In other words using the key to unlock your door to succcess
This course is based on the philosophy that the greatest gift is that of human
personality. By having this philosophy we recognise that every individual that
participates in the course haves something important and unique to contribute
and that people have their own style of learning whether it be taking notes,
drawing pictures, listening or in active participation.
It is also recognised that people reach their full potential in an environment that
is safe, secure and fun.
I would like to invite you to come and have fun.

Acknowledgements
To Judith Mayer (Speech and Drama teacher) for her thoughts and contribution
to this course.

Narelle Stoll

STOLL 1996

Why do some people appear so

confident?

When it appears that the majority of us feel that

confidence in public speaking is as likely as
predicting our future by gazing into a crystal ball.

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The secret of their success is

based on six Golden Rules
They know....
Why they are giving the speech( The Purpose)
Who they are giving the speech to ( The Audience)
What they are going to prepare ( Mind to memory)
Where they are giving the speech.( The physical environment)
When they are giving the speech
How they are going to deliver the speech ( Pronunciation and Protocol)

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The purpose
of the
speech

To thine ownself be true.

William Shakesphere

STOLL 1996

Questions to ask prior to

preparation
What will you speak about and why?
Why are you interested in the topic?
How long will you speak?
Where will you speak?
Who will comprise your audience?
What is the reason you will be speaking?
1. To entertain
2. To inform:
(Public Speech)

When my presentation is over I want my

listeners to know that

3. To Teach:
(Training)

When my presentation is over I want my

listeners to demonstrate that

4. To persuade:
(Debate)

When my presentation is over I want my

listeners to believe that

5. To encourage action:
(Oratory)

When my Speech is over I want my listeners to

do the following.

Why is that you have been asked to speak?

What does your audience expect of you?
The topic I will be presenting is:

The results I want to get from my topic are:

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WHO IS OUR AUDIENCE

IT WOULD BE WONDERFUL IF WE WERE ALL THE

SAME

BUT IN REALITY WE ARE ALL DIFFERENT

Therefore we need to think about who is our audience

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What is our audience different

needs?
* Socio/ Economic

* Education

* Family/culture

* Work

* Hobbies and Interests

* Age

* Health

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Questions to Ask
Why are the audience there?

* What is their image of you?

* How do they feel about the subject you will present?

People remember.......
* 10% Read
* 20%Hear
* 30%See
* 50%See and Hear

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Generally people like

People who
1. They can relate to
2. Fills their wants and needs
3. Keeps them interested
4. Involves them in a positive way

People want to avoid

* Feeling uncomfortable
* Having to work to understand the presentation
* Undertaking unforeseen risks
* Being embarrassed



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People like to hear

Simple English
 Simple phrases
 One idea at a time
 Details and facts that are interesting
People who






Have knowledge of the subject

Are enthusiastic
Sincere
Keep to the specified time
Entertaining

People Dislike
People who








Are late getting started

Talk to much
Present too many points and is uninteresting
Have a displeasing voice
Avoids involving the audience
Speak on topics that the audience cannot relate to
Do not prepare their topic thoroughly

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So Remember.....
1.

Be yourself

2.

Have passion and enthusiasm for what you are

going to talk about.

3.

Present yourself with pride

4.

Deliver your talk

from the heart


not the head

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Preparation
Prevents
Poor
Performance

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Elements of a Public Speech

Aim of speech

Essential information required

Formulation of ideas

Personal Knowledge

Research

Search for Knowledge

Collation of material

Selection of Material

The speech

Manuscript form

Timing
Rehearsal
Memorising

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Getting Started
Dont complain and talk about your problems as 80% of people dont care and
20% think you deserve them.
Mark Twain
Think of your audience

What should they know

What they could know
What would they find new and interesting
What is the time allowed to complete the presentation
What can I credibly handle
What resources can I use to prepare my speech

Resources
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Libraries
Bibliographies
Microfilms
Newspapers
Books, Dictionaries, Speeches
Tourist guides
Television/ radio

Personal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Own experiences and observations

Others experiences
Quotations
Statistics
eg 33% of workers pay goes into tax.
Definitions
Phrases that set images
Just for the taste of it drink
Have you driven a
lately

Hint: Carry a note book to jot down any useful words and
phrases

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Thought Tracking
Is a well known technique used to generate new ideas

How to draw a thought track

1.

