12.

1 Show that the ultimate load for a strip footing under long-term conditions
1
using the two triangle failure surfaces shown in Fig. P12.1 is Pu B 2 N ,
2
2
2 tan tan 3
2sin 3

where N
1 tan 2 2 1 tan cos sin 3

Solution 12.1

P
B
WB
B
NB

TAB

TAB
NAB

WA

A
TA

TB

NA
Z
X

From the free body diagram of A, we get

A N A tan

AB

Fx

N AB tan

0 : N AB N A sin 45 A cos 45 0
Putting equation (1) into (3) we get

(1)
(2)

(3)

 N AB
NA

Fz 0 :

2
N A 1 tan
2
N AB
2 1 tan

AB WA N A cos 45 A sin 45 0

(4)

(5)

(6)

Putting equation (1) and (2) into (6), we get

N AB tan WA

2
N A 1 tan
2

(7)

Substituting (5) into (7) we obtain

1 tan
WA
N AB tan
1 tan

tan tan 2 1 tan

= - WA
N AB

1 tan

1
B2 1 tan
WA 1 tan
N AB
2
tan 2' 2tan' 1 tan 2' 2tan' 1
where WA

(8)

1 2
B
2

Similarly summing forces in the x direction for B, we get

N AB

2
N B 1 tan
2

(9)

Similarly summing forces in the z direction for B, after substituting (9) and simplifying we get

1 2tan tan 2
N AB
= WB P
1 tan

WB

1
1 2
B and P B 2 N
2
2

Substituting (8) and (11) in (10) we get

(10)

(11)

1+tan 1 2tan tan 2

tan 2tan 1 1 tan

2

2tan tan 2 3
2tan 3 6tan

1 tan tan 2 2tan 1 1 tan 1 tan 2 2

2sin3
Simplifying weget N
cos sin3

12.2 A strip footing, 5 m wide, is founded on the surface of a deep deposit of

clay. The undrained shear strength of the clay increases linearly from 3 kPa at the
surface to 10 kPa at a depth of 5 m. Estimate the vertical ultimate load assuming
that the load is applied at an eccentricity of 0.5 m from the center of the footings
width. [Hint: Try a circular failure surface, determine the equation for the
distribution of shear strength with depth, and integrate the shear strength over the
radius to find the shear force.]
Solution 12.2
Pa
Pa
-e e
O
3 kPa

B/2

d
dl

5m

Slope = 7/5

Radius = B

10 kPa
The answer will vary according to the assumed failure mechanism. The eccentricity could be to the right
(e) or left (-e) of the centerline.
Assume a circular failure plane and consider an element at a depth z. The undrained shear strength at this
depth is su = 7z/5 + 3
Now, consider an element d as shown in the figure above.
The arc length is dl = B d and z = B sin
The force on this arc length = su B d = (7z/5 +3) B d = (7B sin /5 +3) B d

Mo 0 :
/ 2

B
7

Pu e 2 Bsin 3 Bd B 0
2

0 5

/ 2

B
7

Pu e 2 Bcos 3 B2 0
2

5
0
(The 2 in the second term of the above equations comes from the fact we are integrating over a quadrant
and we have two quadrants.)
/ 2

/ 2

Now, 2 Bcos 3 B2 2 5 cos 3 52 585.7 kN.m

5
0
5
0

Pu

585.7
5

0.75
2

180.2kN or 334.7kN

12.3

The centroid of a square foundation of sides 5 m is located 10 m away from

the edge of a vertical cut of depth 4 m. The soil is a stiff clay with an
undrained strength of 20 kPa and a unit weight of 16 kN/m3. Calculate the
vertical ultimate load. Assume a circular failure surface for the footing and
a planar surface for the cut.

Solution 12.3

P
1.5m
2.5m

r = 1.5m
3.5m

E
cut

= 450

C
Section B

For undrained condition, 0

Assuming a planar failure plane for the cut. The slope of the failure plane (Chapter 10) is:

45 45
2
Assuming a circular failure mode for the footing. We find that the circular failure surface intersects with
the failure plane of the cut.
Therefore, we can assume that the surface CE has no shearing resistance.

