Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
NYAME AKUMA
W BOTSWANA
Prehistoric Mining and
New Discoveries of Rock Art
at the Tsodilo Hills
LAwrence H. Robbins
Department of Anthropology
354 Baker Hall
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
U.S.A.
Alec Campbell
P. 0. Box 306
Gaborone
Botswana
Michael L. Murphy
Department of Anthropology
354 Baker Hall
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
U.S.A.
Troy Ferone
Department of Anthropology
354 Baker Hall
Michigan State University
East Lansing, M I 48824
U.S.A.
NYAME AKUMA
NYAME AKUMA
.
Fig. 1.
..
'
.... , . _ ' .
.... . .
.
.
Finger-painting in white on the roof of the upper cavern on Male Hill, Tsodilo.
NYAME AKUMA
Gordon, R.
1992
CAMEROON
~ t u d eP6dologique dans un
Site Arch6ologique de la
region Forestiere d'Ambam,
Vall6e du Ntem
(Sud-Cameroun)
Jean Bosco Ella
E.N.S. Universite de Yaounde I
BP 47 Yaounde
Cameroun
NYAME AKUMA
EOUATORIALE
Fig. 1.
Le site de Mekorno.
G A 8 O N
C O N G O
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0-5 a
5 1 5 cm
20-45 cm
50-90 cm
100-150 an
Travail au Laboratoire
+
+
+
+
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Kaolinite
Illinite
Geothite importante
p4
Kaolinite
Illinite
Geothite importante
DBscription du Profil
I N o chanti ill on
Argile %
Limon fin
Limon grossier
Sable fin
Sable grossier
Ca 0 meq
K 2 0 meq
Na 0 m6q
Some m6q
Capacite d'echange, mCq/100 g
Degre de saturation %
P7
P?
21,4
246
0,65
0'13
0,12
0,90
6,lO
14
185
23,2
0,26
0,09
0103
0 3
630
1139
p4
ps
95
12,9
0,20
a06
0,09
035
10,lO
63
15,4
183
0,16
0'04
0104
0,24
l0,40
33
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110-150 an
BC
Conclusion
La ferrallitisation est la p6dogenPse qui
regne dans cette zone humide sans saison
s&he bien marqu&. Cette pCdogenese est
caracterike par une alteration complete des
minQaux des roches qui sont dissociks de
leurs 616ments constitutifs; le quartz
constitue le minQal primaire qui reste grace
A sa resitance A l'altkration. C'est l'hydrolyse
totale. Toutes les argiles sont des argiles de
nCoformation A l'instar de la kaolinite.
Au point de vue chimique c'est un sol
pauvre tres acide: toutes les bases ont bt6
export6es avec un pH en surface de l'ordre
de 4. Tous les minkraux primaires liberant
les elements nutritifs. La capacite d'echange
(permettant de fixer les elements nutritifs)
est tres faible. Cela explique que l'horizon
humifere soit tres mince; l'argile ne pouvant
pas fixer les elements constitutifs de
l'humus.
Ce sol est qu'A m6me cultivable. Les
blbments fertilisants viennent de la vegetation: litiere fournie par la foret. La richesse
de ce sol en surface est li4e A l'humus. La
mise en culture s'accompagne de l'appauvrissement du sol si on n'apporte pas
d'engrais sous forme de paillage par
exemple. La technique se la culture sur
brfilis assure la fertilitee au sol par l'apport
des cendres. L'humus, &ant fragile, doit etre
reconstitue par la jach6re.
NYAME AKUMA
Recherches Arch6ologiques
dans la Vall6e du Ntem,
Province du Sud-Cameroun
Meridional: Premiers
Resultats du Site de Mekomo
J. Paul OSSAH Mvondo
E.N.S. Universite Yaounde I
BP 47
Yaounde, Cameroon
NYAME AKUMA
NYAME AKUMA
References
Bouchaud, J.
1952
Essomba, J. M.
1992
OSSAH, Mvondo, J. P.
1991
NYAME AKUMA
H CANARY ISLANDS
- -
Cioranescu, A. (ed.).
1978
Descripcidn e Hisforia del Reino de Ins
M a s Canarias. Sta Cruz de Tenerife:
Goya.
Eddy, M. R.
1992
Historical and contemporary perceptions of the Guanches of the
Canary Islands. The Maghreb Review,
17: 124-40.