Define your subject by a word or letter

2.

Draw lines and write one word on each

3.

Let the information flow 5-6 minutes and follow the direction of your
thoughts. write down as many words as possible.

4.

Add new words to existing braches by drawing out twigs

5.

Pick one word that you feel is the most natural and highlight it

6.

Pick out 4-.6 words you can use as subheadings.

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Your thought track

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Format for a 20 minute speech

1.Introduction (tell the audience what you are to tell them)
Attention getter
Establish relevance
Preview of main points

(3 minutes)

2. Discussion/body (tell them)

Main points
(15 minutes)
Arranged logically( using roman numerals)
Supported with data
I

first point
a) supporting data

II

second point
a) supporting data

III

Third point
a) supporting data

3. Conclusion

(tell them what you told them)

Review of key points

(2 minutes)
End with finality
Memorial statement to denote power in the last sentence
Go back to attention getter

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Speech Structure
Clear speaking is clear thinking
Clear thinking results from good structure

1. Select key ideas

2-3 points
4-5 points

4-6 minute speech

20 minute speech

2. Write a statement one sentence long.

Designed to:
Grab the attention
Explain the relevance
Tell the audience
the context of the speech

3. Organise your points relevant to your thesis so that your

audience will remember your ideas
Points can be

Time
Space
Place
Topic
Problem/ Solution

Comparisons
Contrasts
Benefits

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Past, Present Future

local, national, international
city, country, coast
What, when, where, how, why
( Ensure that the solution proposed does solve the
problem)
On one hand; on the other hand
Physical, visual, auditory, smell, taste, financial

20

4.

Be consistent
When listing main ideas list them so each has the same number of words
and same kind of words. It assists the audience to know what is coming
up next
eg If you are considering buying a new car you should know the definition of the
law, the steps you take and the dealers obligations.
To: Anyone who buys a new car needs to know three things about the law. First the
definition of the law, second the obligations of the buyer and thirdly the requirements
of the dealer.

5.

Use transitional words to connect main points of ideas of

another
Introduction- body
Subdivision- to another
Subdivision- conclusion

6.

Delete irrelevant information

7.

Write Introduction

8.

Write conclusion

9.

Write speech out in full

10.

Read speech out loud and rearrange it as necessary for

clarity. Check

Does the main theme of your address stand out?

Is it logical?
How good is your choice of words?

11.

Convert to notes and then transfer the main headings only

onto small cards

12.

Rehearse

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Transitional words
Accordingly
Also
As a result
Besides
As it has been noted
Clearly then
Noted
Consequently
Eventually
Finally
For example
Furthermore
For instance
Hence
In addition
In Brief
Equally important

In conclusion
In other words
In short
In the same way
In sum
Meanwhile
Moreover
Next
Of course
Then
Therefore
Thus
To begin with
To sum up

Contrast words
After all
But
Conversely
However

Never less
On the other hand
Still
Yet

Words to improve clarity

Complex

Simple

for
accomplished
respond
utilise
persists
conduct
sizeable
essential
primary
consistent
annually

because
did
answer
use
continues
run
large
necessary
first
steady
every year

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Written Communication
The pen is always sharper than the sword
1.

When writing a report to read from present the format in a minimum of 12

point double spaced.

2.

Look at sentence length. 15-20 words ideal

8

word sentence easy to read

17

word sentence average sentence size

23

word sentence difficult to read.

3.

Put one major idea into a sentence

4.

Avoid unrelated statements

5.

Avoid complex words

6.

Check for reliability and relevance

7.

Use parallel construction when listing. eg stay the same tense

eg Management is concerned about the high cost of labour and also
worrying is the level of absenteeism
to
management is concerned about the high cost of labour and level of
absenteeism.

8.

Acknowledge sources

9.

Avoid tautology ( unnecessary words) This happened over a period of 10

days

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10.

Avoid abstract obscure words

11.

Substitute ACTIVE voice for PASSIVE voice

e. g Approval was given by - passive
The committee approved- active

12.

Avoid unnecessary words and phrases

13.

Keep writing in the formal tone

14.