Consider section ECD as shown in the figure Section B

Length CE = r () = 1.5 0.375 1.178m

4
Length CD = 1.5 cos(45 ) 1.061 m

B/2

3.5m

su (CD)

B
su

Moment about O (figure on right)

Mo 0 :
B
s u ( B 1.178 ) B ( s u 1.061 cos 45 ) 3.5 0
2
2.5P 20( 5 1.178 ) 5 ( 20 1.061 cos 45 ) 3.5

1400
560 kN / m
2.5

su (CD) cos 45

12.4

Calculate the ultimate net bearing capacity of (a) a strip footing 2 m wide,
(b) a square footing 3 m 3 m, and (c) a circular footing 3 m in diameter.
All footings are located on the ground surface and the groundwater level is
at the ground surface. The soil is medium-dense coarse-grained with
sat = 17kN/m3 and p' = 30 from direct shear tests.

Solution 12.4

1
BN s , = 17 9.8 = 7.2 kN/ m 3
2
N 0.1054 exp (9.6' ) 16.06

qu

B B
B
0 (strip footing)
1 (square footing),
,
L L
L
s 0.6 (square or circular footing); s 1 (strip)

s 1 0.4

1
7.2 2 16.06 1 = 116 kPa
2
1
7.2 3 16.06 0.6 = 104 kPa
(b) q u (square)=
2
1
7.2 3 16.06 0.6 = 104 kPa
(c) q u (circular)=
2
(a) q u (strip)=

12.5

A strip footing, founded on dense sand ( 'p = 35 from direct shear tests.and
sat = 17kN/m3 ), is to be designed to support a vertical load of 400 kN per

meter length. Determine a suitable width for this footing for FS = 3. The
footing is located 1 m below the ground surface. The groundwater level is
10 m below the ground surface.
Solution 12.5

Assume B = 1.2m and the test data are from plane strain tests. Use Davis & Booker expression for N .
Using the spreadsheet with B =1.1 m

35 , Nq 33.3, Nq 1 32.3, N 37.1, sq s 1

dq 1.23,d 1.0

q u Df (N q 1) s q d q 0.5 B N s d
q u (17 1 32.3 11.23) (0.5 17 1.2 37.1 1 1) 1023kPa
400
363.6
1.11
1023
FS
3.0
363.6 17 1

B = 1.1 m is suitable width for the footing

12.6

A square footing, 3 m wide, is located 1.5 m below the surface of a stiff

clay. Determine the allowable bearing capacity for short-term condition if
(su)p =100 kPa, and sat = 20 kN/m3. If the footing were located on the
surface, what would be the allowable bearing capacity? Use FS = 3.
Comment on the use of the (su)p value for both the embedded and the surface
footing.

Solution 12.6

Stiff clay
s u 100kPa, sat 20kN / m 3

q u 5.14s u sc d c
sc 1.2,d c 1.17
Position (1): D f 1.5m

qu 5.14 100 1.2 1.17 719 kPa

qu
Df
3
719

20 1.5 270 kPa

3

qa

Position (2): Df 0

qu 5.14 100 1.2 1 617kPa

q u 617

206kPa
3
3
Comment on the use of the (su)p value for both the embedded and the surface footing.
The (su)p may not be the same. The value of su depends on the void ratio (or confining pressure).
The confining pressure changes with depth so su will change with depth. Also, soils tend to be
overconsolidated near the surface with the possibility that a tensile rather than a general failure
mode can occur.
qa

12.7

A column carrying a load of 750 kN is to be founded on a square footing at

a depth of 2 m below the ground surface in a deep clay stratum. What will
be the size of the footing for FS = 3 for TSA? The soil parameters are,
sat = 18.5kN/m3 , and su = 55 kPa. The groundwater level is at the base of
the footing but it is expected to rise to the ground surface during rainy
seasons.

Solution 12.7

Clay
sat 18.5kN / m3 , su 55kPa , ' 8.7kN / m3 ,

TSA
Assume B =2 m

B
1.2
L
= 5.14 55 1.2 1.33 = 451 kPa

q u 5.14 suscdc , sc 1 0.2

q ult

applied stress, = a
FS =

750
187.5 kPa
2 2

451
3
187.5 8.7 2

Use B =2 m

, dc 1.33

12.8

Repeat Exercise 12.7 with a moment of 250 kN.m about an axis parallel to
the length in addition to the vertical load.

