1

PLANT
IDENTIFICATION

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Plant Identification
2

Identification - associating an unknown entity with

a known one.
Diagnostic characterization (diagnosis)
= all features that distinguish an entity from all
other entities.

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

SISTEMATIK TUMBUHAN

Methods of identification
5

1)

Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Dichotomous key
1. Fertile stamens 3 or 1 (Subfamily Haemodoroideae)
2. Ovary superior
3. Fertile stamen 1........................................................................Pyrrorhiza

3' Fertile stamens 3

4. Corolla actinomorphic
5. Inflorescence a simple raceme; functional carpel 1; ovule 1; style subterminal....Barberetta
5 Inflorescence an elongate thyrse with lateral monochasial cymes; functional carpels 3; ovules 20-30 per
carpel; style terminal...........................................Xiphidium
4' Corolla zygomorphic
6. Stamens unequal, the 2 latero-posterior anthers reduced; ovules 3-4 per carpel......Schiekia
6' Stamens equal; ovule 1 per carpel...............................................Wachendorfia
2' Ovary inferior
7. Ovule 1 per carpel........................................................................Dilatris
7' Ovules 2 or more per carpel
8. Ovules 2 per carpel; perianth glabrous...............................................Haemodorum

8' Ovules 5-7 per carpel; perianth abaxially tomentose.................................Lachnanthes

1' Fertile stamens 6 (Subfamily Conostylidoideae)
9. Flowers actinomorphic; perianth not splitting along mid-anterior line
10. Perianth glabrous to glabrate.........................................................Phlebocarya
10' Perianth lanate to tomentose
11. Perianth lanate; trichomes simple to sparsely branched, white-whitish; anthers with broad,
apical connective appendage......................................................Tribonanthes
11' Perianth tomentose, trichomes dendritic, yellow, whitish, reddish, pink, orange, or purplish;
anthers without broad, apical connective appendage
12. Flowers pendulous; perianth reddish to pink-orange................................Blancoa
12' Flowers generally ascending; perianth usually yellow or whitish, rarely orange
to purplish....................................................................Conostylis
9' Flowers zygomorphic; perianth tube splitting along mid-anterior line
13. Ovule 1 per carpel; perianth trichomes black...........................................Macropidia
13' Ovules >1 per carpel; perianth trichomes red, yellow, orange or green................Anigozanthos

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Methods of identification
8

1)

Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

Polyclave key
List presence / absence of all features

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Polyclave key
1 Woody plants (excl. suffrutices)
2 Herbaceous plants (incl. suffrutices)
3 Aquatic plants, leaves floating or submerged
4 Chlorophyll absent (parasites or saprophytes)
5 Bulb present (monocots only)
6 Milky juice present

97

Spiny stems or leaves

8 Tendrils present
9 Cladodes or phyllodes (modified branches or petioles)
10 Hairs glandular
11 Hairs stellate (also 2-armed, branched and tufted)
12 Hairs stellate (not 2-armed, branched and tufted)
13 Hairs 2-armed or t-shaped, non-glandular
14 Hairs branched
15 Hairs tufted, non-glandular
16 Hairs peltate or scale-like
17 Hairs vesicular or bladder-like
18 Hairs stinging
19 Cystoliths present (dicots only)
20 Leaves opposite or verticillate
21 Leaves alternate (excl. distichous monocots)
22 Leaves distichous (monocots only)
23 Leaves equitant (e.g. Iris)
24 Leaves not compound
25 Leaves compound
26 Leaves pinnately compound (4 or more leaflets)
27 Leaves ternately compound (3 leaflets)
28 Leaves palmately compound (4 or more leaflets)
29 Venation pinnate or hardly visible in leaves or leaflets (incl. no. 30)
30 Venation invisible or leaves 1-nerved (monocots only)
31 Venation longitudinal in leaves or leaflets (incl. 3-nerved leaves)
32 Venation palmate in leaves or leaflets
33 Leaves or leaflets with entire margin (without any lobes or teeth)
34 Leaves or leaflets lobed or divided
35 Leaves or leaflets dentate, serrate, crenate, etc.
36 Epidermis of leaf papillose (dicots only)