Avoid judgement statements. Remain factual and objective

15.

Avoid being subjective or emotive

16.

Avoid Misplaced pronouns

eg I have placed a log on the chopping block and when I nod my head I
want you to hit it.

17.

Avoid Misrelated subjects

eg. Having switched off the power, the bulb can be safely replaced

18.

Avoid Misplaced phrases and clauses

eg A briefcase was lost by a student with a broken handle and a wornout
trim.

19.

Always spell out abbreviations fully

20.

Avoid language that may offend

Remember......
Clarity
Conciseness
Consistency

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Preparing an Introduction
Ways to commence your speech
1.

State a startling fact

2.

Ask a question

3.

Tell a joke

4.

Present a quotation

5.

Give an example, illustration, story

6.

Refer to the occasion

7.

Point to an historic event

8.

Complement the audience; sincerely

9.

Use a gimmick

10.

Emphasise an important part of the subject

11.

Be silent

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Preparing a conclusion
A speech that is wearisome only stirs up anger.
St Ambrose
1. Ensure the speech ends on time
2. End with conviction
3. End on target.

Ways to end a speech

1. A brief story that illustrates your main point
2. Quotation
3. Example

How to end a speech

1. State that you are about to conclude
2. Summarise your main ideas
3. Repeat your main points
4. Combine summary and repetition of key points
5. Present a memorial statement
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Use one of the attention getting techniques

Return to the theme of your attention getter
Point to the future
Call for action
Tie in with whatever may follow your speech

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Note cards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Points on cards should be specific

Write on just one side
Write your notes so that you wont have trouble seeing them
Number the cards
Write on the card the first sentence of the introduction
Careful when you use old business cards. Can be distracting

Card 1
Theme:_________________________________
Starting Introduction
Topic/ Thesis____________________________________________________
Card 2
Main point I_____________________________________________________
a)
b)
c)

note type of aid used

to support points
eg. overhead no.

Card 3
Main point II______________________________________________________
a
b
c
Card 4
MainpointIII____________________________________________________
a
b
c
Card 5
Conclusion
1
11
111
Memorial statement________________________________________________

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Practise
Practise
Practise

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Breathing
Deep abdominal breathing for
Clarity
Strength
Resonance to the voice
Practise deep abdominal breathing.
1. Place hands just below ribcage
2. Breathe in count for 2
3. Feel hands expand as diaphragm flattens pulling air into the lungs opening
chest wall
4. Breathe out slowly count for 2 feel hands fall

Remember......
Breathing will be affected when we get nervous because out muscles tighten.
and therefore the vocal delivery is affected.
Therefore a few deep breaths before we speak will help overcome nerves.

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Voice
How to develop a good voice
1. Give your voice plenty of exercise in reading or speaking
2. Completely relax
3. Always speak out with your mouth open
Articulation is the process of jointing speech so that parts are distinguishable
Round vowels and crisp consonants
Enunciation is projecting the speech out to the audience

V olume
Inflection
Pitch
Pace
Pause
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Emphasis
Makes certain words, phrases stand out from the rest of the speech
Volume
Inflection
Pausation
Pitch
Phrasing

I hope he will NEVER do it again

He made up his mind THEN
The criminal is__________your brother
He shouted HELP
One thought per sentence

Depending where the emphasis is placed can alter the whole meaning of the
sentence.
JOHN walked down Main street today
John WALKED down Main street today
John walked DOWN Main Street Today
John walked down MAIN STREET today
John walked down Main Street TODAY

He shouted HELP

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Pitch
Is the rise and fall of the voice
Voice rises and sounds indecisive on Questions
Falls on Statements
Drop pitch not volume to sound more credible
How our feelings determine our pitch and pace
dignified:
normal :
emotional

Slow low voice

Medium speech modulated tones
Higher tone words following rapidly

Pace
150-170 words per minute ideal.
Rate of speech must match emotional content.
How our feelings determine our rate.