NYAME AKUMA
1993
Mercer, J.
1980
Suirez Rosales, M.
1986
Secundino Delgado. Vidn y Obra del Padre
del Nacionalismo Canario. Sta. Cruz de
Tenerife: Centro de la Cultura Popular
Canaria.
ETHIOPIA
The 1993 Excavations
at Ona Enda Aboi Zague
(Aksum, Tigray)
Kathryn A. Bard
Departmen?of Archaeology
Boston University
Boston, MA 022 15, U.S.A.
Rodolfo Fattovich
Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche
su Africa e Paesi Arabi
lstituto Universitario Orientale
Naples, Italy
NYAME AKUMA
NYAME AKUMA
NYAME AKUMA
GABON
The NeolithicPron Age
Transition in the Middle
Reaches of the Ogodue
Valley in Gabon: Chronology
and Cultural Change
Richard Oslisly
Paleogab Project
4 rue du Niger
750 12 Paris
France
NYAME AKUMA
]I-[
Fig. 1.
R a i n
F o r e s t
Savannah
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Table 1.
Lab.
No.
Radiocarbon
age (bp)
Calibrated age
(call
Sites
Association
NEOLITHIC STAGE
Lv
Gif
Arc
Lv
Gif
Gif
1513
8742
530
1515
7525
8130
3560f
2850
2390 f
2370f
2280 +
75
90
65
55
80
1935f40
Okanda 1
Epona 2
Otoumbi 13
Ndjolti Pk5
Lop4 12
Epona 1
Pit, sherds
Pit, sherds
Pit, sherds
Pit, sherds
Pit, sherds
Pit, sherds
-961 / 5 5 9
-752/-401
-736/-203
Okanda Group
-740 / -38
Otoumbi 2a
Otoumbi 2a
Lop6 10
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Otournbi 5
-390 / +72
-358/-24
-358/-24
-355/+60
-112/+64
-184/+199
+5/+199
+39/ +324
Otoumbi Group
-151/+190
-104/+323
+19/+310
+29/+317
+140/+410
+146/+417
+225/+426
+244/+560
+270/+537
+281/+584
Lop4 4
Okanda 1
Epona 2
Okanda 2
Mingoub 1
Otoumbi 4
Lindili 1
Okanda 5
Otoumbi 2b
Otoumbi 5
Otoumbi l a
Elarmekora 3
Otoumbi l a
Mingouti 5
Otoumbi 5
Otoumbi 8
Otoumbi 5
Anzem 1
Slag level
Pit, slag, sherds
Furnace
Sherd, slag, level
Furnace
Furnace
Pit, slag, sherds
Pit, slag, sherds
Pit, slag, sherds
Furnace
-2124/-1730
-1305/-847
-756/-386
-749/-380
-720/-143
-31/+139
IRON AGE
Beta
Gif
Gif
Beta
Beta
Gif
Gif
Gif
Gif
Beta
Gif
Gif
Gif
Beta
Gif
Gif
Beta
Gif
Gif
Gif
Gif
Gif
NYAME AKUMA
NYAME AKUMA
IGHANA
Geometric Microliths from
Northern Ghana and
Notes for a Tentative
Morphological Typology
Joanna Casey
University of Toronto
Department of Anthropology
Erindale Campus
lLjississauga
Ontario L5L 7 C6
Canada
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Fig. 1.
23
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Fig. 2.
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Table 1.