Solution 12.8

Clay
sat 18.5kN / m3 , su 55kPa , ' 8.7kN / m3 ,

TSA

eB

250
0.33 m
750

Assume B = 2.8 m
max

750 6 0.33
1
164 kPa
2.8
2.82

B' B 2e B 3 2 0.33 2.33m

sc 1.2,dc 1.31 ,

TSA
qu 5.14 55 1.2 1.31 444 kPa

FS =

444
3
164 2 8.7

Use a footing of width 2.8 m

12.9

A square footing located on a dense sand is required to carry a dead load of

200 kN and a live load of 300 kN, both inclined at 15 to the vertical plane
along the width. The building code requires an embedment depth of 1.2 m.
Groundwater level is at 1 m below the ground surface. Calculate the size of
the footing using ASD and LRFD for p' 35 from direct shear tests,
sat = 18.5kN/m3 and FS = 3. Assume the soil above the groundwater level

to be saturated.
Solution 12.9
Nq 33.3, Nq 1 32.3, N 37.13
iq 0.63 i 0.46, 18.5 9.8 8.7 kN/ m 3

ASD: Total load + 300 + 200 = 500 kN

LRFD: Pu = 1.25 x 200 + 1.75 x 300 = 775 kN
Assume B =1.6 m

D f 1 18.5 8.7 0.2 20.2kPa

qu ( 32.3 20.2 0.63 ) ( 0.5 8.7 1.6 27.13 0.46 ) 528 kPa

ASD:
Vertical load = 500 cos (15) = 483 kN
Applied stress =

FS =

483
188.7 kPa
1.62

528
3
188.7 20.2

Use a square footing of width 1.6 m

LRFD
Vertical load = 775 cos (15) = 748.6 kN
qult 528 20.2 548.2kPa

i qult 0.8 548.2 438.6 kPa

Applied stress =

748.6
292.4 kPa < 438.6
1.62

kPa

The footing size is more than adequate for LRFD. You can use a smaller footing ( B =
1.2 m can be used)

12.10 The footing for a bridge pier is to be founded in sand, as shown in Fig.
P12.10. The clay layer is normally consolidated with Cc = 0.25. Determine
the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure and the total settlement
(elastic compression and primary consolidation) of the pier. The shear
strength parameters were obtained from direct simple shear tests.

Cc = 0.25

Solution 12.10
B = 3m, Df 5m B, GWL below B from base. No effect from GWL

q applied

12 103
400 kPa
3 10

Dense sand:

2.7 0.52
3
sat
9.8 20.8 kN m
1 0.52
20.8 9.8 11.0 kN m 3

Clay:

2.7 0.92
3
sat
9.8 18.5 kN m
1 0.92

18.5 9.8 8.7 kN m 3

Bearing capacity of sand
Nq 37.8, Nq 1 36.8, N 43.9, sq 1.22, dq 1.25,s 0.88,d 1.0

qu 20.8 5 36.8 1.22 1.25 0.5 20.8 3 43.9 0.88 1.0 7042 kPa

7042
23.8
400 20.8 5
Bearing capacity of clay
FS =

H cr =

2 cos 45 p

'

exp Atan ' p

' p
A 45

36
radians
0.47
4 2 180

3
H cr =
exp 0.47tan36 4.64m > (9 m 5 m = 4 m)
36

2 cos 45
2

Failure surface would penetrate clay

Short term:

qu = 5.14 x 40 x (1 +0.2 x 3/10) = 218 kPa

12000
Vertical stress at top of clay =
70.5kPa
10 17
FS = 218/70.5 = 3. ; OK
Elastic settlement of sand

Ab
2

4L

B 3

0.3
L 10

s 0.45(.3) 0.38 =0.71

emb 1 0.04

5
3
2

1 3 0.3 0.81

A w 23 5 10 5 130m 2 ;

A w 130

4.33
Ab
30

wall 1 0.164.330.54 0.65

e

12 10 3
10
55 10 3
2

1 0.35 0.71 0.81 0.65

2

= 0.0143m = 14.3mm

Elastic settlement of clay

Assume a load dispersion of 2:1. The equivalent size of footing on the top of the clay is (3+4)
(10+4) = 7m 14m.

Now

Df 9m
emb 1 0.04

9 4

1 x .5 0.83, A w 2 7 9 14 9 432m 2 , A b 7 14 98m 2

7 3

s 0.45(.5) 0.38 0.59

Neglect wall effect.