Sales pitches:
Threats:
Anger:
Sadness:
Happiness:

Delivered quickly
Delivered slowly
Voice quickens
Voice slower
Voice quicker

Slow and steady wins the race

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Pause
Pauses are used to
Enable the speaker to

Breathe
Think ahead
Allows the listeners to think about what has been said.
A change of pace
After a sentence giving enough time for air to enter the lungs. and listeners a
rest.
Therefore for a pause to be effective the sentences must be kept short.
Emphasise important points
Signal critical transition between ideas
When to pause
1. When you begin to speak
2. When punctuation is necessary
3. When you pause ,clearly avoid um.ahs ers
4. Do not pause after a preposition or an article
5. Vary the length of your pauses.

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Steps to practising the speech

1.

Read the material aloud. Checking on word pronunciation

2.

Remember ideas not words

3.

Practise mentally so that a visual picture is formed

4.

Rehearse from note cards many times. With all key ideas on cards

5.

Go through entire speech every time you practice including rough

spots

6.

Practice with audiovisual aids

7.

Practice with gestures 1 -2 times

8.

Rehearse your beginning

9.

Rehearse your ending in front of mirror so you can determine what

kind of impact you are making.

10.

Stand and say your speech in the corner of a room. You can then
hear the sound of your voice as it is heard by your audience.

11.

Tape record yourself and make changes to timing, tone and

modulation

12.

Time your speech

Most speakers talk at 150 words per minute
5 minute speech has 750 words
20 minute speech 3.000 words
4-6 minute speech time to five minutes
It is better to be a little short and finish early, than to run over time
and have to hurry.

13.

Evaluate yourself or rehearse in front of family and friends and ask

them to evaluate you.

14.

Say entire speech at bedtime the night before.

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Remembering your speech

Tips for helping you to remember your speech
1. Concentrate
2. Observe closely
3. Get your impressions and ideas through as many sense as possible
4. Use Repetition and rehearsal for optimum impact.

When
Where
How
Why
Who
is this so

5. Link persons name with facial features

6. Dates - associate them with prominent events
7. Use of mnemonics
8. Link last words of last sentence to first words of new one

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Gestures
Use gestures to

Use your

Emphasise
Describe
Appeal

Arms
Body
Face


Do not repeat so that they become monotonous



Do not rest your hands on your body

Do keep fingers closed with a firm wrist



Do not clasp your hands or click your

fingers

Do not bring your hand across your body

Do vary your gestures

Do not expose your palm as it will detract listeners away from your face


Do Make all gestures from the shoulder not the

elbow.

Do hold a gesture through the entire point



Do make gestures natural and your own.

Do use gestures positively

Do practise gestures
 Do exaggerate gestures for impact.

 When working a small group tighten them up



When speaking behind a podium keep all gestures above waist level


Do not use gestures on Television in an interview

situation.

Do use gestures at the right time



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Do use gestures in the right context .

36

Self appraisal form

Do you look at your audience enough

Yes

No

Do you sound interested and concerned

Yes

No

Does your speech flow

Yes

No

Does your ideas come smoothly and

logically

Yes

No

Do you present enough information to

support your thesis

Yes

No

Do you appear confident, and

relaxed

Yes

No

Does your speaking voice contain intonation

and clarity, variety

Yes

No

Have you emphasised key words correctly

Yes

No

Would your audience be interested in your speech

Yes

No

Are there any distracting gestures

Yes

No

What can you do to make yourself a better speaker

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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On The Day.....

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Appearance

Glasses
Make sure they fit snugly
If using bifocals considering
substituting to full frame
as creates a impression looking down.
Jewellery
Avoid
Dangling earings
Dangling bracelets
Remove all jewellery for TV appearances

Avoid Distracting Clothing

Bright colours near the neck
Scarves that obscure part of the face
For TV interviews
Avoid checks and small patterns
Patent leather shoes, belt buckles
Bright white Blouses and Shirts
Tight clothing

Avoid distracting gestures

looking at ceiling
scowling
obsessive preening
Shifting feet side to side
Toe Tapping
Drumming fingers
Frequent touching of face
Pacing back and forward
Playing with jewellery
Removing and replacing glasses
Jangling change in pockets
Shuffling notes

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When are you to speak

Consider
Time: (Speech should be no more than 20 minutes)
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
Cocktail
Party

Audience is bright and alert

Audience is tired.
Audience is relaxed
Dont even think about it

Present to inform
Present to motivate
Present to entertain

Events to follow before the speech.