Site Type'
Mat
Length (mm)
AVG
SID
AVG
SID
AVG
SID
ARC
10.0
1.7
126
33
33
1.0
0.5
02
AIL LUN
85
3.6
15.5
3.9
36
13
a7
a9
66
0.8
13.8
1.6
29
a6
0.3
a1
8%
RS LUN
FKA
LUN
9.7
GK LUN
13.8
17.5
34
20.0
48
49
15.5
13.7
62
FKwMHm
18.3
20.5
67
AILMDF
20.8
RS MDF
16.6
FKWMHMDF
23.0
21
FKWMH ARC
15.5
24
DL4
20.7
13
FXWMH FAN
19.2
21
18.5
FKWMH
3.4
92
26
68
57
SID
a9
64
TRI
GK
AVG
1.0
1.8
1.1
15
23
21
28
13
a9
02
25
72
02
1.9
0.6
15.5
22
45
20
1.0
0.3
20.4
24
57
0.7
1.7
0.3
27
73
1.1
1.9
0.6
10.5
FKWMHSQ
18.6
1.8
ao
FKWMH PT
21.5
1.8
15.5
15
61
0.3
1.4
a1
FKWMH TRI
16.4
27
17.3
29
58
15
13
05
FKwMHm
21.4
29
165
13
3.8
a4
15
0.3
GK LUN
13.9
25.9
60
1.9
FKAMDF
29.0
85
68
22
FKWMHMDF
28.4
FKwh4H DISC
17.0
RS BBLD
26.8
2.3
52
a7
35
05
a4
02
92
1.7
13.0
1.8
33
12
a4
02
RS BRKN/IRR
FKWMH
18.8
51
11.4
49
13
16.4
7.0
1.0
25
12
37
9.1
BRKN/IRR
16.0
22
167
3.0
4.3
0.6
1.0
0.3
GK BRKN/IRR
18.7
35
14.1
21
44
1.1
12
0.8
RS BRKN/IRR
10.7
FKA
22
124
02
BRKNrn
13.9
47
21.9
56
73
21
25
1.6
FmmfH BRKN/IRR
19.0
44
14.7
45
60
22
1.7
13
'
NYAME AKUMA
Table 1.
Angle (deg)
AVG
SID
AVG
87RS ARC
11.0
21
Site Typea
LUN
129
26
RS LUN
12.8
20
FKA LUN
123
AU Sites
GK LUN
132
GK TRl
16.2
11.2
MDF
19.3
RS MDF
16.6
22.0
FKWMH ARC
129
29
DL4
17.1
1.7
25
F K W
R(WMH
FKWMH FAN
14.1
19.4
FKWMHPT
10.9
1.7
R<WMH TRI
15.1
40
R<WMHm
19.7
0.9
LUN
16.0
FKAhlOF
29.0
FKWMHMDF
29.1
FKWMH DISC
SID
AVG
SID
AVG
SID
53
26.8
23
RS BRKN/IRR
11.3
41
FKWMH BRKN/IRR
11.8
20
13.9
81
BRKNARR
AVG
Angle (deg)
Continuous
RS BBLD
GK
SlD
Length (mm)
27
R<WMHSQ
GK
AVG
Angle (deg)
4.3
FKWMH'IZD
AUSites
SID
Length (nun)
RS BRKN/IRR
9.6
FKA BRKNmR
13.8
88
BRKNmR
14.8
58
Trapezoid;
NYAME AKUMA
Few of the geometrics showed any usewear that would give a clue as to function.
Some of the tiny quartz lunates had rounded
cdgcs, which may have been due to usewear. Because use-wear is difficult to see on
quartz, I could not varify visually or
quantitatively whether the edges had been
uscd or not. As anyone who has worked
extensively with quartz will attest, used
cdges feel different from unused ones;
therefore, it is likely that this is what the
rounded edges of the quartz lunates
represent. The sharp edges on most siliceous
mudstone specimens had been chipped, but
chipping appeared to be random and was
indistinguishable from that produced by
accidental trauma. Only one triangle had
Fig. 3.
NYAME AKUMA
References
Anquandah, J.
1982
Rediscovering Ghana's Past. Ghana:
Sedco.
Casey, J. L.
The Kintampo Complex in Northern
1993
Ghana: Late Holocene Human Ecology
on the Gambaga Escarpment. Ph.D.
dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
Macintosh, S. K,and R. J. McIntosh.
1983
Mitchell, P. J.
The Early Microlithic Assemblages of
1988
Southern Afnca. British Archaeological
Reports International Series, 538.
Phillipson, D. W.
Some speculations on the beginnings of
1980
backed microlith manufacture. R. E.
Leakey and P. Ogot (eds.), Procdings.
of the 8th Panafrican Congress of
Prehistory and Quaternary Studies,
Nairobi, September 1977, pp. 229-30.
Nairobi: TnLMIAP.
Shaw, C.T.
Report on investigations carried out in
1944
the cave known as "Bosumpra" at
Abetifi, Kwahu, Gold Coast Colony.
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10:
1-67.
Shaw, C.T.
1978-179 Holocene adaptations in West Africa:
The Late Stone Age. Early Man News
3 4 51-82.
Shaw,C. T.,andS.G. H. Daniels
Excavations at Iwo Eleru. West Afncan
1984
Joumal of Archaeology. Vol. 14.