37 Leaves with pellucid or glandular dots or lines

38 Leaves with a ligule
39 Stipules absent
40 Stipules present (only the scars may be left)
41 Flowers solitary
42 Inflorescence a raceme, simple and monopodial
43 Inflorescence a spike, simple and monopodial
44 Inflorescence a corymb, simple and monopodial
45 Inflorescence an umbel, simple and monopodial
46 Inflorescence a fascicle, simple and monopodial
47 Inflorescence a head, simple and monopodial
48 Inflorescence simple and sympodial (cyme, dichasium etc.)
49 Inflorescence compound, sympodial or monopodial (panicle, thyrsus etc.)
50 Flowers bisexual
51 Flowers unisexual
52 Flowers actinomorphic
53 Flowers zygomorphic or irregular
54 Receptacle small (ovary superior)
55 Receptacle enlarged, united with the ovary, totally or partially covering it
56 Receptacle enlarged, totally or partially free from the ovary (super. to inf.)
57 Receptacle enlarged, conical or hemispherical (ovaries superior)
58 Disc present (annular or separate glands)
59 Disc absent
60 Perianth segments 0
61 Perianth segments 1
62 Perianth segments 2
63 Perianth segments 3
64 Perianth segments 4
65 Perianth segments 5
66 Perianth segments 6
67 Perianth segments more than 6
68 Perianth of similar segments
69 Perianth of calyx and corolla
70 Sepals 0 (incl. a cupular calyx without lobes)
RSK-FBIOUGM-2014
71 Sepals 1
72 Sepals 2

Methods of identification
10

1) Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

Polyclave key
List presence / absence of all features

2) Written Description

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl., Cape-Honeysuckle (native to S. Africa). Bignoniaceae.

Plant a shrub, up to ca. 5 m tall. Root a woody taproot with numerous lateral roots. Stems (aerial) highly and sympodially branched by abortion of terminal inflorescence
meristems, branches basally inclined. Bark brown, smooth to minutely furrowed, lenticels orbicular to vertically elliptic with raised borders, ca. 1-2 mm wide. Twigs
terete, minutely puberulent. Pith solid, circular in outline. Fruit scars (of infructescence) raised, circular, typically at junction of two, lateral branches. Leaf scars
slightly raised below, orbicular with truncate apex. Vascular bundle scar U-shaped. Buds in leaf axils small (ca. 2 mm long), with outer two scales in a plane

11 tangential to stem axis, scales valvate, lance-ovate and strongly cup-shaped, densely pubescent; terminal buds naked, elongate, to 5 mm long. Leaves 10-12 cm long,
imparipinnate, petiolate, exstipulate, evergreen, cauline, opposite-decussate, divergent to inclined, and planar to recurved. Petiole green, terete to canaliculate, 1-3 cm
long. Leaf outline elliptic. Leaflets 9 [11], opposite. Lateral leaflets elliptic to widely elliptic, subsessile, 15-17 mm long, 10-14 mm wide, base attenuate to obtuse,
sometimes oblique, margin usually proximally entire and serrate to crenate distally, apex acuminate (caudate), tip minutely mucronulate, Apical leaflet widely elliptic,