Speaking order
Other topics presented
How are the introductions occurring
Rest Break/ Meal Break
(If the audience has not had a break for 40 minutes insist on one)
If alcohol has been served allow 10 minutes
If a meal has been served allow 15 minutes
Events to follow after the speech
Media interview
Questions
Party, reception, meeting officials

Consider what you will be eating before you speak

Food to avoid before you speak
Milk and dairy products ,
Sugar:
Alcohol
Coffee
Proteins and meat

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Causes build up of Saliva

Increase nervous tension
Makes you lethargic
Over stimulant
Makes you lethargic

40

Checklist for Preparation

Why am I giving the speech?
To entertain.
To inform
To Persuade
To inspire action
To teach

( Humorous)
( public speech)
( Debate)
(Oratory)
( Training session)

Who am I giving the speech to?

Where am I speaking
Location.
Parking
Travelling time to destination.
Room layout
Shape of room
You should present where you can make eye contact with everyone
Size of the audience
If small audience scattered around the room move the audience together.
Move yourself off the platform and move closer to the audience
Access and Exits
Avoid standing in front of an exit
Environmental Distractions
Reduce or remove
noise
glare
heat
ventilation
Stage
Avoid speaking when other people are on stage

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41

Lectern
Remove clutter and distractions around the lectern/ podium
check for height

Audiovisual equipment available

Know how to use equipment in respect to;

Height control
Visual Acuity /Volume control
On/ off switch
Check that it works
Who is in charge of the equipment.?

Water
Other
TV cameras
Radio

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Overcoming Nerves
Nervous energy has a physiological effect on the body in that it causes.

Adrenalin starts pumping

Respiration goes up
Temperature goes up
Body sets up its use of sugar.

It primes the body to a state of excitement as an Olympic Athlete is about to

compete.
Therefore
Accept nervous energy as normal response and that you will make a better
performance than not being in that state.
The day you are not nervous when giving the speech is the day that your speech
will decline.
Ways to overcome nerves and to remove excess energy
Fight or flight
Shaking
1. Move about
2. Take deep breaths
3. Stand with legs slightly bent
4. Drink water
5. Avoid coffee and milk
Dry mouth
Run your tongue over your teeth
Too much saliva
Place tip of tongue behind top teeth and breathe in through the mouth
Voice pitch too high
Silent yawn
Having to pause in the wrong place
Release tension in breathing muscles by letting out all the breath as you speak
and slow your breathing rate down.

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43

Exercises to overcoming nervous

tension
1.

Sit on chair. Clench your fists as tight as you can . Hold for five seconds.
then release.
Curl your toes up. Hold for five seconds. Release

2.

Gently roll your head from side to side

3.

Focus on your breathing.

Inhale deeply. Hold for two seconds counting slowly. Then exhale

Overcoming stage fright

1.

Start small and work on progressively

start with small non threatening situations

2.

Speak about something important to you

3.

Know your material well

4.

Practise and prepare for contingencies

5.

Visualise and assume success

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Visualisation exercise
Recall your hours of preparation and planning. Remember how careful you were
to select the right clothes for the occasion and how good you looked in the
mirror. When it is time for you to go on see yourself smiling, walking tall and
confidently walking smoothly to your place . Feel yourself breathing easily, throat
relaxed as you stand solidly, self assuredly facing the audience, eager to begin.
See yourself looking at many friendly people in the audience, see them looking
at you smiling recognising your right to the stage. Hear yourself starting your
speech in a firm voice. Using the words you practised earlier. Watch the many
faces of recognition and approval in the audience as you smoothly make the
transition into the body of your speech. Listen to yourself developing your points
with confidence. Feel your energy rising and see your listeners paying keen
attention as you begin your concluding remarks. When you say your final
statements feel the joy of accomplishment. See yourself standing there
confidently for a few well earned seconds to soak up the applause and good
feeling. Listen to the applause as you take your seat . Feel proud as having met
a tough challenge with intelligence, dignity and caring.
P152 Cook

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How body language can go wrong

Peter/Paula the prowler

- Paces across the stage. Are they coming or

going

Olivia/ Olly the Ostrich

Head buried in the script. This muffles the

sound. Difficult to hear. Difficult to understand.