Soper, R. C.
The Stone Age in northern Nigeria.
1965
Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
3(2):175-194.
Stahl, A. B.
in-
Tixier, J.
1963
Typologie de I'Epipaliolithique du
Maghreb. Memoires d u Centre d e
Recherches Anthropologiques,
Prhhistoriques et Ethnographiques
d'Alger. Tome 11.
NYAME AKUMA
NIGERIA
Report on Excavations at
Gajiganna, Borno State,
Northeast Nigeria
Peter Breunig
J. W. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt
Seminar fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte
Archaologie und Archaobotanik Afrikas
Praunheimer Landstr. 70
60488 FrankfurVM., Germany
Abubakar Garba
University of Maiduguri
Centre for Trans-Saharan Studies
P.M.B. 1069
Maiduguri, Nigeria
Detle f Gronenborn
J. W. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt
Seminar fijr Vor- und Fruhgeschichte
Archaologie und Archaobotanik Afrikas
Praunheimer Landstr. 70
60488 FrankfurVM., Germany
Wim Van Neer
IUAP 28 "Interdisciplinary Archaeology"
Musee Royal de I'Afrique Centrale
1980 Tenluren, Belgium
Peter Wendt
J. W. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt
Seminar fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte
Archaologie und Archaobotanik Afrikas
Praunheimer Landstr. 70
60488 FrankfurtIM., Germany
NYAME AKUMA
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Fig. 1.
Map of NE-Nigeria indicating major landforms and the study area (Gajiganna).
33
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Fig. 2.
34
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Fig. 3.
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Fig. 5.
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Fig. 6.
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Fig. 7.
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Fig. 8.
40
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References
Bawden, M. G.
1972
Geomorphology. In P. Tuley (ed.), 1972:
60-70.
Breunig, P., A. Garba, and I. Waziri.
1992
Close, A. E. (4.).
1987
Connah, G.
1981
Garba, A.
inpes
Gautier, A.
1987
Krzyzaniak, L.
1992
Tuley, P. (ed.).
1972
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NYAME AKUMA
Fig. 1.
The Yoruba subgroups of Nigeria, showing Igbomina. (J. S. Eades, The Yoruba
Today, Cambridge, 1980).
NYAME AKUMA
Villages
Owa Onire/
Owa kajola
Former Habitations
Ikotun (OW11
Owa-Orioke (OW21
Igbo-ejimogun (GM)
kosin
Owode Ofaro Ofaro old site 1 (FRI)
Ofaro old site 2 (FR2)
Oke-Oyan old site (KY)
Oke-0yan /
Idera
Obirin old site (BR)
Obirin
Idoba
Idoba old site (DB)
Oreke-Oke
Oreke old site (RKI)
Okegbo
Okegbo old site (KG11
RKG 2 (Oreke-Okegbosite)
Alabe former site 1 (BE11
Alaabe
Alabe former site 2 (BE2)
Babanla
None found
lronworking
NYAME AKUMA
Obayemi, H. A.
Aspects of field archaeology in Zaria.
1976a
Zaria Archaeological Papers, I.
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria.
1976b
1980
Smith, R.
1976
Usman, A.
1987
SUDAN
Research on
Early Khartoum Sites
Elena A. A. Garcea
UniversitA di Roma "La Sapienza "
Dip. de Scienze dell'Antichitd
Via Palestro 63
00 185 Rome, Italy
'
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NYAME AKUMA
TANZANIA
Excavations at Dakawa,
an Early Iron Age Site in
East-Central Tanzania
Randi Haaland
Department of Archaeology
University of Bergen
Norway
Location
The Site
The site is quite deflated. Based on the
material seen on the eroded surface, it is
estimated that the extent of the site is
around 100 m north-south and 140 m
east-west, of which a total of 80 m2 were
excavated during the 1992-93 seasons. The
site is sloping downwards to the stream
(korongo)in the West and the Wami River in
the north-west. On the surface are scattered
large blocks of quartz, mainly in the
southern part of the site. These blocks of
quartz were used as raw material for flaked
lithic tools during the Late Stone Age. Quite
extensive remains of flaked quartz artifacts
have been recovered from the excavated
trenches. In addition, large blocks of lowgrade iron stones (laterite) are also found
scattered on the surface of the site. These
were used for iron smelting during later
occupation of the site. The area is thus
favourable both in terms of food resources
and raw material used for tool making. The
highest parts of the site are the southern and
eastern areas. The distribution of the surface
material indicates that the main part of the
Late Stone Age settlement (the material
consists of quartz artifacts only) is located in
NYAME AKUMA
Table 1. Dates
Numbers
B 56651
T 10312
T 10313
B 56411
B 56412
T 10314
B 56650
Levels
1
1/2
3
4
4
4
Squares
329/148
329/130
329/140
329/ 137
329/138
329/140
329/145
C-14 years
840 f 70
1320 f 70
1250 It 80
1300 70
1270 f 80
1260f80
1130 It70
Calibrated AD.