12 103
1 0.452
14

15 103
2

0.59 0.83 1 0.0446m 44.6 mm

Primary consolidation:
zo 20.8 8 11 1 8.7 0.5 , 181.8 kPa
:At center of clay:
z 143.4 kPa( surface stresses utility computer program)

final 181.8 143.4 325.2 kPa

c

1000
325.2
0.25 log
32.4mm
1 0.95
181.8

Total settlement = 14.3 + 44.6 + 32.4 = 91.3 mm

12.11 A multilevel building is supported on a footing 58 m wide 75 m long 3

m thick resting on a very stiff deposit of saturated clay. The footing is located at 3
m below ground level. The average stress at the base of the footing is 350 kPa.
Groundwater level is at 12 m below the surface. Field and laboratory tests gave the
following results:
Depth (m)
su (kPa)

0.5
58

6
122

25
156

eo = 0.57, Cc = 0.16, Cr = 0.035, OCR = 10, 'p = 28 , cs' = 24 , Eu = 100 MPa, u

= 0.45, E 90 MPa, and v 0.3 . Determine the total settlement and the safety
factor against bearing capacity failure. The shear strength parameters were obtained from
direct simple shear tests.
Solution 12.11

Short Term: (TSA)

qu 5.14susc , sc 1.15 , dc = 1 (shear strength above footing depth lower than below)
su at base of footing is 87kPa; su at a depth B below footing is 156kPa
Take average su = 121.5kPa
qult 5.14 121.5 1.15 721kPa
Assume soil is saturated.
G eo
2.7 0.57
sat
w
9.8 20.4kN / m3
1 eo
1 0.57
Df = 3 x 20.4 = 61.2 kPa
721
FS
2.5
350 61.2
Long Term: (ESA)
Use bearing capacity program utility to find N q , N , shape and depth factors.

Nq 14.7, Nq 1 13.7, N 11.5 for 'p 28o

 20.4 9.8 10.6 kN/ m 3

=======
Short side failure
sq 1.41 s 0.69,dq 1.02,d 1 ,

qu 20.4 3 13.7 1.41 1.02+0.5 11.5 ( 9 20.4 10.6 49 ) 0.69 1 = 3994 kPa
Long side failure
sq 1.69 s 0.48,dq 1.01,d 1
qu 20.4 3 13.7 1.69 1.01+0.5 11.5 ( 9 20.4 10.6 66 ) 0.48 1 lk= 3869 kPa
Long side failure governs
FS =

3869
13.4
350 61.2

Long Term Settlement

Assume effective depth=2 B.
For consolidation settlement consider 10 layers, each 14.5 m, and compute
Depth (z/B) z (kPa)
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2

331.2
263.6
192
139.6
100
76
59.6
47.6

Then use the harmonic mean value (see Chapter 9).

Elastic settlement

Ab
4L2

z at center of each layer.

z 210kPa

B 58

0.77
L 75

s 0.45(.77) 0.38 =0.5

emb 1 0.04

3
58
2

1 3 0.77 0.98

A w 2 358 75 798m 2 ;

Aw
798

0.18
Ab
58 75

wall 1 0.16.180.54 0.94

58 75 350 10 3
1 0.3 2 0.5 0.98 0.94 = 170 mm
75

100 10 3
2

Primary consolidation:
The depth corresponding to a stress increase of 210 kPa is 40 m from the bottom of the footing
zo 20.4 12 10.6 31 573.4 kPa
: zc 10 573.4 5734kPa
zo z 573.4 210 783.4kPa zc

2 58 1000
783.4
0.035 log
351mm
1 0.57
573.4

Note the thickness of the layer is 2B = 2 x 58

Total settlement = 170 + 351 = 520 mm
This settlement is large. The actual settlement could be smaller because of the many simplifying
assumptions made in this type of calculations.