Johnnie/ Joy the Juggler

Throws pens, chalk, coins up in the air. The

audience is absorbed in waiting for something
to fall.

Brenda/ Brendan the bird

They cant keep their hands/ wings still.

Charlie/Cheryl the chopper

The hand movements are structured but look

like a meat cleaver or a conductor gone mad.

Karen/ Ken the kangaroo

Hops from one foot to the other. Guess where

the audience is looking

Norman/Norma the nudist

Covers their private parts. Looks wimpie. This

is called the fig leaf position

Larry/Lora the leaner

Drapes over the lectern, looks sloppy, sounds

sloppy.

Stella/ Stevie the Stork

Stands first one one leg and then twists one

foot around the other.

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Eye contact
Inspiration is neither in the skies above or the depths below

1. Look at notes
2. Absorb one idea
3. Look at the audience and engage the eyes of a person.
4. Speak to that person then to his neighbour for 5 seconds
5. Then swing your eyes across the group
6. Look down at notes
7. Speak to another person
8. Vary your eye contact
BACK

LEFT

RIGHT
FRONT

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47

Questioning Techniques
Answering a question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Look directly at the questioner while they are asking the question
Then direct answer to the whole audience
Dont forget the persons name that asked the question
Dont Interrupt a person before they are finished
Dont fail to pay attention to the purpose of the question
Dont use the old cliche That is a good question
Dont get distracted in your answer

Dealing with difficult questions

1.
2.
3.

Be courteous
Never get into an argument
Always take control of the situation

If someone gives a small speech

Say thank you very much for your comments. I would like to answer your
question now thank you.
If someone asks a question outside your area of expertise.
Thank them for their contribution. If you do not know the answer say so
and offer to find out for them by them giving you contact details, after the
session has ended.

If someone challenges you.

Revert back to your topic area, and say thank you but these were the
areas I will be discussing today for the following reasons.

If someone makes a comment about something you did not know.

Acknowledge their contribution.

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The persistent questioner

Say
Thank you for your contribution but I would like to give someone else
the opportunity to ask questions
Can I see you afterwards
Can someone else answer that
The Aggressive questioner
Allow them to have their opinion
The I have been there done that questioner.
Thank them for their comment and ask them for their question
Several Questions at once
Ask for a roving microphone
Undercurrent chatter
If a person is talking while you are speaking say to them Sorry I could not hear
you. Is there a question I can answer for you.
I wish to be the center of attention
Explore the problem for the moment . Invite them to speak for a minute but also
make it clear that there are other issues that need to be covered. Say to that
person that there may be others that may like to discuss the issue with you
during the break.
But isnt it so question
Just reply you are right .Thanks for your comment
I will protect my territory
Refer back to your parameters that you set at the beginning of the presentation
and cleat up any confusion that they might have.

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Dealing with Distractions

Distractions generally are
1. Rare
2. Minor
Hecklers
1. Pause
2. Acknowledge the distraction
That is an interesting point, but let me present to you the reason why I think
3. Offer to talk to the heckler later
4. Invite the heckler to come up and speak
5. Let your audience assume responsibility for dealing with the heckler
6. Ask the chairperson to solve the problem
7. Never argue with the heckler
Crying babies
Pause until the baby is quietened by the parents
Restless audience
Give them a break allow them to go to the rest room

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Topics for Speaking

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

A womans place is in the home

Happiness
The speed limit should be increased
A person I admire
A significant Australian event
A country/ place I want to visit
Sunday morning
It is hard to climb the corporate ladder
Someone / Something that had a profound effect on my life
Being a supervisor
The killers in the garden
My blood pressure
Accountants are boring and dull people
The future for me
Public servants have a poor image
Films I recently enjoyed
People I work with and
You have to plan for retirement when you reach forty
I cant cope at times
A students life is a great life
Country people are misunderstood
Communication skills are the key to success
The boss
Snakes are lovable creatures
The world today
My most embarrassing moment
Me
Being a parent is a full time job
Why study
Everyone cheats the taxman
Managers are badly trained
Money makes the world goes round
We are cynical about politicians
Love is unrealistic
I can spend a million dollars
Too many cooks really do spoil the broth
Walking the streets
We dont like change
Equal opportunity is a farce
The alternative
We are poor conversationalists
Airs and graces