650-770
670-885
669-860
673-886
665-880
Material
bone
charcoal
charcoal
charcoal
charcoal
charcoal
bone
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Iramworking
The evidence of iron smelting from the
Dakawa site consists mainly of fragments of
tuyeres, slag and daub. Quartz
hammerstones probably used for m s h i n g
the iron ore were frequently found. The iron
ore (laterite) is being analysed, and is
expected to be of quite low grade. We do not
have any remains of iron itself. This is
unfortunate but probably due to the high
aadity of the soil. The furnace we found in
fragmentary condition seems to have been
of the low shaft furnace type.
This type of furnace is distributed all
over Sub-Saharan Africa. These furnaces
usually have an internal height of 1 m above
the ground. They do not include provisions
for slag tapping. I have observed this type of
furnace in use in West Sudan, where the slag
is collected in a slag pit underneath the shaft
furnace (Haaland 1985). The tuyeres
recovered on the Dakawa site consist mostly
of quite massive slightly tapering tuyeres.
The maximum outer diameter is nearly
20 cm and the narrow end is usually
encrusted with slag (Plate 1). Smaller sized
tuyeres were also used. We did not find slag
pits although we specifically searched for
such remains.
Based on the evidence available at
present, it appears likely that the techniques
employed on the site were similar to what
Sutton has described from Samaru West in
Nigeria (Sutton 1985). The site is from the
same time period and here the standing
walls of a shaftlike furnace were recovered
together with massive tuyeres. Sutton
suggests that the function of the tuyeres was
probably twofold, both for air supply and
for slag tapping (Sutton 1985).Sutton thinks
that the big tuyeres were inserted into the
base of the furnace, presumably by being
propped on a stone or clay lump to allow
the slag to flow out below (Sutton 1985,
Fig. 3). No slag pit was thus required.
Chemical analysis from the inside of these
NYAME AKUMA
Fig. 1.
51
Fig. 2.
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Fig. 3.
53
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Fig. 4.
54
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Fig. 5.
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56
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Horton, M.
1984
Conclusions
Odner, K.
1971
Usangi H o s p i t a l a n d o t h e r
archaeological sites in the North Pare
Mountains, North-eastern Tanzania.
h n i a 6: 89-130.
1976
1979
Acknowledgements
Pitblado, R.J.
1981
1967
1990
1971
1982
Sutton, J. E. G.
1985
Haaland, R.
1985
Soper, R.
Soper, R.
Chittick, N.
1974.
Thorp, C.
1992
NYAME AKUMA
UGANDA
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Connah, G.
1991
The salt of Bunyoro: seeking the origins
of an African kingdom. Antiquity 65:
47%94.
Desmedts, C.
1991
Poteries anciennes decorees i la
roulette dans la region des Grands
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1990
1993
Robertshaw, P. T.
1991
Recent archaeological surveys in
western Uganda. Nyame Akuma 36:
40-46.
Sutton J. E. G.
The Interlacustrine Region: new work
1987
on the Later h n Age. Nyame Akuma 29:
62-63.
Nubian Artifacts
Available for Study
NYAME AKUMA
A Standardized Site
Enumeration System for the
Continent of Africa
Charles M. Nelson
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Fig. 1.
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34' East
I
Fig. 2.
35"
3 Go
I
3f 0
I
3'8
3 9"
4 0
SASES primary grid system GJ showing the internal grid designation system.
Sample grid square designation: GjJv.
NYAME AKUMA
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1948
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Books
Journals
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Also Noted
Centre International
des Civilisations Bantu
Association des
Palynologues d'Afrique
Intertropicale
(Second Symposium)
NYAME AKUMA
News 95 International
Rock Art Congress