usually petiolulate (petiolule green, narrowly winged, 3-13 mm long) 24-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, cuneate, entire at base and distally serrate to crenate, acute to
accuminate, mucronulate. All leaflets pinnate-netted, midvein and secondary veins sunken above and raised below, mostly glabrous but with arachnose trichomes near
abaxial vein junctions, mesophyllous. Inflorescence a terminal thyrse with several bracteate units of simple dichasia or of solitary flowers, the latter often with two
abortive, lateral flower buds or with two sub-basal bracts (indicative of a vestigial dichasium). Flowers perfect, ca 50 mm long, ca 25 mm wide, opposite, appressed,
recurved, zygomorphic, pedicellate. Pedicel ca 7 mm long, terete. Bract 1 subtending each unit of inflorescence, 1-5 mm long, lanceolate, mucronulate. Bractlets 2,
sub-basal, subtending lateral flowers if simple dichasium present. Perianth biseriate, dichlamydeous. Calyx synsepalous, actinomorphic, ca 5 mm long. Calyx lobes
acute, mucronulate, ca 1 mm long. Corolla sympetalous, orange, zygomorphic, salverform-bilabiate with enlarged throat, ca 45 mm long, recurved, inner surface
pubescent. Corolla lobes 5 (2 posterior, 2 lateral, and 1 anterior), oblong to elliptic, apices rounded to emarginate, 7-12 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, inclined to divergent
and recurved relative to floral axis. Stamens 4 fertile, uniseriate, filamentous, epipetalous, didynamous, alternipetalous, exserted, apostemonous. Staminodium 1,
medio-posterior, reduced, up to ca 10 mm long. Filaments (of fertile stamens) terete, yellow-orange, 35-40 mm long. Anthers versatile, basifixed, longitudinally and
introrsely dehiscent (downwardly dehiscent at maturity), ca. 3 mm long, thecae divergent. Pollen orange. Gynoecium syncarpous. Perianth/Androecial position
hypogynous. Ovary superior, green, 4-5 mm long, narrowly obloid, glabrous. Carpels 2. Locules 2. Placentation parietal-axile. Ovules many. Styles 1, terminal,
apically recurved, purple-brown. Stigmas 2, ovate, divergent to appressed. Nectary dark maroon, doughnut-shaped, surrounding ovary base. Fruit a brown loculicidal

capsule (with persistent replum), narrowly oblong, up to ca. 1 cm wide and 6 cm long. Seeds flat, with surrounding, yellowish, translucent wing, ca. 15 mm long and 8
mm wide (including wing), seed body roughly orbicular, ca. 6 mm in diameter.
FLORAL FORMULA: K (5) C (5) A 2+2+1staminode G (2), superior.

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Methods of identification
12

1) Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

Polyclave key
List presence / absence of all features

2) Written Description
3) Specimen Comparison
RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Identifikasi secara Morfologi

Tahap:
Koleksi

Preservasi

Identifikasi

Koleksi Tumbuhan

Koleksi lengkap vegetatif dan generatif,

kondisi bagus
Pada bagian yang sama umur
Pada berbagai tahap perkembangan, apabila
struktur morfologi berbeda
Membuat duplikat

Preservasi-Herbarium

Koleksi tumbuhan dibuat herbarium

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RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

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RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Methods of identification
18

1) Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

Polyclave key
List presence / absence of all features

2) Written Description
3) Specimen Comparison
4) Image Comparison
RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

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RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Methods of identification
20

1) Taxonomic keys
Dichotomous key
Compare two contrasting statements:
couplet = two contasting leads

Polyclave key
List presence / absence of all features

2) Written Description
3) Specimen Comparison
4) Image Comparison
5) Expert Determination
RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Identification
21

Always check and double-check an

identification.
Taxon identified could be new to a region.
Identification could be negative, indicating a
taxon new to science.

RSK-FBIOUGM-2014

Identifikasi Molekular

Tahap:
Koleksi

Preservasi

Identifikasi

Koleksi dan Preservasi

Koleksi sampel sesuai tujuan

Daun
Bunga

Koleksi dari lapangan silica gel preservasi

Identifikasi (DNA)

Ekstraksi DNA berbagai metode CTAB, Kit

PCR Amplification

DNA
Primer spesific
MgCl2
dNTP
Taq polymerase
Buffer
Program untuk amplifikasi (denaturation,
annealing, extention)
PCR machine

Molecular Identification`