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The 150 Word Exercise

Since you can communicate only with your voice in public speaking, it is
important to develop good techniques. Three things affect the image you
present and how well your intent is transmitted.
Three factors are volume, speaking rate and pitch. If you speak too fast your
listeners will not understand. Too slow a rate causes loss of attention; it loses the
listener.
The best rate is 150 words per minute. This passage is approximately 150 words
long. if you read it in about one minute youll see how the proper rate sounds .
Good voice volume is important too. It is essential that it is not too loud or too
soft so that it is inaudible. Speaking at the right volume will enable your listener
to hear clearly but will not so loud as to be annoying. To get the right volume,
practice, practice, practice and your audience will respond accordingly.

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Poetry Readings
How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix
I sprang to the stirrup and Joris and he;
I galloped, Dirk galloped we galloped all three;
God speed cried the watch, as the gate-bolts undrew;
Speed! echoed the wall to us galloping through,
Behind shut the postern, the lights sank to rest,
And into the midnight we galloped abrest.
Not a word to each other: we kept the great pace
Neck by neck, stride by stride, never changing our pace;
I turned in my saddle, and made its girths tight,
Then shortened each stirrup and set the pique right:
Rebuckled the check-strap, chained slacker the bit,
Nor galloped less steadily Roland a whit.
Twas moonest at starting: but while we drew near
Lockeren, the cocks crew and twilight dawned clear;
At Boom, a great yellow star came out to see;
At Duffeld, twas morning as palian as could be;
And from Mecheln church-steeple we heard the half- chime.
So Joris broke silence with Yet there is time

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Oratory Practise
J.F Kennedys Inaugural
We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolsing
an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have
sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears
prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.
So, let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of
weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proofLet us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
Let both sides explore what problems unite use instead of belabouring those
problems which divide us.
Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the
inspection and control of arms, and bring the absolute power to destroy other
nations under the absolute control of all nations.
Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.
Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the
ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.
Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command if Isaiah to
Undo the heavy burdens let the oppressed go free.
And if a benchmark of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let
both sides join in creating a new endeavour , not a new balance of power, but a
new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace
preserved.

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A speech is a journey with a purpose. Take

your audience along and enjoy the experience
together.

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Biblography
(1992). Protocol and Procedure. A practical guide for Organisations. Australian Junior
Chamber: Melbourne
Berstein.D.(1988). Put it together put it across. The craft of business presentation. Cassell
publishers Ltd : London
Blain C. (1997). Style Recognition helper. Handouts provided as part of training course.
Victoria Junior Chamber. Melbourne
Bottomley.M.(1988) Executive Image. Pengiun Books: Ringwood
Buzan.T.(1990) The mind map book.:BBC: America
Carniege.D. (1957) How to develop self confidence and influence people by Public
Speaking: Cedar: London
Cook.J.F.(1991) The element of speechwriting and public speaking. Collier Books: New
York
Dunckel.J.(1992) Business Etiquette. Self Counsel Press: Canada
Fletcher.L. (1983) How to speak like a pro. Ballentine Books: New York
Gabor.D. (1983) How to start a conversation and make friends. Simon and Schuster: New
York
Harrington. I.(1997). Learning skils evaluation. Handouts provided as part of training
course. Victoria Junior Chamber. Melbourne
Hooke.J. & Philips.J.(1996) Getting your message across. Simon and Schuster: Australia
Huntsaker D.L. & Alessandra.A.J.(1980) The power of listening. The art of managing
people. Simon and Schuster: New York
Jay.A.(1993) Visual aids and use of pictures. Desigining visual aids. Effective
Presentations. Pitman Publishing: London
Krummell.D.(1982) The art of speech. Boolorong publication: Brisbane
McDaniel R.(1948) Scared Speechless. Public Speaking Step by Step.
Sage Publications: New York
Malouf.D.(1994) How to teach adults in a fun and exciting way. Business and professional
Publishing: Sydney
Swantesson.I.(1989) Mind Mapping and Memory. Kogan Page: Great Britian
Windschuttle K.& Windschuttle.E.(1988) Writing, researching, comunicating. McGraw Hill
Book Company: Australia

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