Solution 12.12
You can set up a spreadsheet to do the calculations as shown below.
ASD
Assume zero eccentricity

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN USING CSM

DENSE SAND
RESULTS
CSM: BEARING CAPACITY, FS
1.32
CSM: SETTLEMENT
3.1

B = Width

Square
1.35 m

Depth of embedment

L
l
k
M
gsat

5.8 mm

DATA INPUT FOR FOOTING

Select Footing type

Ip

0.218

p'o

33.2 kPa

Iq

0.388

qo

-12.4 kPa

24.9 kPa

Dp

59.8 kPa

p'k

149.3 kPa

1 m

Dq

106.4 kPa

qk

111.9 kPa

124.1 kPa

p'c

207.6

Ro

6.3

qyH

Footing Live Load

300 kN

Iz

Eccentricity

FS

Total - ASD

500 kN

DATA INPUT FOR LAB TEST

Ductility

0.7
1.32 OK

s'zc

223.9 kPa

s'xo

37.3 kPa

s'yo

37.3 kPa

30 degrees
0.08

Cr

0.016
9
18.8 KN/m3

Long term

3.1

f'cs

0.52 radian

f'cs

30.00 degrees

Total

3.1

mm

total

Ko nc

1-D

5.8

mm

max

Ko

oc

0.50
1.50

eo

0.851111

ec

0.838

Sample depth

1.675 m

ek

0.836

Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select

1m
0.35

tc
m
Rt

0.14

DATA INPUT FOR SAMPLE

axisymmetric

kPa

1.0544 OK

SETTLEMENT

Cc

Unit weight

0.8
0.03
0.007
1.20
18.8

s'zo

200 kN

OCR

274.3 kPa

Bearing Capacity Calculations

Footing Dead Load

Critical state friction angle

Surface stress

Help

nt

no
mu
E
G
rz

0.51
7.25
3
1.8
0.35
49363.266 kPa
18282.6911 kPa
3.1107252 mm

For eccentricity of a maximum of 10% of width

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN USING CSM
DENSE SAND
RESULTS
CSM: BEARING CAPACITY, FS
1.27
CSM: SETTLEMENT
2.6

B = Width

Square
1.5 m

Depth of embedment

L
l
k
M
gsat

3.3 mm

DATA INPUT FOR FOOTING

Select Footing type

Ip

0.218

p'o

34.1 kPa

Iq

0.388

qo

-12.8 kPa

Dp

53.3 kPa

p'k

153.3 kPa

Dq

94.8 kPa

qk

115.0 kPa

104.2 kPa

p'c

268.3

Ro

7.9

Footing Live Load

300 kN

Iz

0.025
500 kN

DATA INPUT FOR LAB TEST

Ductility

0.08

Cr

0.016
9

Long term

kPa

1.27 OK

s'zc

230.0 kPa

1.0761 OK

s'xo

38.3 kPa

s'yo

38.3 kPa

30 degrees

Cc

Unit weight

FS

0.4

SETTLEMENT

OCR

25.6 kPa

1 m

qyH

Critical state friction angle

0.8
0.03
0.007
0.87
18.8

s'zo

200 kN

Total - ASD

244.4 kPa

Bearing Capacity Calculations

Footing Dead Load

Eccentricity

Surface stress

Help

2.6

f'cs

0.52 radian

f'cs

30.00 degrees

Total

2.6

mm

total

Ko nc

1-D

3.3

mm

max

Ko

18.8 KN/m3

oc

0.50
1.50

eo

0.851111

ec

0.837

Sample depth

1.75 m

ek

0.836

Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select

1m
0.35

tc
m
Rt

0.20

nt

1.73205081

DATA INPUT FOR SAMPLE

plane strain

no
mu
E
G
rz

Minimum footing size with eccentricity requirement satisfied is 1.5m x 1.5 m

Expected settlement: 2.6 mm (or say 3 mm) to 3.3 mm (or say 3.5 mm)

0.29
5.00
1.8
0.35
63750.2355 kPa
23611.1983 kPa
2.58191326 mm

LRFD at maximum allowable eccentricity

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN USING CSM
DENSE SAND
RESULTS

