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1. Short Story
Hints:
Narrative story also needs paragraphing. You can start your paragraphs with the expressions listed below.
Use the variety of tenses.
Try to keep the chronological order of events. It will help you avoid traps of sequencing.
Short sentences create suspense, which makes your story more interesting. Do not make the plot of your
story too complicated.
You can incorporate short dialogues into your story.
Narrative tenses:
Past Simple:
o
Past Continuous:
o
(used with Past Simple) to show that the continuity of one action is interrupted by another action
Tom was watching the news when a strange noise came from the basement.
'past in the past'- to indicate that something happened earlier than the action described
She stared at him trying to remember where she had seen that face before.
Useful expressions:
the first thing that happened; at first; it began with; it started with;
after that; just then; afterwards; when; once (meaning after); just as; then; after some time;
suddenly; out of the sudden; gradually; step by step; slowly;
in the end; eventually; finally; it ended with;
2. Review
Hints:
3. Transactional Letter
Hints:
Explain who you are and why you are writing this letter.
Do not copy phrases from the question.
State clearly and politely what actions you want to be taken.
Do not use contractions.
Use formal language.
In this type of letter you may need to use a construction that is called a dependant question. Regular
(independent) questions in English are formed by inversion:
Where is my book?
When does it start?
However, if you precede these questions by phrases like: I do not know; Could you tell me; I want to ask,
the word order remains like in the statement, not question. Note that these sentences do not end with
question marks, either.
Compare:
Could you tell me where my book is.
I want to ask when it starts.
Useful expressions:
Complaining:
I am writing to complain about...
I am sorry to inform you that...
I was very disappointed with...
I have some complaints about...
Requesting:
I am writing for information about...
4. Informal Letter
Hints:
Useful expressions:
Thank you for your letter. It was nice to hear from you.
Your last letter was a real surprise. It was so nice of you to remember about...
Thanks a lot for the information you've sent me in your last letter.
I've just received your letter. I'm so happy to hear that...
I'm sorry I haven't answered earlier but I was really busy with my school.
I'm sorry I haven't written for so long but...
5. Article
Hints:
a quotation or saying:
'It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in
want of a wife' *.
Detailed study of matrimonial offers given to magazines proves that this is still the case. 75 per cent
of men ready to wear wedding rings declare financial independence and stability.
* Jane Austen 'Pride and Prejudice'
criptic statement (you begin with a statement that is unclear for the reader):
At last everything has been completed. The vans and trucks are loaded, equipment is checked and
people are ready for their journey. It took over a year to prepare the whole action but for them it is
just the beginning. The humanitarian aid is due to cross the border of our country today night at 2
a.m.
an anecdote:
On 26 November 1922 Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon entered the new discovered tomb in
necropolis near Luxor. After 3000 years they were the first people who passed the 'blind gate' and
saw the Pharao's treasure. The legend claims that the discovery was accompanied by several signs of
gods' disapproval and that ignorance of European archeologists cost them their lives.
Nowadays the famous legend attracts hordes of tourists. The ancient spell that was to protect
prince's eternal life turned against him. The 'house' of his soul is devastated year after year.
a question:
Have you ever imagined climbing the Mountain? You think it is not possible without months of
previous training and preparations, right? Here you are wrong. All you need to get ready is... your
bank account number. Mount Everest, called the Mountain by people who feel respect to it, is now
offered as a tourist attraction for those who can afford such a trip.
Good ending is very crucial. It may be the summary of the points made in the article, the rhetorical question
or the paraphrase of the statement made before.
Useful expressions:
Let's...
How about...?
Would you...?
I think you will agree that...
I hope you can imagine...
What would you do if...
All in all...
To sum up...
The conclusion is...
6. Report
Hints:
Decide on your target reader - it will help you to choose the appropriate register.
Use rather formal language.
The distinguishing feature of any report is its layout. Reports are rather stiff - you may need to start as if you
were making a memo. Do not panic! It is OK with this form to begin simply with:
1. To:
2. From:
3. Date:
4. Subject:
The body of your report has to be clearly divided into sections:
o
Introduction
Make your introduction brief but clear. State the purpose of your report. Again, try to imagine that
you are the only one who knows what is going on. Assume that everybody else needs explanation
why you are writing this report. Repeat the question from the task but try to reword it.
You may start like this:
The aim/purpose of this report is to show
exemplify
illustrate
depict
conclusion/summary
It is a good idea to repeat here why you are writing. It will show that you keep in mind the purpose
of this report.
In conclusion I would like to stress that...
In my opinion...
It is a fact that...
It appears to/ seems to/ tends to
There is no doubt that...
Given this, it can be concluded that...
Having proved/presented this, I would like to...
7. Discursive Composition
Hints:
State the problem/topic once again in the beginning of your essay. Just assume that your reader doesn't
know the question. Do not start with: It is right (what is right?); I agree/do not agree with this statement
(what statement?)
Separate positive and negative aspects of the problem you discuss.
Remember that here you take the floor. Your potential opponents do not have the opportunity to present
their ideas. It is your task to present both yours and theirs and keep proper balance.
Use linking words. They help to follow your way of reasoning. The most common linking words are and, or
and but. You may want to interchange these words with their more sophisticated counterparts in your essay.
Compare:
o
o
OR is used when you want to put two different ideas together or reformulate what you have
stated earlier:
In other words
reformulation of what has come before
To put it more simply
It would be better to say
To put it straightforwardly
o
o
BUT appears when you need to contrast one statement with another:
The time available for writing However,
an essay was very limited.
Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
Yet,
In spite of
that,
All the same,
refer back to the topic statement in your conclusion. It will show that you treat your essay as a whole. Yet, it
may be a good idea to paraphrase this statement, not just to rewrite it.
Do not use contractions!!!
Useful expressions:
Expressing opinions:
I agree/ disagree with the above statement (that...)
In my opinion...
I believe that...
I am in favour of...
I am against the idea of...
It seems to me that...
I sympathize with...
Presenting and contrasting arguments:
The main argument in favour/ against is...
First of all I should like to consider...
The first thing (I would like to consider) to be considered is...
In order to make the problem clear, I would like to present some examples of ...
Apart from that...
Despite the fact that .../ In spite of...
On the other hand...
What is more...
What matters most in this case is...
It is a fact that...
There is no doubt that...
Reasoning:
sth happened
because of
as a result of
on account of
owing to
through
due to
as a consequence of
Concluding:
To sum up/ altogether
On this basis, I can conclude that...
Given this, it can be concluded that...
Having proved this, I would like to...
In conclusion, I would like to stress that...
All in all, I believe that...
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