Square

B = Width

1.66 m

Depth of embedment

s'zo

Ip

0.218

p'o

35.0 kPa

Iq

0.388

qo

-13.1 kPa

Dp

67.4 kPa

p'k

157.6 kPa

Dq

120.0 kPa

qk

118.2 kPa

107.1 kPa

p'c

275.8

Ro

7.9

qyH

Footing Live Load

300 kN

Iz

0.027666667
775 kN

DATA INPUT FOR LAB TEST

FS
Ductility

0.4
1.00 OK
0.8494

SETTLEMENT

Critical state friction angle

30 degrees

Cc

0.08

Cr

0.016

OCR

Long term

3.5

236.4 kPa

s'xo

39.4 kPa

s'yo

39.4 kPa

f'cs

0.52 radian

f'cs

30.00 degrees

3.5

mm

total

Ko nc

1-D

4.5

mm

max

Ko oc

0.50
1.50

eo

0.851111

ec

0.837

Sample depth

1.83 m

ek

0.836

Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select

1m
0.35

tc
m
Rt

0.20

nt

1.73205081

DATA INPUT FOR SAMPLE

plane strain

kPa

s'zc

Total

18.8 KN/m3

Unit weight

26.3 kPa

1 m
200 kN

LRFD

0.8
0.03
0.007
0.87
18.8

Bearing Capacity Calculations

Footing Dead Load

Eccentricity

309.4 kPa

L
l
k
M
gsat

DATA INPUT FOR FOOTING

Select Footing type

Surface stress

Help

no
mu
E
G

0.29
5.00
1.8
0.35
65546.7196 kPa
24276.5628 kPa

For LRFD the minimum footing size to satisfy the requirements is 1.66 m x 1.66 m
Conventional method
Ng 0.1054 exp (9.6' cs ) 16.06; Ng 18.4; Ng 1 17.4

sg 1 0.4

B
0.6 , dq = 1.2, all other geometric factors are equal to 1
L

B = 1.5 m , e = 0.1B, B = B 2e = 0.8B = 1.2 m

q u gDf ( Nq 1 )sq d q

1
gBN g s g 18.8 117.4 1.58 12 0.5 ( 18.8 9.8 ) 1.2 16.06 0.6 672kPa
2

FS = 667/(244.4 18.8) = 3

12.13 A circular foundation of diameter 8 m supports a tank. The base of the foundation is at 1 m from the
ground surface. The vertical load is 20 MN. The tank foundation was designed for short-term loading
conditions (su = 80 kPa and sat = 19 kN/m3). The groundwater level when the tank was initially designed
was at 4 m below the ground surface. It was assumed that the groundwater level was stable. Fourteen
months after the tank was constructed and during a week of intense rainfall, the tank foundation failed. It
was speculated that failure occurred by bearing capacity failure. Establish whether this is so or not. The
friction angle is

p' 25

from simple shear tests

Solution 12.13
Applied vertical stress =

20 103
398kPa
2
8
4

Short term

sc 1.2,dc 1
qu 5.14 80 1.2 1 493 kPa 398 kPa
Long Term

(no failure)

25

sq 1.47 ,s 0.6, d q 1.04,d 1.0

N q 10.7 , N q 1 9.7 , N 6.95
19 9.8 9.2kN m3

qu 9.2 1 9.7 1.47 1.04 0.5 9.2 8 6.95 0.6 1 289 kPa 398 kPa

Failure occurs under effective stress condition.

Solution 12.14

M 150
B 0.6 0.6 2.1 3.3 6.6

0.28m;

1.1m
P 535
6
6
6
B' 6.6 2(0.28)=6.04m

36 , Nq 37.75, Nq 1 36.75, N 43.9, sq s 1

d 1.0
Depth of groundwater level is greater than B below base of the footing. No effects of groundwater. Neglect
depth of embedment

q u 0.5 B' N s d
q u (0.5 18 6.04 43.9 11)
2386 kPa

applied(max)
FS

535 6 0.28
1
102 kPa
6.6 1
6.6

2386
23.4
102

The settlement is not expected to be uniform because the vertical stresses at the base are non-uniform.
B

However, the eccentricity is small e , so any tilting of the base would be within tolerable limits.
6

Solution 12.15
Assume a square footing of width B
Assume that the groundwater is more than B below the footing base and that B < 4 m.
From Table A.11, the estimated unit weight is 18.5 kN/m3
Therefore use the N value for the top layer 0 to 5 m. Assume B = 1 m

q ult 32N1B; N1 c n N; c n 95.8 / (18.5 1.5)

1/2

1.86 2; use 1.9

N1 1.9 28 53
q ult 32 53 B 1696 B kPa
ASD
q ult (FS) P / B2 1696 B
3 700 / B2 1696 B
B 1.07 m
Use a footing of size 1.1 m x 1.1 m

LRFD:

Pu 1.25DL 1.75LL 1.25 200 1.75 500 1125kN

Pu i (32 53 B B2 )
Table 12.1: i 0.45 for SPT
1

1125 3
B
1.14 m
1696 .45
Use a footing of size 1.2 m x 1.2 m

12.16 The column load for an office building consists of a dead load of 200 kN and a
live load of 250 kN. The soil at the site for the office building is a fairly homogeneous
clay. Soil samples at a depth of 2 m gave the following average results. Triaxial tests:
Isotropic consolidated CU tests on saturated samples, su = 36 kPa, confining stress = 100
kPa and average water content of 40%; One-dimensional consolidation tests: Cc = 0.16,
Cr = 0.04 and OCR = 9. The minimum embedment depth of the footing is 1 m.
Groundwater level is at the surface. Check the suitability of a 3.0 m square footing using
the conventional ASD method with an FS = 3. Compare the results of the conventional
method with CSM using an FS = 1.25. Assume = 0.35.The tolerable settlement is less
than 20 mm. assume the samples represent the soil at a depth 0.5B below the bottom of
the footing.
Solution 12.16
Calculate initial values.
G e
2.7 1.08
3
sat = s o w
9.8 17.8 kN / m
1 1.08
1 eo

= sat w 17.8 9.8 8 kN / m3

( )

su f
'
po

su f
'
ic zo

0.25

3sin ' cs 1

3 sin ' cs 2

3sin ' cs 1
M 1
=


2 2
3 sin ' cs 2
ic
0.75

' cs 21.6o
Mc =

6sin ' cs
6 sin 21.6o

0.84
3 sin ' cs 3 sin 21.6o

[(

[(

(
(

)
)

The current and past consolidation stresses in the field are:

Current: po' =

1 2 Kooc ' 1 2 1.9

zo
16 25.6 kPa
3
3

Calculate past mean effective and deviatoric stresses.

1 2 Konc ' 1 2 0.63
Past: pk' =
zc
144 108.5 kPa
3
3

The preconsolidation mean effective stress on the ICL is

p p
'
c

'
k

q
k

M 2 p'k

= 108.5

53.32
145.6 kPa
0.842 108.5

Calculate increase in stresses from the surface load.

Table 12.7:
Table 12.7:
Slope of TSP is

[This is a not equal to 3 as in the standard

triaxial test because 3 0.)

=

Calculate the deviatoric stress on the HV surface.

For axisymmetric condition, which approximates the stress condition under the center of
the footing, nt = 3.

tc

1
1

0.07
2

nt 1 9
1 2 0.842

Rt =1/0.07 = 14.3 > 5.7; failure would not occur from tension
[ (
[
(

]
)

Determine the factor of safety.

; Therefore, acceptable.
Check if the imposed state is within the ductile region.
(

Therefore, the imposed stress state in the soil will be in ductile region. The footing size
for bearing capacity requirement can be reduced. However, we need to check that
serviceability is satisfactory.
Calculate the settlement.
= 0.35.
ec eo ln R = 1.08 -0.017 ln (5.7) =1.05
z

q s B
10
Iq I p

pc 1 ec
3

50 0.017 3 103

145.6 1 1.05

10

0.55 3 0.33 14 mm

Conservative settlement
z 1.88

qs Cr BIz
50 0.04 3000 0.7
1.88
26.7mm
zc 1 ec
144 1 1.05

Note: Iz is found from Chapter 7.

Determine if the footing designed according to CSM is satisfactory.
Settlement range = 14 mm to 26.7 mm; FS > 1.25. The footing satisfies both
serviceability and ultimate limit state requirements.
Conventional method

The conventional method required the peak undrained shear strength. We need to make
an estimate this. However, we have to use CSM to do so.
Calculate (su)f for OCR = 9 (Ro* = 5.7)
su f su f
0.75
*
' ' R o 0.25 5.5 0.92
po po ic
su f 0.92 25.6 23.6kPa

Calculate the initial yield value to check whether the intact soil would show a peak shear strength
response
Use su f 23.6kPa in the conventional bearing capacity method
sc = 1.2
qu = 5.14 x 23.6 x 1.2 = 146 kPa
FS = 146/(50 1 x 17.8) = 4.5
We do not have enough information to calculate settlement unless we use CSM to estimate E.

12.17 The results of a representative field vane shear test at a site are shown in
Fig.12.22a. Previous studies reveal that = 0.8 and = 0.12 for the gray clay. A
building with different column loads is to be erected on the site. Estimate the
maximum centric load that a 2 m square footing can support using CSM. The
minimum factor of safety is 1.25 and the settlement should not exceed 25 mm.
Assume = 0.35.

Solution 12.17
Step 1: Inspect and interpret vane shear test data.
Inspection of the vane shear test data shows that the soil is overconsolidated
above 7 m and normally consolidated below 7 m. Recall that normally consolidated soils
tend to show linear increase of shear strength with depth. In other words, the normalized
shear strength is constant with depth.

Step 2: Calculate the critical state friction angle.

(su)f at 7 m = 14 kPa
Vertical effective stress at 7 m is
(

From Eq. (11.74), the normalized undrained shear strength for

normally consolidated fine-grained soils is
su f
'
zo

'
0.5sincs
DSS

14
0.5 sin ' cs
56.8
sin ' cs 0.493

' cs 29.5o
M c = 3 sin' cs 3 0.493 = 0.85
Step 3: Calculate the initial stresses, overconsolidation ratio and
preconsolidation stress at B/2 below the footing.
The calculations will be done for 3 m x 3 m. A spreadsheet will be used for
other footing sizes.
The depth from the surface at B/2 below the maximum size footing is 2 +
(3/2) = 3.5 m
Vertical effective stress at 3.5 m is
(

(su)f at 3.5 m = 28 kPa

From Eq. (11.73)
0.8
su f
3 sinc' s OCR

'

2
2
zo DSS

0.85 OCR
28
32.3 2 2
DSS

0.8

OCR = 4.9
From Fig. 11.29, Ro = 4.2

The current and past consolidation stresses in the field are:

1 2 Kooc ' 1 2 1.13
Current: p =
zo
32.3 35 kPa
3
3
'
o

In Fig.12.19, point O represents ( po' , qo).

[(

(
(

)
)

[(

]
(

G e
sat = s o w
1 eo
2.7 eo
16.8
9.8; eo 1.38
1 eo

Step 4: Check if the soil element will fail in tension.

)
)

1
1

0.194
2
2

nt
3
1 2 1

M 0.852
1
1
Rt
5.2 4.2
tc 0.194

tc

Soil will not fail by tension.

Step 5: Calculate the deviatoric stress on the HV surface.

[ (
(

]
)

Step 6: Estimate the load to width ratio to satisfy ultimate limit

state.
Since the eccentricity is 10% of the width then
qs

P 6e P 6 0.1B 1.6P
1 2 1

B2
B B
B B2

At the edge of the footing, A (Fig. E12.22a), Ip =

Step 7: Estimate the load-width ratio to satisfy settlement.

ec = eo ln Ro 1.38 0.024 ln(4.2) 1.35
Since = 0.35, then
z

qs B
pc 1 ec

3
Iq
2

1.54Ip

1.6P
B
2

q s B
3
3
B
z
Iq 1.54I p
Iq 1.54I p
pc 1 ec o 2
pc 1 ec 2

1.6P
1.6P

0.024

3
3
B
B

Iq 1.54I p
0.49 1.54 0.15 Note:
pc 1 ec 2
147.2 1 1.35 2

7.27 105

P
m
B

The settlement from the above equation is dependent only on P/B ratio
because all the other parameters are constant. The maximum allowable
settlement is 25 mm. Therefore
0.025 7.27 105

P
B

P
343; P 343 2 686 kN
B
Since the load for bearing capacity consideration is lower than for settlement,
bearing capacity governs the design. The allowable load is 230.8 kN ( say 231
kN)

12.18 Fig. P12.18 shows a proposed canal near a 5 story apartment building 30 m wide x
50 m long. The building is founded on a mat foundation. Describe and justify some of the
concerns you may have regarding the stability of the mat foundation with constructing
such a canal. If the owner insists on constructing the canal, research methods that you
would consider so that the canal can be designed and constructed safely.

Solution 12.18
Concerns:
1. The top layer (sand mixed with silt and clay) can slide along the silt layer leading to instability.
2. Sliding is also possible at the interface of the fine sand and the silty clay.
3. General slope stability failure.
4. Seepage of water into the canal can lower the groundwater leading to additional settlement.
The groundwater level is unlikely to be lowered uniformly so additional differential settlement
could occur. Even for uniform decreases in groundwater level, the settlement would be nonuniform.
5. The additional differential settlement will cause addition bending moment and rotation of the
mat.
A possible alternative design method is to use a retaining wall rather that cutting a slope.

Proposed retaining wall

3m
Center line
GWL
Canal

Bedrock